Bitwa pod Sybinem: Różnice pomiędzy wersjami

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The '''Battle of Hermannstadt''', also known as the '''Battle of Sibiu''' or the '''Battle of Szeben''', was fought between the army of the [[Hungarian Kingdom]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] on March 18 and March 22, 1442, near Marosszentimre and Hermannstadt (Szeben), (today [[Sântimbru, Alba|Sântimbru]] and [[Sibiu]], [[Romania]]). The Hungarian forces were commanded by [[John Hunyadi]]. Hermannstadt was Hunyadi's third victory over the Ottomans after the relief of [[Semendria|Smederevo]] in 1437 and the defeat of Ishak Beg midway between Semendria and Belgrade in 1441.
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<small><small>The '''Battle of Hermannstadt''', also known as the '''Battle of Sibiu''' or the '''Battle of Szeben''', was fought between the army of the [[Hungarian Kingdom]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] on March 18 and March 22, 1442, near Marosszentimre and Hermannstadt (Szeben), (today [[Sântimbru, Alba|Sântimbru]] and [[Sibiu]], [[Romania]]). The Hungarian forces were commanded by [[John Hunyadi]]. Hermannstadt was Hunyadi's third victory over the Ottomans after the relief of [[Semendria|Smederevo]] in 1437 and the defeat of Ishak Beg midway between Semendria and Belgrade in 1441.
  
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==Background==
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== Tło ==
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In 1438 Ottoman marauders attacked [[Transylvania]], where in 1437 the Ottomans had been beaten by an uprising under [[Antal Nagy de Buda]]. For up to 45 days the Ottomans without let or hindrance attacked the [[Transylvanian Saxons|Transylvanian Saxon lands]] and Hungarian villages and market towns.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|p=282}}
 
  
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In 1441 [[John Hunyadi]] came to power. Hunyadi attacked the Ottomans in [[Serbian Despotate|Serbia]] and at the [[Battle of Smederevo]] got the best of Ishak bey. The Ottoman Sultan, [[Murad II]], proclaimed  in the autumn of 1441 that a raid into Hungarian Transylvania would take place in March 1442.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|p=282}} In early March 1442, the marcher lord Mezid Bey led 16,000 ''[[akinji]]'' cavalry raiders into Transylvania, crossing the Danube to [[Wallachia]] at [[Nicopolis]] and marching north in formation.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|p=283}}
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<small><small>In 1438 Ottoman marauders attacked [[Transylvania]], where in 1437 the Ottomans had been beaten by an uprising under [[Antal Nagy de Buda]]. For up to 45 days the Ottomans without let or hindrance attacked the [[Transylvanian Saxons|Transylvanian Saxon lands]] and Hungarian villages and market towns.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|p=282}}
  
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==Battle==
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<small><small>In 1441 [[John Hunyadi]] came to power. Hunyadi attacked the Ottomans in [[Serbian Despotate|Serbia]] and at the [[Battle of Smederevo]] got the best of Ishak bey. The Ottoman Sultan, [[Murad II]], proclaimed  in the autumn of 1441 that a raid into Hungarian Transylvania would take place in March 1442.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|p=282}} In early March 1442, the marcher lord Mezid Bey led 16,000 ''[[akinji]]'' cavalry raiders into Transylvania, crossing the Danube to [[Wallachia]] at [[Nicopolis]] and marching north in formation.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|p=283}}
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On March 18 bishop [[György Lépes]]' forces (2,000 men) clashed with Mezid near Sântimbru. The Ottomans won by forces of numbers and Hunyadi was forced to retreat, but Mezid did not pursue Hunyadi. Lépes was taken prisoner and Mezid beheaded the bishop.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|p=284}}
 
