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Źródło: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Kinizsi Pál Kinizsi]
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'''Pál Kinizsi''' (1432–1494), also known as '''Paulus de Kenezy''' (in Latin) or '''Paul Cneazul''' or '''Pavel Chinezu''' (in Romanian) was a general in the service of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian]] army under king [[Matthias Corvinus]]. He was the Count of [[Temes County]] (in the historical [[Banat]] region, now part of [[Serbia]] and [[Romania]] ) from 1484 and Captain-General of the Lower Parts. He was a general of [[Mathias Corvinus|King Mathias]]' famed Black Army. He is famous for his victory over the [[Ottomans]] in the [[Battle of Breadfield]] in October 1479. He reputedly has never lost a battle.
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==Life==
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===Origin and early life===
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Kinizsi's ancestry is obscure. According to some he was a son of a miller,<ref name="HebbertLongley2002">{{cite book|author1=Charles Hebbert|author2=Norm Longley|author3=Dan Richardson|title=Hungary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uuEQsiwrldoC&pg=PA284|year=2002|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-85828-917-5|pages=284–}}</ref> and prior to his military career, he was a journeyman miller.<ref name="Babinger1992">{{cite book|author=Franz Babinger|title=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA374|year=1992|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-01078-1|pages=374–}}</ref> According to some Serbian historians, he was of Serbian origin,<ref name="Szalay1862">{{cite book|author=László Szalay|title=Das Rechtsverhältniss der serbischen Niederlassungen zum Staate in den Ländern der ungarischen Krone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbIAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA7|year=1862|publisher=Lauffer & Stolp|pages=7–}}</ref><ref>Љубомир Степанов: Срби у Кнезу (Темишвар, 1998)</ref> and was possibly a descendant of [[Vuk Branković]], though this could not be determined.<ref name="Szalay1862"/>
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The first mention of his name is in 1464, in a Latin written document mentioning that ''Egrenius'' (His Excellency) ''Paulus de Kenezy'' receives a possession in the Abaúj County<ref>Csánki Dezső, Magyarország történelmi földrajza a Hunyadiak korában, vol. I, p. 228, citat în Ioan Hațegan, Ligia Boldea, Dumitru Țeicu, Cronologia Banatului: Banatul între 934–1552, vol. II, partea 1, Timișoara: Ed. Banatul, 2006, {{ISBN|973-7837-72-3}} (versiune online), p. 262</ref>. Later in 1510, appears also in form of ''Paulo de Kynys Comiti Themesiensi et Generali Capetaneo partium Regni nostrum inferiorum''<ref>Csánki Dezső, Magyarország történelmi földrajza a Hunyadiak korában, vol. I, p. 228, citat în Ioan Hațegan, Ligia Boldea, Dumitru Țeicu, Cronologia Banatului: Banatul între 934–1552, vol. II, partea 1, Timișoara: Ed. Banatul, 2006, {{ISBN|973-7837-72-3}} (versiune online), p. 262</ref>.
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===Military career===
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His central estate was the Castle of [[Nagyvázsony]].{{When|date=May 2012}}
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After the death of king [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias]] in 1490 he supported the Bohemian king [[Vladislas II of Hungary]] and the great magnates against Matthias' illegitimate son and designated successor [[John Corvinus]]. He destroyed the former king's mercenary [[Black Army of Hungary|Black Army]] which had become a robber band after its dissolution.
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He then was crippled by a stroke and died shortly afterwards.
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He is one of the few generals of the world who never lost a battle.
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==Family==
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He married Benigna Magyar,{{sfn|Országos Széchényi Könyvtár|1972|p=21}} the daughter of [[Blaise Magyar]], another general of Corvinus.
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==Titles==
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*"Count of Temes" ({{lang-la|comes Temesiensis}})<ref name="DávidFodor2007">{{cite book|author1=Géza Dávid|author2=Pál Fodor|title=Ransom Slavery Along the Ottoman Borders: (Early Fifteenth - Early Eighteenth Centuries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=00ZuXUdx2GgC&pg=PA4|year=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-15704-2|pages=4–}}</ref>
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*"Captain General of the Lower Parts of the Kingdom of Hungary" ({{lang-la|generalis capitaneus inferiorum partium regni}})
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==Folklore==
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In legends, he is known as a commoner.<ref name="SugarHanák1994">{{cite book|author1=Peter F. Sugar|author2=Péter Hanák|author3=[[Tibor Frank]]|title=A History of Hungary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&pg=PA72|year=1994|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-20867-X|pages=72–}}</ref> Kinizsi is a hero of some Hungarian and Romanian folk tales along with king [[Matthias Corvinus]] as an extremely strong former miller's apprentice. According to these tales, the king was hunting in the Bakony forest near the mill where he worked and asked for a drink; Kinizsi, to show his strength, served the cup on a millstone. The king, impressed, took him into his service, where Kinizsi's strength, prowess and loyalty earned him rapid promotion. He is said to have wielded two greatswords in battle and to have danced a victory dance after the Battle of Kenyérmező with a captured or dead Turk under each arm and a third held with his hair or belt in his teeth.
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==Honors==
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Postage stamps: Pál Kinizsi postage stamps were issued by Hungary on 1 January 1943.<ref>colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/179984-Pál_Kinizsi_-1494-Characters_and_Relics_of_Hungarian_History-Hungary.</ref> and in 1945. This same stamp was surcharged 28 fillér on 5 fillér and issued in 1945.<ref>colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/253619-Pál_Kinizsi_-1494-Surcharged-Hungary.</ref>
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== Przypisy ==
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{{izvori}}
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==Źródła==
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* Kocsis, Károly; Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi (1998). ''Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin''. Simon Publications LLC. ISBN 1-931313-75-X. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
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* Országos Széchényi Könyvtár (1972). ''[https://books.google.pl/books?id=7ZEJAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y The National Széchényi Library]''. National Széchényi Library.
  
