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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zlatitsa
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[[Kategoria:Nieprzetłumaczone z angielskiego]]
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The '''Battle of Zlatitsa''' was fought on 12 December 1443<ref name="MellershWilliams1999">{{cite book|last1=Mellersh|first1=H. E. L.|authorlink1=H. E. L. Mellersh|last2=Williams|first2=Neville|authorlink2=Neville Williams|title=Chronology of World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCcOAQAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-155-7|page=527}}</ref><ref name="SettonHazard1990">{{Setton-A History of the Crusades|volume=6|page=270 |quote=the most important battle of the whole campaign took place at Bolvani, in the plain of Nish on November 3, 1443}}</ref> between the [[Ottoman Empire]] and Serbian Hungarian troops in the [[Balkans]].<ref>{{cite website|title=Battle of Zlatica|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/657647/Battle-of-Zlatica|date=2014|accessdate=13 November 2014|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> The battle was fought at [[Zlatitsa Pass]] ({{lang-bg|Златишки проход}}) ({{lang-tr|Izladi Derbendi}}) near the town of [[Zlatitsa]] in the [[Balkan Mountains]], [[Ottoman Empire]] (modern-day [[Bulgaria]]). The impatience of the king of Poland and the severity of the winter then compelled Hunyadi (February 1444) to return home, but not before he had utterly broken the Sultan's power in [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]], [[Herzegovina]], [[Serbia]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Albania]].
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==Background==
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In 1440 [[John Hunyadi]] became the trusted adviser and most highly regarded soldier of the king [[Władysław III of Poland]]. Hunyadi was rewarded with the captaincy of the fortress of [[Belgrade]] and was put in charge of military operations against the Ottomans. The king Władysław recognized Hunyadi's merits by granting him estates in Eastern Hungary. Hunyadi soon showed and displayed extraordinary capacity in marshalling its defenses with the limited resources at his disposal. He was victorious in Semendria over [[Isak-Beg]] in 1441, not far from Nagyszeben in Transylvania he annihilated an Ottoman force and recovered for Hungary the suzerainty of [[Wallachia]]. In July 1442 at the [[Iron Gate (Danube)|Iron Gates]] he defeated a massed Ottoman formation of 80.000 led by Sehabbedin. These victories made Hunyadi a prominent enemy of the Ottomans and renowned throughout [[Christendom]], and were prime motivators for him to undertake in 1443, along with King Władysław, the famous expedition known as the ''[[long campaign]]'' with the [[Battle of Nish (1443)|Battle of Niš]] as one of the battles of this campaign. Hunyadi was accompanied by [[Giuliano Cesarini]] during this campaign.<ref>{{Citation|last=Babinger|first=Franz|title=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA25&dq=battle+of+Zlatitsa&hl=en&ei=i8XsTdOcAs7usgbUstTnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CE4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20Zlatitsa&f=false|quote= John Hunyadi accompanied by the cardinal-legate Giuliano Cesarini.|year=1992|page=25|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-01078-6}}</ref> The battle took place in the plain between [[Bolvani]] and [[Niš]] on November 3, 1443.<ref name="SettonHazard1990"/> Ottoman forces were led by [[Kasim Pasha]], the [[beglerbeg]] of [[Rumelia]], [[Turakhan Beg]] and [[Isak-Beg]].<ref name="Babinger 1992 25">{{Citation|last=Babinger|first=Franz|title=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA25&dq=battle+of+Zlatitsa&hl=en&ei=i8XsTdOcAs7usgbUstTnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CE4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20Zlatitsa&f=false|quote= The combined host met Ottoman forces first on November 3, 1443, between the castle of Bolvan (near Aleksinac) and the city of Niš. Here Kasim Bey, then governor of Rumelia, Ishak Bey and other standard bearers were defeated.|year=1992|page=25|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-01078-6}}</ref> After the Ottoman defeat, the retreating forces of Kasim Pasha and Turakhan Beg burned all of the villages between Niš and [[Sofia]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Imber |first=Colin |title=The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeuaoghuq3cC&pg=PA49&dq=kasim+pasha+nish&hl=en&ei=3UHnTZzaHtSs8QPU7Nz8Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=kasim&f=false |year=2006 |publisher= Aldershot ; Burlington (Vt.) : Ashgate, cop.|isbn=978-0-7546-0144-9 |oclc=470458159 |page=16 |quote=In the course of their flight Kasim and Turahan burned all villages between Niš and Sofia. }}</ref> The Ottoman sources justify an Ottoman defeat by lack of cooperation between the Ottoman armies led by different commanders.<ref>{{Citation |last=Imber |first=Colin |title=The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeuaoghuq3cC&pg=PA49&dq=kasim+pasha+nish&hl=en&ei=3UHnTZzaHtSs8QPU7Nz8Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=kasim&f=false |year=2006 |publisher= Aldershot ; Burlington (Vt.) : Ashgate, cop.|isbn=978-0-7546-0144-9 |oclc=470458159 |page=270 |quote=The Ottoman sources in general emphasize the disagreement and lack of cooperation between frontier Ottoman forces under Turakhan and sipahi army under Kasim }}</ref>