  
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Hunyadi's army regrouped near Hermannstadt. [[Simon Kamonyai]] swapped his armour for Hunyadi's armour so that the Turks would believe he was Hunyadi. Kamonyai was to execute a head-on attack, while Hunyadi went around Mesid's army. Kamonyai was killed in action, however Hunyadi with the Hungarian heavy cavalry charged Mesid, crushed the Turks and killed Mezid. Hunyadi was able to ransom Lépes's head with Mesid's head.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|p=285}}
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== Bitwa ==
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<small><small>On March 18 bishop [[György Lépes]]' forces (2,000 men) clashed with Mezid near Sântimbru. The Ottomans won by forces of numbers and Hunyadi was forced to retreat, but Mezid did not pursue Hunyadi. Lépes was taken prisoner and Mezid beheaded the bishop.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|p=284}}
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<small><small>Hunyadi's army regrouped near Hermannstadt. [[Simon Kamonyai]] swapped his armour for Hunyadi's armour so that the Turks would believe he was Hunyadi. Kamonyai was to execute a head-on attack, while Hunyadi went around Mesid's army. Kamonyai was killed in action, however Hunyadi with the Hungarian heavy cavalry charged Mesid, crushed the Turks and killed Mezid. Hunyadi was able to ransom Lépes's head with Mesid's head.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|p=285}}
  
 
==Outcome==
 
==Outcome==
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In retaliation for Mezid's defeat and death, Shehabbedin, the beylerbey of [[Rumelia]], invaded Transylvania. In the [[Battle of the Iron Gate]], near the [[Danube]], Hunyadi wiped out Shehabbedin's army in the second greatest victory of Hunyadi's career, surpassed only by his rout of the Ottoman sultan's army in 1456 at the [[Siege of Belgrade (1456)|Siege of Belgrade]].{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|pp=290–291}}
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<small><small>In retaliation for Mezid's defeat and death, Shehabbedin, the beylerbey of [[Rumelia]], invaded Transylvania. In the [[Battle of the Iron Gate]], near the [[Danube]], Hunyadi wiped out Shehabbedin's army in the second greatest victory of Hunyadi's career, surpassed only by his rout of the Ottoman sultan's army in 1456 at the [[Siege of Belgrade (1456)|Siege of Belgrade]].{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|pp=290–291}}
  
 
== Citations ==
 
== Citations ==
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*Pál Földi. ''Nagy hadvezérek'' ("Great Warlords"), Anno Publisher, {{ISBN|963-9066-66-4}}
 
*Pál Földi. ''Nagy hadvezérek'' ("Great Warlords"), Anno Publisher, {{ISBN|963-9066-66-4}}
  
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{{Infobox Military Conflict
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|
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|conflict=Battle of Hermannstadt
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{{Wojna infobox
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|partof=the [[Ottoman wars in Europe]]<br />[[Ottoman-Hungarian Wars]]   
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|nazwa        = Bitwa pod Sybinem
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|image=
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|epoka        = średniowiecze
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|date=18 March and 22 March 1442
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|konflikt    = wojny [[Imperium Osmańskie]]go w Europie
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|place=Marosszentimre and Hermannstadt (Szeben), [[Kingdom of Hungary]]<br /><small>(today: ''[[Sântimbru, Alba|Sântimbru]]'' and ''[[Sibiu]], Romania'')</small>
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  |grafika      =
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|result=18 March: Ottoman victory<br/>22 March: Hungarian victory<ref>''A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East'', Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 337.</ref>
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|opis grafiki =  
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|combatant1=[[Image:Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Vladislaus_I_(1440–1444).svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
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|czas        = 18 i 22 marca 1442
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|combatant2=[[Ottoman Empire]]
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|miejsce      = Marosszentimre and Hermannstadt (Szeben), [[Kingdom of Hungary]]<br /><small>(today: ''[[Sântimbru, Alba|Sântimbru]]'' and ''[[Sibiu]], Romania'')</small>
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|commander1=[[John Hunyadi]]<br>[[György Lépes]]{{KIA}}
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|terytorium  = [[Imperium Osmańskie]]
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|commander2=Mezid Bey{{KIA}}
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|przyczyna    =
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|strength1=Unknown
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|wynik        = 18 marca: zwycięstwo Turków<br/>22 marca: Zwycięstwo Węgrów<ref>''A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East'', Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 337.</ref>
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|strength2=16,000 men
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|strona1      = [[[[Image:Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Vladislaus_I_(1440–1444).svg|20px]]] [[Królestwo Węgier]]
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|casualties1=
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|casualties2=
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|strona2      = [[File:Flag of the Ottoman Sultanate (1299-1453).svg|24px]] [[Imperium Osmańskie]]
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|dowódca1    = [[File:Coa Hungary Country History (15th century).svg|20px]]&nbsp;[[Hunyadi János|Jan Hunyady]]<br>[[György Lépes]]
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|dowódca2    = [[File:Flag of the Ottoman Sultanate (1299-1453).svg|24px]] [[Mezid Bey]]
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|siły1        = nieznane
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|siły2        = 16,000 ludzi
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|straty1      =
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|straty2      =
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|lokalizacja  = Lokalizacja obecnie
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|mapa        =
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|opis mapy    = współczesna Rumunia
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|commons      =  
 