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'''Pál Kinizsi''' (1432–1494), also known as '''Paulus de Kenezy''' (in Latin) or '''Paul Cneazul''' or '''Pavel Chinezu''' (in Romanian) was a general in the service of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian]] army under king [[Matthias Corvinus]]. He was the Count of [[Temes County]] (in the historical [[Banat]] region, now part of [[Serbia]] and [[Romania]] ) from 1484 and Captain-General of the Lower Parts. He was a general of [[Mathias Corvinus|King Mathias]]' famed Black Army. He is famous for his victory over the [[Ottomans]] in the [[Battle of Breadfield]] in October 1479. He reputedly has never lost a battle.
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{{SORTUJ:Kinizsi, Pal}}
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==Life==
 
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===Origin and early life===
 
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Kinizsi's ancestry is obscure. According to some he was a son of a miller,<ref name="HebbertLongley2002">{{cite book|author1=Charles Hebbert|author2=Norm Longley|author3=Dan Richardson|title=Hungary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uuEQsiwrldoC&pg=PA284|year=2002|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-85828-917-5|pages=284–}}</ref> and prior to his military career, he was a journeyman miller.<ref name="Babinger1992">{{cite book|author=Franz Babinger|title=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA374|year=1992|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-01078-1|pages=374–}}</ref> According to some Serbian historians, he was of Serbian origin,<ref name="Szalay1862">{{cite book|author=László Szalay|title=Das Rechtsverhältniss der serbischen Niederlassungen zum Staate in den Ländern der ungarischen Krone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbIAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA7|year=1862|publisher=Lauffer & Stolp|pages=7–}}</ref><ref>Љубомир Степанов: Срби у Кнезу (Темишвар, 1998)</ref> and was possibly a descendant of [[Vuk Branković]], though this could not be determined.<ref name="Szalay1862"/>
 
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The first mention of his name is in 1464, in a Latin written document mentioning that ''Egrenius'' (His Excellency) ''Paulus de Kenezy'' receives a possession in the Abaúj County<ref>Csánki Dezső, Magyarország történelmi földrajza a Hunyadiak korában, vol. I, p. 228, citat în Ioan Hațegan, Ligia Boldea, Dumitru Țeicu, Cronologia Banatului: Banatul între 934–1552, vol. II, partea 1, Timișoara: Ed. Banatul, 2006, {{ISBN|973-7837-72-3}} (versiune online), p. 262</ref>. Later in 1510, appears also in form of ''Paulo de Kynys Comiti Themesiensi et Generali Capetaneo partium Regni nostrum inferiorum''<ref>Csánki Dezső, Magyarország történelmi földrajza a Hunyadiak korában, vol. I, p. 228, citat în Ioan Hațegan, Ligia Boldea, Dumitru Țeicu, Cronologia Banatului: Banatul între 934–1552, vol. II, partea 1, Timișoara: Ed. Banatul, 2006, {{ISBN|973-7837-72-3}} (versiune online), p. 262</ref>.
 
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===Military career===
 
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His central estate was the Castle of [[Nagyvázsony]].{{When|date=May 2012}}
 
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After the death of king [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias]] in 1490 he supported the Bohemian king [[Vladislas II of Hungary]] and the great magnates against Matthias' illegitimate son and designated successor [[John Corvinus]]. He destroyed the former king's mercenary [[Black Army of Hungary|Black Army]] which had become a robber band after its dissolution.
 