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== Battle ==
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Until the Battle of Zlatica, crusaders had not meet a major Ottoman army, only town garrisons along their route toward Adrianople.<ref name="FineFine1994">{{The Late Medieval Balkans|page=548}}</ref> Only at Zlatica they met strong and well-positioned defence forces of the Ottoman army.<ref name="FineFine1994"/> The severe winter cold weather favored the position of the Ottoman defenders.<ref name="Stadtmüller1988">{{cite book|last=Stadtmüller|first=Georg|authorlink=Georg Stadtmüller|title=Ungarn-Jahrbuch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-G0RAQAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Hase und Koehler Verlag.|page=16}}</ref> The Ottoman forces were commanded by [[Kasim Pasha]].<ref name="Babinger1992">{{cite book|last=Babinger|first=Franz|authorlink=Franz Babinger|title=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA25|year=1992|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-01078-1|page=25}}</ref> The crusaders intended to continue their advance toward Adrianople through the forests of [[Sredna Gora]].<ref name="Babinger1992"/> When they reached Zlatica, they were unable to continue their advance because the pass was blocked by the very strong Ottoman army, the weather was bitterly cold, it was very hard for them to obtain regular supplies of their forces and Ottoman forces of Kasim Pasha repeatedly attacked them.<ref name="Babinger1992"/>
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== Aftermath ==
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After the Battle of Zlatica and subsequent retreat of the crusaders, the battlefield and surrounding region were completely destroyed. Serbia was devastated while [[Sofia]] was destroyed and burnt, turned into "black field" with its surrounding villages being turned into "black charcoal".<ref name="BoyarFleet2010">{{cite book|last1=Boyar|first1=Ebru|last2=Fleet|first2=Kate|title=A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHd2OizxNCcC&pg=PA25|date=15 April 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-48444-2|page=25}}</ref> Only [[Đurađ Branković]] gained from 1443 campaign.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Medieval History Series volumes 1-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lHeh36S8ooC&pg=PT1728|publisher=Plantagenet Publishing|page=1728|id=GGKEY:G636GD76LW7}}</ref>
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As they marched home, however, the crusaders ambushed and defeated a pursuing Turkish force in the [[Battle of Kunovica]], where [[Mahmud Bey]]<!-- aka Mahmud Çelebi -->, son-in-law of the Sultan and brother of the [[Grand Vizier]] [[Çandarlı (2nd) Halil Pasha|Çandarlı Halil Pasha]], was taken prisoner.<ref>{{cite book | last = Imber | first = Colin | title = The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45 | date = July 2006 | publisher = Ashgate Publishing | isbn = 0-7546-0144-7 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/crusadeofvarna140000imbe/page/9 9&ndash;31] | chapter = Introduction | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=xeuaoghuq3cC&pg=PA17&dq=battle+of+Zlatitsa&hl=en&ei=i8XsTdOcAs7usgbUstTnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20Zlatitsa&f=false | accessdate = 2007-04-19 | url = https://archive.org/details/crusadeofvarna140000imbe/page/9 }}</ref>
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== Historical sources ==
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There is debate amongst historians as to the victor of the battle.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Metamorphosis of War|chapter=The Changing Ottoman Perception of War: From the Foundation of the Empire to its Disintegration|author=Mustafa Serdar Palabiyik|editor=Avery Plaw|date=2012|place=New York, United States of America|page= 129}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Empires, Wars, and Battles|url=https://archive.org/details/empireswarsbattl00hopk|url-access=registration|author=T. C. F. Hopkins|date=2007|place=New York, United States of America|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireswarsbattl00hopk/page/207 207]}}</ref> According to [[Halil Inalcik]] ''"İzladi ve Varna Savaşları (1443–1444) Üzerinde Gazavatnâme"'' of unknown author is most reliable of all Ottoman chronicles about the events related to Battle of Zlatica and [[Battle of Varna]].<ref name="Blagojević1984">{{cite book|last=Blagojević|first=Božidar|title=Zbornik radova sa naučnih skupova u Negotinu i Kladovu povodom obeležavanja 170 godina od pogibije Hajduk-Veljka Petrovića i 150 godina oslobođenja od Turaka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_EJAQAAIAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Izd. Međuopštinska konferencija SSRN Zaječar, Balkanološki institut SANU|page=35}}</ref>
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==Przypisy==
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{{izvori}}
  
