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| − | |strona = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter,_son_of_Petenye
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| − | |autorzy = https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter,_son_of_Petenye&action=history
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| − | {{Infobox nobility
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| − | | name = Peter, son of Petenye
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| − | | native name =
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| − | | succession = [[Zemplén County|Ispán of Zemplén]]
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| − | | reign = 1312–1317
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| − | | coronation =
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| − | | predecessor = [[Amadeus Aba]] (?)
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| − | | successor = [[Mikcs Ákos]]
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| − | | regent =
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| − | | spouse =
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| − | | issue = a son
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| − | | father = Petenye
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| − | | death_date = between 1318 and 1321
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| − | '''Peter, son of Petenye''' ({{lang-hu|Petenye fia Péter}}, {{lang-sk|Peter Peteň}}; died 1318/1321) was a Hungarian lord at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. Initially a loyal supporter of King [[Charles I of Hungary|Charles I]], he turned against the royal power and established a ''de facto'' independent province in [[Zemplén County]] after 1312, exploiting that political vacuum, which emerged following the dissolution of the [[Aba (genus)|Abas']] dominion.
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| − | ==Early life==
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| − | There is nothing known about his origin and family relationships. Historian Tamás Kádár assumes a possible Slavic (Ruthenian) descent.{{sfn|Kádár|2017|p=100}} His father was a certain Petenye (also Petene or Pethune), who served as Master of the treasury in the court of [[Elizabeth the Cuman|Elizabeth]], spouse of junior king [[Stephen V of Hungary|Stephen]].{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=75}} The family's landholdings laid in the surrounding lordship of Patak Castle (today ruins near [[Sátoraljaújhely]]).{{sfn|Kádár|2017|p=100}} Historian [[Jenő Szűcs]] claimed that Peter's namesake great-grandfather ("Peter I") owned [[Vojčice|Vécse]] (today Vojčice, [[Slovakia]]) by 1217 (while others argue it referred to a member of the Aba clan from the Tarján branch). Accordingly, four generations bore the same forename in the upcoming decades. His son, Peter II ("the Freckled") bought Albény and Tehna with the permission of King [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla IV]] in 1245. Szűcs argued this was the first step in the development of the [[Sečovce|Gálszécs]] lordship (today Sečovce, Slovakia), the core of Peter, son of Petenye's dominion. These lands were part of the so-called "[[gyepű|gyepűelve]]", a mostly uninhabited or sparsely inhabited area beyond the eastern border of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]].{{sfn|Szűcs|1993|pp=54–55}}
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| − | [[File:Brekov Hrad.jpg|thumb|left|Ruins of [[Brekov Castle|Brekov (Barkó) Castle]]]]
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| − | Peter, son of Petenye first appeared in contemporary authentic charters since 1283, during the reign of [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary|Ladislaus IV]], although a false diploma already mentioned him in 1263.{{sfn|Kristó|1979|p=146}} In that year (1283), Ladislaus IV donated him the so-called Veker's Gate near the Veker (today Krivošťanka) Mountains, once an important part of the Hungarian border system in the eastern territories.{{sfn|Szűcs|1993|p=52}} Alongside [[Reynold Básztély]], former [[Palatine of Hungary]] and a certain James, he served as noble judge ({{lang-hu|szolgabíró}}; lit. "servants' judge") of Zemplén County sometimes after 1289 (some historians dated to around 1286 and 1291).{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=235}} He appeared in various lawsuits and land contracts in the 1290s. For instance, he protested against the induction of one of the applicants to the ownership of [[Višňov|Visnyó]] (present-day Višňov, Slovakia) in 1296, before the court of [[Amadeus Aba]].{{sfn|Kádár|2017|p=100}} By 1297, Peter owned Gálszécs (or Szécs), the territorial centre of his landholdings.{{sfn|Szűcs|1993|p=55}} The village of Szőllőske also belonged to his property as an "inherited land" in 1298,{{sfn|Szűcs|1993|p=36}} in addition to an exchanged land, [[Zbehňov|Zebegnyő]] (today Zbehňov, Slovakia), acquiring from his relatives, a certain Matthias and his brothers, sons of Conrad.{{sfn|Kádár|2017|p=100}} By 1308, when a charter referred to the lordship as "land beyond [[Trebišov|Terebes]]" (today Trebišov, Slovakia), he owned several villages and estates between the [[Bodrog]] and [[Tisza]] rivers (the region of Bodrogköz), for instance [[Kisrozvágy|Rozvágy]], [[Solomonovo|Salamon]] (today Solomonovo, [[Ukraine]]), [[Záhony]], [[Kysta|Kiszte]], [[Kašov|Kásó]] (today Kysta and Kašov in Slovakia, respectively). When Charles I confiscated Peter's lands in 1317, the Gálszécs lordship consisted of 18 villages.{{sfn|Szűcs|1993|pp=54–55}}
