Syrmia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realm_of_Stefan_Dragutin

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Królestwo Stefana Dragutina (serb. Stefan Dragutin / Area of Stefan Dragutin) było średniowiecznym królestwem Serbów. Początkowo było to królestwo wasalne Królestwa Węgier {{# invoke: Footnotes | sfn}}, ale stało się niezależnym królestwem po upadku centralnej władzy w Królestwie Węgier. Rządzili nim serbscy królowie Stefan Dragutin (1282–1316) i jego syn Stefan Władysław II (1316–1325). Królestwo koncentrowało się w regionie Dolnej Syrmii (dziś znanej jako Machva), a jego pierwszą stolicą był Debrc (między Belgradem a Sabakiem), a rezydencja króla została później przeniesiona do Belgradu.

The Realm of Stefan Dragutin (serb. Стефана Драгутина / Oblast Stefana Dragutina) was a medieval Serb kingdom. Initially, it was a vassal kingdom of the Kingdom of Hungary,{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} but subsequently became an independent kingdom, after the collapse of the central power in the Kingdom of Hungary. It was ruled by the Serbian kings Stefan Dragutin (1282–1316) and his son Stefan Vladislav II (1316–1325). The kingdom was centered in the region of Lower Syrmia (today known as  Mačva) and its first capital was Debrc (between Belgrade and Šabac), while residence of the king was later moved to Belgrade. 

Okręg Syrmia był w średniowieczu podziałem administracyjnym Królestwa Węgier. Został założony w XIII wieku i obejmował większość dzisiejszej Syrmii Serbskiej. Podlegał Banate of Macsó. Zostało zdobyte przez Turków w 1526 roku.

The Syrmia County was an administrative division of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages. It was established in the 13th century, and included most of what is today Serbian Syrmia. It was subordinated to the Banate of Macsó. It was conquered by the Ottomans in 1526. 

Geografia

W średniowieczu „Syrmia” była nazwą większego obszaru wokół rzeki Sawy. Część na północy Sawy znana była jako Górna Syrmia (dzisiejsza Syrmia), podczas gdy obszar na południe od rzeki był znany jako Dolna Syrmia (dzisiejsza Machva). Królestwo było skoncentrowane w Mačvie, ale obejmowało także Belgrad, część Sumadija z Rudnikiem oraz powiaty (parafie) Podrinje, Usora, Soli, Branicevo i Kucevo. Według kilku serbskich historyków (Dejan Mikavica, Stanoje Stanojevic, Aleksa Ivic, Milojko Brusin itp.) Królestwo obejmowało także Górną Syrmię (współczesną Syrmię).

The medieval county was situated east of the Laćarak–Susek line, and as it was surrounded by the Danube and Sava rivers, except for in the west, it was regarded an island.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} The county borders largely correspond to the modern-day Srem District in northwestern Serbia. 

Historia

Administrative units in the south of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1370. Syrmia in the centre in blue.

Temat Sirmium został przejęty przez Węgrów pod koniec XI wieku, a Syrmia stała się przedmiotem sporu między Bizantyjczykami a Węgrami przez cały wiek. Manuel I Komnenos odzyskał Syrmię w 1162 r., {{# Invoke: Footnotes | sfn}} obronił ją w 1167 r., {{# Invoke: Footnotes | sfn}}, ale ostatecznie stracił ją Béli III w 1180 roku. {{# Invoke: Footnotes | sfn}} Jego gubernatorstwo zostało objęte Banatem Macsó w XIII wieku.

The Theme of Sirmium was taken over by the Hungarians in the late 11th century, and Syrmia became contested between the Byzantines and Hungarians over the century. Manuel I Komnenos retrieved Syrmia in 1162,{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} defended it in 1167,{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} but eventually lost it to Béla III in the 1180s.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} Its governorship was placed under that of the Banate of Macsó in the 13th century. 

Do stycznia 1229 r. Hrabstwo Syrmia było w sensie kościelnym podporządkowane jako archidiecezja arcybiskupstwu Kalocsa. {{# Invoke: Footnotes | sfn}} Następnie papież Grzegorz IX zezwolił na ustanowienie nowego biskupstwa z siedzibą w Bánmonostor (współczesny Banoštor). {{# Invoke: Footnotes | sfn}}

Up until January 1229, the Syrmia County was, in an ecclesiastical sense, subordinated as an archdiocese to the Archbishopric of Kalocsa.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} Then, Pope Gregory IX permitted the establishment of a new bishopric with seat in Bánmonostor (present-day Banoštor).{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} 