 
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vrijeme = 12 grudnia 1443 |
 
vrijeme = 12 grudnia 1443 |
 
mjesto = [[Zlatitsa]] przełęcz w [[Balkan Mountains]]<br>[[Imperium Ottomańskie]]<br>(dzisiejsza [[Bulgaria]]) |
 
mjesto = [[Zlatitsa]] przełęcz w [[Balkan Mountains]]<br>[[Imperium Ottomańskie]]<br>(dzisiejsza [[Bulgaria]]) |
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ishod = Ottoman victory;<br/>halting of the advance of the crusaders |
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ishod = Zwycięstwo osmańskie;<br/>zatrzymanie postępu krzyżowców |
 
strana1 = [[File:Coa Hungary Country History (15th century).svg|20px]] [[Królestwo Węgier]]<br>[[File:POL Przemysł II 1295 COA.svg|20px]] [[Królestwo Polskie]]<br />[[File:Despot of Serbia.png|20px]] [[Despotat Serbii]] |
 
strana1 = [[File:Coa Hungary Country History (15th century).svg|20px]] [[Królestwo Węgier]]<br>[[File:POL Przemysł II 1295 COA.svg|20px]] [[Królestwo Polskie]]<br />[[File:Despot of Serbia.png|20px]] [[Despotat Serbii]] |
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strana2 = [[File:Coa Hungary Country History (15th century).svg|20px]] [[Hunyadi János]]<br>[[File:POL Przemysł II 1295 COA.svg|20px]] [[Władysław III]]<br />[[File:Despot of Serbia.png|20px]] [[Đurađ Branković]] |
 
strana2 = [[File:Coa Hungary Country History (15th century).svg|20px]] [[Hunyadi János]]<br>[[File:POL Przemysł II 1295 COA.svg|20px]] [[Władysław III]]<br />[[File:Despot of Serbia.png|20px]] [[Đurađ Branković]] |
 
zapovjednik1 =  
 
zapovjednik1 =  
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{{Campaignbox Ottoman-Hungarian War}}
 
{{Campaignbox Ottoman-Hungarian War}}
 
{{Serbian-Ottoman Wars (Medieval)}}
 
{{Serbian-Ottoman Wars (Medieval)}}
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The '''Battle of Zlatitsa''' was fought on 12 December 1443<ref name="MellershWilliams1999">{{cite book|last1=Mellersh|first1=H. E. L.|authorlink1=H. E. L. Mellersh|last2=Williams|first2=Neville|authorlink2=Neville Williams|title=Chronology of World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCcOAQAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-155-7|page=527}}</ref><ref name="SettonHazard1990">{{Setton-A History of the Crusades|volume=6|page=270 |quote=the most important battle of the whole campaign took place at Bolvani, in the plain of Nish on November 3, 1443}}</ref> between the [[Ottoman Empire]] and Serbian Hungarian troops in the [[Balkans]].<ref>{{cite website|title=Battle of Zlatica|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/657647/Battle-of-Zlatica|date=2014|accessdate=13 November 2014|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> The battle was fought at [[Zlatitsa Pass]] ({{lang-bg|Златишки проход}}) ({{lang-tr|Izladi Derbendi}}) near the town of [[Zlatitsa]] in the [[Balkan Mountains]], [[Ottoman Empire]] (modern-day [[Bulgaria]]). The impatience of the king of Poland and the severity of the winter then compelled Hunyadi (February 1444) to return home, but not before he had utterly broken the Sultan's power in [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]], [[Herzegovina]], [[Serbia]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Albania]].
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==Background==
 