}}
 
}}
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{{Campaignbox Ottoman-Hungarian War}}
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{{Wojny węgiersko-tureckie}}
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{{Serbian-Ottoman Wars (Medieval)}}
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|}
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[[Kategoria:Bitwy]]
 
[[Kategoria:Bitwy]]
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[[Category:15th century in Romania]]
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[[Category:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire|Hermannstadt]]
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[[Kategoria:Bitwy Imperium Osmańskiego]]
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[[Category:Battles of the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars|Hermannstadt]]
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[[Kategoria:Bitwy Królestwa Węgier]]
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[[Category:Conflicts in 1442|Hermannstadt]]
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[[Kategoria:Bitwy siedmiogrodzkie]]
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[[Category:Military history of Romania|Hermannstadt]]
 
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[[Category:Battles involving Transylvania|Hermannstadt]]
 
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[[Category:1440s in the Ottoman Empire]]
 
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[[Category:15th century in Transylvania]]
 
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[[Category:1442 in Europe]]
 
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[[Category:15th century in Hungary]]
 

Wersja z 18:14, 13 sty 2020

Strona Autorzy Nota
[1] [2] Ten artykuł został przetłumaczony z Wikipedii w języku angielskim. Treści pochodzące z Wikipedii w języku angielskim są oparte na licencji Creative Commons 3.0 – Uznanie Autorstwa – Na tych samych warunkach. Kopiując je lub tłumacząc, należy podać ich autorów i udostępnić na tych samych warunkach. 
The Battle of Hermannstadt, also known as the Battle of Sibiu or the Battle of Szeben, was fought between the army of the Hungarian Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire on March 18 and March 22, 1442, near Marosszentimre and Hermannstadt (Szeben), (today Sântimbru and Sibiu, Romania). The Hungarian forces were commanded by John Hunyadi. Hermannstadt was Hunyadi's third victory over the Ottomans after the relief of Smederevo in 1437 and the defeat of Ishak Beg midway between Semendria and Belgrade in 1441.

Tło

In 1438 Ottoman marauders attacked Transylvania, where in 1437 the Ottomans had been beaten by an uprising under Antal Nagy de Buda. For up to 45 days the Ottomans without let or hindrance attacked the Transylvanian Saxon lands and Hungarian villages and market towns.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}

In 1441 John Hunyadi came to power. Hunyadi attacked the Ottomans in Serbia and at the Battle of Smederevo got the best of Ishak bey. The Ottoman Sultan, Murad II, proclaimed  in the autumn of 1441 that a raid into Hungarian Transylvania would take place in March 1442.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} In early March 1442, the marcher lord Mezid Bey led 16,000 akinji cavalry raiders into Transylvania, crossing the Danube to Wallachia at Nicopolis and marching north in formation.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}

Bitwa

On March 18 bishop György Lépes' forces (2,000 men) clashed with Mezid near Sântimbru. The Ottomans won by forces of numbers and Hunyadi was forced to retreat, but Mezid did not pursue Hunyadi. Lépes was taken prisoner and Mezid beheaded the bishop.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}