Po tym, jak serbski władca Stefan Dragutin wszedł w dynastyczne stosunki z Węgrami, otrzymał w 1284 r. Między innymi terytoria, Belgrad i Machwę, co było znane jako front Sirmii w dokumentach papieskich. {{# Invoke: Footnotes | sfn}} Dragutin był znany jako „Syrmian king”. {{# Invoke: Footnotes | sfn}} Okręg Syrmia był często wymieniany w węgierskich lokatach za panowania Stefana Dragutina w „Syrmii” (1284–1316), jako hrabstwo, w którym królowie nadawali majątki swojej szlachcie . {{# invoke: Footnotes | sfn}} W czasie, gdy okręg syrmia znajdował się pod rządami Serbii, węgierski Karol I był w nim aktywny dwukrotnie, wydając 1 września 1308 r. w Pétervárad (dzisiejszy Petrovaradin), oraz w lutym 1314 roku w Szávaszentdemeter (dzisiejsza Sremska Mitrovica) i Pétervárad. {{# invoke: Footnotes | sfn}}

After Serbian ruler Stefan Dragutin entered dynastic relations with Hungary, he received in 1284, among other territories, Belgrade, and Mačva, which was known as ulterior Sirmia in Papal documents.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} Dragutin was known as the "Syrmian king".{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} The Syrmia County was often mentioned in Hungarian charters during Stefan Dragutin's reign in "Syrmia" (1284–1316), as a county in which the kings gave estates to its nobility.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} At the time when the Syrmia County was ostensibly under Serbian rule, Charles I of Hungary was active in it twice, issuing charters on 1 September 1308 in Pétervárad (present-day Petrovaradin), and in February 1314 in Szávaszentdemeter (present-day Sremska Mitrovica) and Pétervárad.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} 

Syrmia została podbita przez Turków trzy dekady po podbiciu Macsó w 1496 r., Bitwą pod Mohaczami (1526), ​​która doprowadziła do upadku Węgier i panowania osmańskiego w Panonii, a następnie w dalszej Europie.

Syrmia was conquered by the Ottomans three decades after their conquest of Macsó in 1496, with the Battle of Mohács (1526) that led to the collapse of Hungary, and Ottoman rule in Pannonia, and subsequently, further into Europe. 

Władcy

The head of the county was titled ispán (Slavic: župan) — count (comes). 

Count(s)	Monarch
Garai Pál (1323–1328)	Charles I
Alsáni János (1328–1334)	Charles I
Ostffy Miklós (1335–1339)	Charles I
Ostffy Domonkos (1340–1353)	Charles I, Louis I
Lackfi András (1353–1354)Szablon:Citation needed	Louis I
Csák Miklós (1354–1359)	Louis I
Garai I. Miklós (1359–1375)	Louis I
Horvat János (1375–1381)	Louis I
Liszkói Pál (1381–1382)	Louis I
Kórógyi István (1382–1385)	Mary
Horvat János (1385–1386)	Mary, Charles II
Bánfi de Alsólendva János (1386–1387)	Mary
Garai II. Miklós (1387–1390)	Sigismund
Losonci István (1390–1392)	Sigismund
George Lackfi (1392–1393)	Sigismund
Garai II. Miklós (1394)	Sigismund
Treutel Miklós i Kórógyi István (1394–1397)	Sigismund
Perényi Péter i Maróti János (1397)Szablon:Citation needed	Sigismund
Francis Bebek (1397–1400) i Maróti János (1398–1402) Perényi Péter (1400–1401)Szablon:Citation needed	Sigismund
Ludányi István and Thomas Ludányi (1402)	Sigismund
Újlaki László (1402–1403) i Maróti János (1402–1410)	Sigismund
Újlaki László and Újlaki Imre (1410–1418)	Sigismund
Desiderius Garai (1419–1427)	Sigismund
Maróti János (1427–1428)	Sigismund
Cseh de Léva Péter (1427–1431) i Újlaki István (1429–1430)	Sigismund
Garai László (1431–1441) i Desiderius Garai (1431–1438) i Újlaki Miklós (1438–1458) ??	Sigismund, Albert

See also

• Syrmia County

References

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Sources

• Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3. 
• Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5. 
• Istorisko društvo NR Srbije (1931). Stanoje Stanojević. ur. Glasnik. 4. str. 11. https://books.google.com/books?id=cWRaiQHaVH0C. 
• Makk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century (Translated by György Novák). Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-5268-X. 
• Popović, Dušan J. (1990). Srbi u Vojvodini. 1. Matica srpska. str. 53. https://books.google.com/books?id=P-4JAQAAIAAJ. 