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In 1440 [[John Hunyadi]] became the trusted adviser and most highly regarded soldier of the king [[Władysław III of Poland]]. Hunyadi was rewarded with the captaincy of the fortress of [[Belgrade]] and was put in charge of military operations against the Ottomans. The king Władysław recognized Hunyadi's merits by granting him estates in Eastern Hungary. Hunyadi soon showed and displayed extraordinary capacity in marshalling its defenses with the limited resources at his disposal. He was victorious in Semendria over [[Isak-Beg]] in 1441, not far from Nagyszeben in Transylvania he annihilated an Ottoman force and recovered for Hungary the suzerainty of [[Wallachia]]. In July 1442 at the [[Iron Gate (Danube)|Iron Gates]] he defeated a massed Ottoman formation of 80.000 led by Sehabbedin. These victories made Hunyadi a prominent enemy of the Ottomans and renowned throughout [[Christendom]], and were prime motivators for him to undertake in 1443, along with King Władysław, the famous expedition known as the ''[[long campaign]]'' with the [[Battle of Nish (1443)|Battle of Niš]] as one of the battles of this campaign. Hunyadi was accompanied by [[Giuliano Cesarini]] during this campaign.<ref>{{Citation|last=Babinger|first=Franz|title=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA25&dq=battle+of+Zlatitsa&hl=en&ei=i8XsTdOcAs7usgbUstTnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CE4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20Zlatitsa&f=false|quote= John Hunyadi accompanied by the cardinal-legate Giuliano Cesarini.|year=1992|page=25|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-01078-6}}</ref> The battle took place in the plain between [[Bolvani]] and [[Niš]] on November 3, 1443.<ref name="SettonHazard1990"/> Ottoman forces were led by [[Kasim Pasha]], the [[beglerbeg]] of [[Rumelia]], [[Turakhan Beg]] and [[Isak-Beg]].<ref name="Babinger 1992 25">{{Citation|last=Babinger|first=Franz|title=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA25&dq=battle+of+Zlatitsa&hl=en&ei=i8XsTdOcAs7usgbUstTnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CE4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20Zlatitsa&f=false|quote= The combined host met Ottoman forces first on November 3, 1443, between the castle of Bolvan (near Aleksinac) and the city of Niš. Here Kasim Bey, then governor of Rumelia, Ishak Bey and other standard bearers were defeated.|year=1992|page=25|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-01078-6}}</ref> After the Ottoman defeat, the retreating forces of Kasim Pasha and Turakhan Beg burned all of the villages between Niš and [[Sofia]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Imber |first=Colin |title=The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeuaoghuq3cC&pg=PA49&dq=kasim+pasha+nish&hl=en&ei=3UHnTZzaHtSs8QPU7Nz8Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=kasim&f=false |year=2006 |publisher= Aldershot ; Burlington (Vt.) : Ashgate, cop.|isbn=978-0-7546-0144-9 |oclc=470458159 |page=16 |quote=In the course of their flight Kasim and Turahan burned all villages between Niš and Sofia. }}</ref> The Ottoman sources justify an Ottoman defeat by lack of cooperation between the Ottoman armies led by different commanders.<ref>{{Citation |last=Imber |first=Colin |title=The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeuaoghuq3cC&pg=PA49&dq=kasim+pasha+nish&hl=en&ei=3UHnTZzaHtSs8QPU7Nz8Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=kasim&f=false |year=2006 |publisher= Aldershot ; Burlington (Vt.) : Ashgate, cop.|isbn=978-0-7546-0144-9 |oclc=470458159 |page=270 |quote=The Ottoman sources in general emphasize the disagreement and lack of cooperation between frontier Ottoman forces under Turakhan and sipahi army under Kasim }}</ref>
 