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| − | Possibly in the 1290s, Peter built the castle of Borostyán, which later became his provincial seat and 17 villages and lands belonged to it. Beside that, he also owned Jeszenő Castle (today [[Jasenov, Humenné District|Jasenov]], Slovakia) since 1283, after it was confiscated from the rebellious [[Joachim Gutkeled]]'s family. In 1307, he acquired [[Brekov Castle|Barkó Castle]] (today ruins above [[Brekov]], Slovakia) from the [[Kaplon (genus)|Kaplon]] clan during an estate contract. Sometimes before 1312, he also became owner of the Bodrogszög Castle, which laid somewhere near present-day [[Klin nad Bodrogom]], Slovakia.{{sfn|Engel|1996|pp=273, 283, 285, 333}}
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| − | ==Lord of Zemplén==
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| − | ===Provincial lord===
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| − | Amadeus Aba and his kinship ruled ''de facto'' independently the northern and north-eastern counties, including Zemplén, of the kingdom since the 1290s, during the era of feudal anarchy. It is possible that Peter was among his [[Familiaris|familiares]], thus he was able to maintain some degree of autonomy. After the extinction of the [[Árpád dynasty]] in 1301, when a succession war broke out, Amadeus Aba supported Charles of Anjou's claim to the Hungarian throne, thus Peter also joined his camp. Charles became the undisputed ruler of the whole kingdom by 1310. The burghers of [[Košice|Kassa]] (now Košice in Slovakia) assassinated Amadeus Aba in September 1311. After that Charles was committed to eradicating the Abas' oligarchic rule. However, Amadeus' sons rebelled against the king and entered into an alliance with the powerful oligarch [[Matthew III Csák|Matthew Csák]]. Then Peter decided to left the Abas' allegiance and swore loyalty to Charles. In late 1311 or early 1312, when the Aba troops raided [[Sárospatak]], the fort was successfully defended by the own militia of Peter and members of the [[Baksa (genus)|Baksa kindred]]. Peter was seriously injured in the clash.{{sfn|Petrovics|2000|p=425}} A royal charter issued on 10 April 1312 narrated that one of Amadeus' sons, Nicholas Aba took revenge on Peter for his defection, and his troops looted and devastated the Gálszécs lordship (possibly in the spring of 1312). During the skirmish, the local church was destroyed, where all accumulated wealth were plundered, causing the damage of 1,000 gold ducats for Peter. In addition, his manor was set on fire by the Abas, when Peter's unidentified wife stayed there, while one of his relatives, also a Peter, was killed. Following that Peter participated in the siege of [[Šariš Castle|Sáros Castle]] (today Šariš in Slovakia), when Charles' army seized the fort from the Aba-ally [[Zólyom kinship|Zólyom (Balassa) kinship]].{{sfn|Engel|1988|pp=100–101}} As a partial compensation, Peter was granted the land of [[Pichne|Pihnye]] (present-day Pichne, Slovakia) from Charles I, who previously confiscated the estate from the treacherous sons of a certain Iroszló (Jarosław).{{sfn|Kádár|2017|p=101}}
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| − | [[File:Várrom (2996. számú műemlék) 6.jpg|thumb|right|Ruins of [[Regéc|Regéc Castle]]]]
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| − | Following the [[Battle of Rozgony]] on 15 June 1312, Peter and his servants presumably participated,{{sfn|Kádár|2017|p=101}} which brought an end to the Aba family's rule in Northeast Hungary, Peter was made ''[[ispán]]'' of Zemplén and [[Ung County|Ung]] counties by Charles I.{{sfn|Engel|1996|pp=219, 241}} As part of his dignities' ''honor'', he was also granted the castles of [[Gönc]] (Amadeus Aba's former seat) and [[Regéc]], where he served as castellan (with the title of ''comes'').{{sfn|Engel|1996|pp=320, 399}} Kádár questions the latter position.{{sfn|Kádár|2017|p=102}} According to historian [[Gyula Kristó]], Peter exploited that political vacuum, which emerged following the dissolution of the Abas' dominion in the upcoming years, and began to establish a ''de facto'' independent province in Zemplén and partly [[Abaúj County|Abaúj]] counties. Thus Kristó considered him as one of the so-called "oligarchs" or "provincial lords".{{sfn|Kristó|1979|p=143}} Peter continually distanced himself from the royal power and entered as a local tyrant against the neighbouring noblemen. For instance, he plundered the lands of the royalist Nagymihályis (descendants of the Kaplon kindred) in late 1315.{{sfn|Bárány|2011|p=96}}{{sfn|Kristó|1979|p=158}} He cooperated with his former enemies, the sons of the late Amadeus Aba, and their joint troops besieged and destroyed the castles of [[Ďurkov|Györke]] and [[Michalovce|Nagymihály]] (today Ďurkov and Michalovce in Slovakia, respectively). Peter's henchmen also tortured and murdered some of the Nagymihályis' relatives and servants.{{sfn|Kádár|2017|p=105}} Peter possessed approximately 50 villages and six castles by that time.{{sfn|Kádár|2017|p=101}} In November 1316, it was reported the members of the [[Rozgonyi family]] ([[Básztély (genus)|Básztély clan]]) have been "defending Csicsva Castle [today part of [[Sedliská]], Slovakia] for almost a year" against Peter's ''[[banderium]]''.{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=328}}