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He then was crippled by a stroke and died shortly afterwards.
 
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He is one of the few generals of the world who never lost a battle.
 
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==Family==
 
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He married Benigna Magyar,{{sfn|Országos Széchényi Könyvtár|1972|p=21}} the daughter of [[Blaise Magyar]], another general of Corvinus.
 
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==Titles==
 
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*"Count of Temes" ({{lang-la|comes Temesiensis}})<ref name="DávidFodor2007">{{cite book|author1=Géza Dávid|author2=Pál Fodor|title=Ransom Slavery Along the Ottoman Borders: (Early Fifteenth - Early Eighteenth Centuries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=00ZuXUdx2GgC&pg=PA4|year=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-15704-2|pages=4–}}</ref>
 
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*"Captain General of the Lower Parts of the Kingdom of Hungary" ({{lang-la|generalis capitaneus inferiorum partium regni}})
 
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==Folklore==
 
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In legends, he is known as a commoner.<ref name="SugarHanák1994">{{cite book|author1=Peter F. Sugar|author2=Péter Hanák|author3=[[Tibor Frank]]|title=A History of Hungary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&pg=PA72|year=1994|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-20867-X|pages=72–}}</ref> Kinizsi is a hero of some Hungarian and Romanian folk tales along with king [[Matthias Corvinus]] as an extremely strong former miller's apprentice. According to these tales, the king was hunting in the Bakony forest near the mill where he worked and asked for a drink; Kinizsi, to show his strength, served the cup on a millstone. The king, impressed, took him into his service, where Kinizsi's strength, prowess and loyalty earned him rapid promotion. He is said to have wielded two greatswords in battle and to have danced a victory dance after the Battle of Kenyérmező with a captured or dead Turk under each arm and a third held with his hair or belt in his teeth.
 
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==Honors==
 
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Postage stamps: Pál Kinizsi postage stamps were issued by Hungary on 1 January 1943.<ref>colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/179984-Pál_Kinizsi_-1494-Characters_and_Relics_of_Hungarian_History-Hungary.</ref> and in 1945. This same stamp was surcharged 28 fillér on 5 fillér and issued in 1945.<ref>colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/253619-Pál_Kinizsi_-1494-Surcharged-Hungary.</ref>
 
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== Przypisy ==
 
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{{izvori}}
 
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==Źródła==
 
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* Kocsis, Károly; Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi (1998). ''Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin''. Simon Publications LLC. ISBN 1-931313-75-X. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
 
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* Országos Széchényi Könyvtár (1972). ''[https://books.google.pl/books?id=7ZEJAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y The National Széchényi Library]''. National Széchényi Library.
 
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kinizsi, Pal}}
 
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[[Category:1432 births]]
 
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[[Category:1494 deaths]]
 
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[[Category:15th-century Hungarian people]]
 
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[[Category:Hungarian generals]]
 
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[[Category:Hungarian people of Serbian descent]]
 
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Wersja z 20:00, 9 lis 2019

Strona Autorzy Nota
[1] [2] Ten artykuł został przetłumaczony z Wikipedii w języku angielskim. Treści pochodzące z Wikipedii w języku angielskim są oparte na licencji Creative Commons 3.0 – Uznanie Autorstwa – Na tych samych warunkach. Kopiując je lub tłumacząc, należy podać ich autorów i udostępnić na tych samych warunkach.
Poprzednik: Sędzia królewski
(1494) 		Następca:
Báthori V. István Geréb Péter

Pál Kinizsi (1432–1494), also known as Paulus de Kenezy (in Latin) or Paul Cneazul or Pavel Chinezu (in Romanian) was a general in the service of Hungarian army under king Matthias Corvinus. He was the Count of Temes County (in the historical Banat region, now part of Serbia and Romania ) from 1484 and Captain-General of the Lower Parts. He was a general of King Mathias' famed Black Army. He is famous for his victory over the Ottomans in the Battle of Breadfield in October 1479. He reputedly has never lost a battle.

Life

Origin and early life

Kinizsi's ancestry is obscure. According to some he was a son of a miller,[1] and prior to his military career, he was a journeyman miller.[2] According to some Serbian historians, he was of Serbian origin,[3][4] and was possibly a descendant of Vuk Branković, though this could not be determined.[3]

The first mention of his name is in 1464, in a Latin written document mentioning that Egrenius (His Excellency) Paulus de Kenezy receives a possession in the Abaúj County[5]. Later in 1510, appears also in form of Paulo de Kynys Comiti Themesiensi et Generali Capetaneo partium Regni nostrum inferiorum[6].