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== Battle ==
 
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Until the Battle of Zlatica, crusaders had not meet a major Ottoman army, only town garrisons along their route toward Adrianople.<ref name="FineFine1994">{{The Late Medieval Balkans|page=548}}</ref> Only at Zlatica they met strong and well-positioned defence forces of the Ottoman army.<ref name="FineFine1994"/> The severe winter cold weather favored the position of the Ottoman defenders.<ref name="Stadtmüller1988">{{cite book|last=Stadtmüller|first=Georg|authorlink=Georg Stadtmüller|title=Ungarn-Jahrbuch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-G0RAQAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Hase und Koehler Verlag.|page=16}}</ref> The Ottoman forces were commanded by [[Kasim Pasha]].<ref name="Babinger1992">{{cite book|last=Babinger|first=Franz|authorlink=Franz Babinger|title=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA25|year=1992|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-01078-1|page=25}}</ref> The crusaders intended to continue their advance toward Adrianople through the forests of [[Sredna Gora]].<ref name="Babinger1992"/> When they reached Zlatica, they were unable to continue their advance because the pass was blocked by the very strong Ottoman army, the weather was bitterly cold, it was very hard for them to obtain regular supplies of their forces and Ottoman forces of Kasim Pasha repeatedly attacked them.<ref name="Babinger1992"/>
 
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== Aftermath ==
 
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After the Battle of Zlatica and subsequent retreat of the crusaders, the battlefield and surrounding region were completely destroyed. Serbia was devastated while [[Sofia]] was destroyed and burnt, turned into "black field" with its surrounding villages being turned into "black charcoal".<ref name="BoyarFleet2010">{{cite book|last1=Boyar|first1=Ebru|last2=Fleet|first2=Kate|title=A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHd2OizxNCcC&pg=PA25|date=15 April 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-48444-2|page=25}}</ref> Only [[Đurađ Branković]] gained from 1443 campaign.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Medieval History Series volumes 1-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lHeh36S8ooC&pg=PT1728|publisher=Plantagenet Publishing|page=1728|id=GGKEY:G636GD76LW7}}</ref>
 
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As they marched home, however, the crusaders ambushed and defeated a pursuing Turkish force in the [[Battle of Kunovica]], where [[Mahmud Bey]]<!-- aka Mahmud Çelebi -->, son-in-law of the Sultan and brother of the [[Grand Vizier]] [[Çandarlı (2nd) Halil Pasha|Çandarlı Halil Pasha]], was taken prisoner.<ref>{{cite book | last = Imber | first = Colin | title = The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45 | date = July 2006 | publisher = Ashgate Publishing | isbn = 0-7546-0144-7 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/crusadeofvarna140000imbe/page/9 9&ndash;31] | chapter = Introduction | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=xeuaoghuq3cC&pg=PA17&dq=battle+of+Zlatitsa&hl=en&ei=i8XsTdOcAs7usgbUstTnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20Zlatitsa&f=false | accessdate = 2007-04-19 | url = https://archive.org/details/crusadeofvarna140000imbe/page/9 }}</ref>
 
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== Historical sources ==
 
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There is debate amongst historians as to the victor of the battle.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Metamorphosis of War|chapter=The Changing Ottoman Perception of War: From the Foundation of the Empire to its Disintegration|author=Mustafa Serdar Palabiyik|editor=Avery Plaw|date=2012|place=New York, United States of America|page= 129}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Empires, Wars, and Battles|url=https://archive.org/details/empireswarsbattl00hopk|url-access=registration|author=T. C. F. Hopkins|date=2007|place=New York, United States of America|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireswarsbattl00hopk/page/207 207]}}</ref> According to [[Halil Inalcik]] ''"İzladi ve Varna Savaşları (1443–1444) Üzerinde Gazavatnâme"'' of unknown author is most reliable of all Ottoman chronicles about the events related to Battle of Zlatica and [[Battle of Varna]].<ref name="Blagojević1984">{{cite book|last=Blagojević|first=Božidar|title=Zbornik radova sa naučnih skupova u Negotinu i Kladovu povodom obeležavanja 170 godina od pogibije Hajduk-Veljka Petrovića i 150 godina oslobođenja od Turaka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_EJAQAAIAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Izd. Međuopštinska konferencija SSRN Zaječar, Balkanološki institut SANU|page=35}}</ref>
 
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==Przypisy==
 
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{{izvori}}
 
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{{Ottoman battles}}
 
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{{Wars and battles involving Serbs}}
 