Hunyadi's army regrouped near Hermannstadt. Simon Kamonyai swapped his armour for Hunyadi's armour so that the Turks would believe he was Hunyadi. Kamonyai was to execute a head-on attack, while Hunyadi went around Mesid's army. Kamonyai was killed in action, however Hunyadi with the Hungarian heavy cavalry charged Mesid, crushed the Turks and killed Mezid. Hunyadi was able to ransom Lépes's head with Mesid's head.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}

Outcome

In retaliation for Mezid's defeat and death, Shehabbedin, the beylerbey of Rumelia, invaded Transylvania. In the Battle of the Iron Gate, near the Danube, Hunyadi wiped out Shehabbedin's army in the second greatest victory of Hunyadi's career, surpassed only by his rout of the Ottoman sultan's army in 1456 at the Siege of Belgrade.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}

Citations

{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Reflist with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | colwidth | group | liststyle | refs }}

Referencje

  • Jefferson, John (2012). The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438–1444. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978 90 04 21904 5.

Źródło

  • Pál Földi. Nagy hadvezérek ("Great Warlords"), Anno Publisher,

{{Wojna infobox

nazwa = Bitwa pod Sybinem epoka = średniowiecze konflikt = wojny Imperium Osmańskiego w Europie grafika = opis grafiki = czas = 18 i 22 marca 1442 miejsce = Marosszentimre and Hermannstadt (Szeben), Kingdom of Hungary
(today: Sântimbru and Sibiu, Romania) 		terytorium = Imperium Osmańskie przyczyna = wynik = 18 marca: zwycięstwo Turków
22 marca: Zwycięstwo Węgrów[1] 		strona1 = [[Coa Hungary Country History Vladislaus I (1440–1444).svg] Królestwo Węgier strona2 = Fictitious Ottoman flag 1.svg Imperium Osmańskie dowódca1 = Coa Hungary Country History (15th century).svg Jan Hunyady
György Lépes 		dowódca2 = Fictitious Ottoman flag 1.svg Mezid Bey siły1 = nieznane siły2 = 16,000 ludzi straty1 = straty2 = lokalizacja = Lokalizacja obecnie mapa = opis mapy = współczesna Rumunia commons =

}}

Hungary Arms.svg Wojny węgiersko-tureckie Emblem of Turkey.svg

Nikopolis (1396)  ♦  Oblężenie Belgradu (1440)  ♦  Jałomica (1442)  ♦  Sybin (1442)  ♦  Bitwa pod Zlaticą (1443)  ♦  Nisz (1443)  ♦  Bitwa pod Kunowicą (1444)  ♦  Kosowe Pole (1448)  ♦  Bitwa pod Kruševac (1454)  ♦  Bitwa pod Belgradem (1456)  ♦  Vaslui (1475)  ♦  Šabac (1476)  ♦  Bitwa na Chlebowym Polu (1479)  ♦  Bitwa w wawozie Vrpilam (1491)  ♦  Krbavsko Polje (1493)  ♦  Bitwa pod Dubicą (1513)  ♦  Oblężenie Zimony (1521)  ♦  Oblężenie Szabács (1521)  ♦  Upadek Belgradu (1521)  ♦  Oblężenie Ostrovicy (1523)  ♦  Upadek Petrovaradina (1526)  ♦  Bitwa pod Mohaczem (1526)  ♦  Bitwa pod Pusztamarót (1526)  ♦  Güns (1532)  ♦  Eger (1552)  ♦  Szigetvár (1566)  ♦  Calugareni (1595)

Coat of arms of the Serbian Despotate.svg Wojny serbsko-tureckie Emblem of Turkey.svg

Gallipoli - Stephaniana - Sırp - Sındığı - Maritsa - Dubravnica - Savra - Pločnik - Bileća - Kosovo Polje - Tripolje - Kosmidion - Despotovac - Przełęcz Vitosha - Smederevo - Belgrade - Novo Brdo - Niš - Zlatica - Kunovica - Leskovac - Kruševac - Smederevo - Belgrade

  1. ↑ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 337.
Źródło: „http://natusiewicz.pl/felczak/index.php?title=Bitwa_pod_Sybinem&oldid=17489”