Military career

His central estate was the Castle of Nagyvázsony.Szablon:When

After the death of king Matthias in 1490 he supported the Bohemian king Vladislas II of Hungary and the great magnates against Matthias' illegitimate son and designated successor John Corvinus. He destroyed the former king's mercenary Black Army which had become a robber band after its dissolution. He then was crippled by a stroke and died shortly afterwards. He is one of the few generals of the world who never lost a battle.

Family

He married Benigna Magyar,{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} the daughter of Blaise Magyar, another general of Corvinus.

Titles

  • "Count of Temes" ()[7]
  • "Captain General of the Lower Parts of the Kingdom of Hungary" ()

Folklore

In legends, he is known as a commoner.[8] Kinizsi is a hero of some Hungarian and Romanian folk tales along with king Matthias Corvinus as an extremely strong former miller's apprentice. According to these tales, the king was hunting in the Bakony forest near the mill where he worked and asked for a drink; Kinizsi, to show his strength, served the cup on a millstone. The king, impressed, took him into his service, where Kinizsi's strength, prowess and loyalty earned him rapid promotion. He is said to have wielded two greatswords in battle and to have danced a victory dance after the Battle of Kenyérmező with a captured or dead Turk under each arm and a third held with his hair or belt in his teeth.

Honors

Postage stamps: Pál Kinizsi postage stamps were issued by Hungary on 1 January 1943.[9] and in 1945. This same stamp was surcharged 28 fillér on 5 fillér and issued in 1945.[10]

Przypisy

  1. ↑ Charles Hebbert; Norm Longley; Dan Richardson (2002). Hungary. Rough Guides. str. 284–. ISBN 978-1-85828-917-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=uuEQsiwrldoC&pg=PA284. 
  2. ↑ Franz Babinger (1992). Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. Princeton University Press. str. 374–. ISBN 0-691-01078-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA374. 
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 László Szalay (1862). Das Rechtsverhältniss der serbischen Niederlassungen zum Staate in den Ländern der ungarischen Krone. Lauffer & Stolp. str. 7–. https://books.google.com/books?id=QbIAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA7. 
  4. ↑ Љубомир Степанов: Срби у Кнезу (Темишвар, 1998)
  5. ↑ Csánki Dezső, Magyarország történelmi földrajza a Hunyadiak korában, vol. I, p. 228, citat în Ioan Hațegan, Ligia Boldea, Dumitru Țeicu, Cronologia Banatului: Banatul între 934–1552, vol. II, partea 1, Timișoara: Ed. Banatul, 2006, (versiune online), p. 262
  6. ↑ Csánki Dezső, Magyarország történelmi földrajza a Hunyadiak korában, vol. I, p. 228, citat în Ioan Hațegan, Ligia Boldea, Dumitru Țeicu, Cronologia Banatului: Banatul între 934–1552, vol. II, partea 1, Timișoara: Ed. Banatul, 2006, (versiune online), p. 262
  7. ↑ Géza Dávid; Pál Fodor (2007). Ransom Slavery Along the Ottoman Borders: (Early Fifteenth - Early Eighteenth Centuries). BRILL. str. 4–. ISBN 90-04-15704-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=00ZuXUdx2GgC&pg=PA4. 
  8. ↑ Peter F. Sugar; Péter Hanák; Tibor Frank (1994). A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. str. 72–. ISBN 0-253-20867-X. https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&pg=PA72. 
  9. ↑ colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/179984-Pál_Kinizsi_-1494-Characters_and_Relics_of_Hungarian_History-Hungary.
  10. ↑ colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/253619-Pál_Kinizsi_-1494-Surcharged-Hungary.

Źródła

  • Kocsis, Károly; Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi (1998). Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin. Simon Publications LLC. ISBN 1-931313-75-X. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
  • Országos Széchényi Könyvtár (1972). The National Széchényi Library. National Széchényi Library.

Kinizsi Pál

— Sędzia królewski —
Pál Kinizsi in a Romantic painting depicting him in 17th-century Hussar uniform.
Pál Kinizsi in a Romantic painting depicting him in 17th-century Hussar uniform.
Plik:Kinizsi Pál pecsétje.JPG
Sędzia królewski
Okres 1494
Poprzednik Báthori V. István
Następca Geréb Péter
Dane biograficzne
Rodzina Kinizsi
Pochodzenie węgierskie
Państwo Królestwo Węgier
w unii personalnej
z Królestwem Chorwacji
Urodziny 1432
Śmierć 1494
Żona Benigna Magyar
Źródło: „http://natusiewicz.pl/felczak/index.php?title=Kinizsi_Pál&oldid=10594”