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{{coord missing|Serbia}}
 
  
 
{{SORTUJ:Bitwa pod Zlaticą}}
 
{{SORTUJ:Bitwa pod Zlaticą}}

Wersja z 11:51, 4 sty 2020

Strona Autorzy Nota
[1] [2] Ten artykuł został przetłumaczony z Wikipedii w języku angielskim. Treści pochodzące z Wikipedii w języku angielskim są oparte na licencji Creative Commons 3.0 – Uznanie Autorstwa – Na tych samych warunkach. Kopiując je lub tłumacząc, należy podać ich autorów i udostępnić na tych samych warunkach.

The Battle of Zlatitsa was fought on 12 December 1443[1][2] between the Ottoman Empire and Serbian Hungarian troops in the Balkans.[3] The battle was fought at Zlatitsa Pass (Szablon:Lang-bg) (Szablon:Lang-tr) near the town of Zlatitsa in the Balkan Mountains, Ottoman Empire (modern-day Bulgaria). The impatience of the king of Poland and the severity of the winter then compelled Hunyadi (February 1444) to return home, but not before he had utterly broken the Sultan's power in Bosnia, Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Albania.

Background

In 1440 John Hunyadi became the trusted adviser and most highly regarded soldier of the king Władysław III of Poland. Hunyadi was rewarded with the captaincy of the fortress of Belgrade and was put in charge of military operations against the Ottomans. The king Władysław recognized Hunyadi's merits by granting him estates in Eastern Hungary. Hunyadi soon showed and displayed extraordinary capacity in marshalling its defenses with the limited resources at his disposal. He was victorious in Semendria over Isak-Beg in 1441, not far from Nagyszeben in Transylvania he annihilated an Ottoman force and recovered for Hungary the suzerainty of Wallachia. In July 1442 at the Iron Gates he defeated a massed Ottoman formation of 80.000 led by Sehabbedin. These victories made Hunyadi a prominent enemy of the Ottomans and renowned throughout Christendom, and were prime motivators for him to undertake in 1443, along with King Władysław, the famous expedition known as the long campaign with the Battle of Niš as one of the battles of this campaign. Hunyadi was accompanied by Giuliano Cesarini during this campaign.[4] The battle took place in the plain between Bolvani and Niš on November 3, 1443.[2] Ottoman forces were led by Kasim Pasha, the beglerbeg of Rumelia, Turakhan Beg and Isak-Beg.[5] After the Ottoman defeat, the retreating forces of Kasim Pasha and Turakhan Beg burned all of the villages between Niš and Sofia.[6] The Ottoman sources justify an Ottoman defeat by lack of cooperation between the Ottoman armies led by different commanders.[7]

Battle

Until the Battle of Zlatica, crusaders had not meet a major Ottoman army, only town garrisons along their route toward Adrianople.[8] Only at Zlatica they met strong and well-positioned defence forces of the Ottoman army.[8] The severe winter cold weather favored the position of the Ottoman defenders.[9] The Ottoman forces were commanded by Kasim Pasha.[10] The crusaders intended to continue their advance toward Adrianople through the forests of Sredna Gora.[10] When they reached Zlatica, they were unable to continue their advance because the pass was blocked by the very strong Ottoman army, the weather was bitterly cold, it was very hard for them to obtain regular supplies of their forces and Ottoman forces of Kasim Pasha repeatedly attacked them.[10]

Aftermath

After the Battle of Zlatica and subsequent retreat of the crusaders, the battlefield and surrounding region were completely destroyed. Serbia was devastated while Sofia was destroyed and burnt, turned into "black field" with its surrounding villages being turned into "black charcoal".[11] Only Đurađ Branković gained from 1443 campaign.[12]

As they marched home, however, the crusaders ambushed and defeated a pursuing Turkish force in the Battle of Kunovica, where Mahmud Bey, son-in-law of the Sultan and brother of the Grand Vizier Çandarlı Halil Pasha, was taken prisoner.[13]

Historical sources

There is debate amongst historians as to the victor of the battle.[14][15] According to Halil Inalcik "İzladi ve Varna Savaşları (1443–1444) Üzerinde Gazavatnâme" of unknown author is most reliable of all Ottoman chronicles about the events related to Battle of Zlatica and Battle of Varna.[16]