Territory

Kingdom of Syrmia of Stefan Dragutin with borders that are including Upper Syrmia (according to Serbian historian Stanoje Stanojević)

In the Middle Ages, "Syrmia" was the name for a larger area around the river Sava. The part in the north of Sava was known as Upper Syrmia (present-day Syrmia), while the area south of the river was known as Lower Syrmia (present-day Mačva). The kingdom was centered in Mačva, but also included Belgrade, part of Šumadija with Rudnik, and the counties (župe) of Podrinje, Usora, Soli, Braničevo and Kučevo. According to several Serbian historians (Dejan Mikavica, Stanoje Stanojević, Aleksa Ivić, Milojko Brusin, etc.), the kingdom also included Upper Syrmia (modern Syrmia).

History

Stefan Dragutin was initially the king of Serbia from 1276 to 1282. In 1282 he broke his leg while hunting and became ill; he passed the throne to his younger brother Stefan Milutin at the council at Deževo in 1282, while keeping for himself some northern parts of the country (Rudnik and parts of Župa of Podrinje). Since his son Vladislav married a relative of the Hungarian king, Dragutin in 1284 gained from Ladislaus IV the Banates of Só (Soli), Ózora (Usora) and Macsó (Mačva) with Belgrade, which he initially ruled as a Hungarian vassal, until the collapse of the central power in the Kingdom of Hungary. The first capital of his state was Debrc (between Belgrade and Šabac), and later he moved his residence to Belgrade. Dragutin was the first Serb ruler who ruled from Belgrade as the capital.

In roughly 1291 and with the help of Milutin, Dragutin expanded his territory by annexing regions of Braničevo and Kučevo, whose Bulgarian rulers Darman and Kudelin recently became independent from the Kingdom of Hungary. For the first time, that region became part of the Serbian state.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} This action probably caused the war between the Bulgarian despot Shishman of Vidin and Milutin.

Near the end of his life Stefan Dragutin separated from his Hungarian friends and strengthened his connections in Serbia. He later took monastic vows, and died 1316, buried at the Đurđevi stupovi monastery near Novi Pazar.

After king Dragutin died, his son Vladislav assumed his father's appanage. However, in 1319, Serbian king Milutin, Vladislav's uncle, invaded, defeated and imprisoned Vladislav. When Milutin died in 1321, the newly freed Vladislav recovered his father's lands, with the help of the Hungarians and Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia.Szablon:Cref2

After having been beaten again by supporters of Stefan Dečanski (successor of Milutin), Vladislav retreated to the Kingdom of Hungary in 1324. Vladislav's nephew, Ban Stephen II, reincorporated Soli and Usora into Bosnia. Belgrade and the northern part of Banate of Macsó along the river Sava remained under the rule of the Kingdom of Hungary, while Braničevo and the southern part of Mačva remained Serbian. The kingdoms of Serbia and Hungary would contest Mačva for the next century.

Rulers

Monarch	Reign
Stefan Dragutin	1282–1316
Vladislav	1316–1325

References

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Sources

• Bataković, Dušan T., ur. (2005) (French). Histoire du peuple serbe. Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC. 
• Ćirković, Sima; Mihaljčić, Rade (1999). Knowledge. https://books.google.com/books?id=AypYAAAAMAAJ. 
• Dinić, Mihailo (1978). Српске земље у средњем веку: историјско-географске студије. Српска књижевна задруга. https://books.google.com/books?id=fnTTjgEACAAJ. 
• Fine, John Van Antwerp, Jr. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh0Bu8C66TsC. 
• Mrgić, Jelena; Živković, Tibor (2008). Северна Босна: 13-16. век. Историјски институт. https://books.google.com/books?id=hRoUAQAAMAAJ. 
• Orbini, Mauro (1601). Il Regno de gli Slavi hoggi corrottamente detti Schiavoni. Pesaro: Apresso Girolamo Concordia. https://books.google.com/books?id=Fx3OntcdUkQC. 
• Орбин, Мавро (1968). Краљевство Словена. Београд: Српска књижевна задруга. https://books.google.com/books?id=MduZAAAAIAAJ. 

External links

• Map of Dragutin's and Milutin's state, at the Serbian Government archive web site
• Map of the realm of Stephan Dragutin, on a map of the crown of Aragon and the house of Anjou in the Middle Ages (up to ca. 1380)"
• Map of the realm of Dragutin Istvan, on a map of "Hungarian oligarchs" 1301-1310
• Map of "Tulso Szeremseg", on a map of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 13th century
• Szablon:Webarchive (from book "Hrvatska povijest u 25 karata", written by Stjepan Srkulj and Josip Lučić)