Przypisy

  1. ↑ Mellersh, H. E. L.; Williams, Neville (1999). Chronology of World History. ABC-CLIO. str. 527. ISBN 978-1-57607-155-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=PCcOAQAAMAAJ. 
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Szablon:Setton-A History of the Crusades
  3. ↑ Szablon:Cite website
  4. ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=citation }}
  5. ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=citation }}
  6. ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=citation }}
  7. ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=citation }}
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Szablon:The Late Medieval Balkans
  9. ↑ Stadtmüller, Georg (1988). Ungarn-Jahrbuch. Hase und Koehler Verlag.. str. 16. https://books.google.com/books?id=-G0RAQAAMAAJ. 
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 Babinger, Franz (1992). Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. Princeton University Press. str. 25. ISBN 0-691-01078-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA25. 
  11. ↑ Boyar, Ebru; Fleet, Kate (15 April 2010). A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul. Cambridge University Press. str. 25. ISBN 978-1-139-48444-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=hHd2OizxNCcC&pg=PA25. 
  12. ↑ The Cambridge Medieval History Series volumes 1-5. Plantagenet Publishing. str. 1728. GGKEY:G636GD76LW7. https://books.google.com/books?id=9lHeh36S8ooC&pg=PT1728. 
  13. ↑ Imber, Colin (July 2006). "Introduction". The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45. Ashgate Publishing. str. 9–31. ISBN 0-7546-0144-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=xeuaoghuq3cC&pg=PA17&dq=battle+of+Zlatitsa&hl=en&ei=i8XsTdOcAs7usgbUstTnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20Zlatitsa&f=false. Pristupljeno 2007-04-19. 
  14. ↑ Mustafa Serdar Palabiyik (2012). "The Changing Ottoman Perception of War: From the Foundation of the Empire to its Disintegration". u: Avery Plaw. The Metamorphosis of War. New York, United States of America. str. 129. 
  15. ↑ T. C. F. Hopkins (2007). Empires, Wars, and Battles. New York, United States of America. str. 207. https://archive.org/details/empireswarsbattl00hopk. 
  16. ↑ Blagojević, Božidar (1984). Zbornik radova sa naučnih skupova u Negotinu i Kladovu povodom obeležavanja 170 godina od pogibije Hajduk-Veljka Petrovića i 150 godina oslobođenja od Turaka. Izd. Međuopštinska konferencija SSRN Zaječar, Balkanološki institut SANU. str. 35. https://books.google.com/books?id=M_EJAQAAIAAJ. 
Bitwa pod Zlaticą
konflikt: część bitwy pod Warną
300px
Sredna Gora
Czas 12 grudnia 1443
Miejsce Zlatitsa przełęcz w Balkan Mountains
Imperium Ottomańskie
(dzisiejsza Bulgaria)
Wynik Zwycięstwo osmańskie;
zatrzymanie postępu krzyżowców
Strony konfliktu
20px Królestwo Węgier
20px Królestwo Polskie
20px Despotat Serbii 		20px Hunyadi János
20px Władysław III
20px Đurađ Branković
Dowódcy
24px Ottoman Empire 20px Murad II
Siły
nieznana liczba nieznana liczba
Straty
nieznana liczba nieznana liczba

Szablon:Campaignbox Ottoman-Hungarian War

18px Wojny serbsko-tureckie 20px

Gallipoli - Stephaniana - Sırp - Sındığı - Maritsa - Dubravnica - Savra - Pločnik - Bileća - Kosovo Polje - Tripolje - Kosmidion - Despotovac - Przełęcz Vitosha - Smederevo - Belgrade - Novo Brdo - Niš - Zlatica - Kunovica - Leskovac - Kruševac - Smederevo - Belgrade

Szablon:Campaignbox Ottoman-Hungarian War

18px Wojny serbsko-tureckie 20px

Gallipoli - Stephaniana - Sırp - Sındığı - Maritsa - Dubravnica - Savra - Pločnik - Bileća - Kosovo Polje - Tripolje - Kosmidion - Despotovac - Przełęcz Vitosha - Smederevo - Belgrade - Novo Brdo - Niš - Zlatica - Kunovica - Leskovac - Kruševac - Smederevo - Belgrade

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