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| − | ===Rebellion against Charles===
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| − | Peter, son of Petenye was first referred to as "disloyal" by Charles I on 2 January 1317. The royal charter reported [[James Borsa]], a former [[Palatine of Hungary]], who turned against Charles, had made an alliance against the king with other lords, including his son-in-law [[Mojs II Ákos|Mojs Ákos]], the [[Gutkeled (genus)|Gutkeled]]s of Szilágyság (Sălaj) and Peter himself in the second half of 1316.{{sfn|Engel|1988|p=114}} In the charter, Charles confiscated some of his lands and estates and handed them over to his loyal soldier [[Mikcs Ákos]], who suffered serious damages in his clashes against Peter (for instance, one of his ''familiares'' was killed).{{sfn|Engel|1988|p=114}} Among the lands confiscated were [[Stročín|Sztracsina]], [[Kuková|Kékmező]], [[Veľká Domaša|Nagydomása]], [[Malá Domaša|Kisdomása]] and [[Ohradzany|Gereginye]] (present-day Stročín, Kuková, Veľká Domaša, Malá Domaša and Ohradzany in Slovakia, respectively).{{sfn|Kádár|2017|p=102}}
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| − | Another document issued on 10 February 1321 narrated that after his betrayal, Peter, whose estates laid in the northeast border, traveled to the [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia|Kingdom of Rus']] and offered the Hungarian crown to either [[Andrew of Galicia|Andrew]] or [[Leo II of Galicia]], both were maternal great-grandchildren of Béla IV of Hungary.{{sfn|Engel|1988|p=114}}{{sfn|Petrovics|2000|p=426}}{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=329}} Historian Attila Bárány argued James Borsa and the increasingly influential Mojs Ákos supported Peter in his efforts, and he represented the whole conspiracy in the Galician royal court.{{sfn|Bárány|2011|p=97}} Because of his potential Ruthenian ancestry and proximity to his properties, Peter had extensive and vibrant political and trade connections with the local elite in the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia.{{sfn|Kádár|2017|p=106}} Tamás Kádár doubts the offer of the Hungarian throne, he considers that Peter and his allies only sought military assistance in Galicia against Charles.{{sfn|Kádár|2017|p=105}} Peter's diplomatic mission ended unsuccessfully, both of the [[Rurik dynasty|Rurikid]] princes, Andrew and Leo refused to involve in the unification of Charles, with whom they maintained good relationship (there were theories that Charles' first wife was Leo's daughter, Maria).{{sfn|Kádár|2017|p=106}}
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| − | [[File:Jasenovský hrad 006.JPG|thumb|left|[[Jasenov Castle|Jasenov (Jeszenő) Castle]], owned by Peter since 1283]]
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| − | Based on a ''[[regesta]]'' found in the archives of the [[Drugeth family]] (today part of the [[Slovak National Archives]] in [[Prešov]]), Peter even attempted the assassination of Charles I twice. At first, he personally tried to kill Charles, who was sick in bed in Sárospatak, possibly when he still was considered loyal, thus he was able to present the king's companion without difficulty. Peter's attempt was revealed and captured by the king himself. István Petrovics considered this attempt took place in the last months of 1316.{{sfn|Petrovics|2000|pp=431–434}} In contrast to Petrovics' reconstruction, Tamás Kádár argues that Peter was considered loyal even on 15 December 1316, according to a royal document.{{sfn|Kádár|2017|p=102}} In addition, Charles resided in Southern Hungary, [[Timișoara|Temesvár]] and [[Lipova, Arad|Lippa]] (present-day Timișoara and Lipova in Romania, respectively), in those months. If Peter's first assassination attempt happened at all, it must be occurred in the spring of 1317, as Kádár considers.{{sfn|Kádár|2017|p=103}} Gyula Kristó questioned the validity of the royal document's narration on Peter's assassination attempt. The historian argued Charles I and his chancellery aimed to emphasize the impenitence of the traitorous Peter with the false narrative.{{sfn|Kristó|2003|pp=330–331}} Tamás Kádár does not share this viewpoint; he considers, instead of Peter, his commissioned assassin was captured during the first attempt.{{sfn|Kádár|2017|p=104}} For the second time, Peter hired two assassins to murder Charles, who resided in the [[List of historical capitals of Hungary|temporary capital]] Temesvár then. According to a diploma from 1355, the assassins, certain noblemen Nicholas and Philip tried to kill the king with an arrow. There was no report that whether Charles was injured during the assassination attempt, but the king exiled them and confiscated their lands in [[Csanád County (medieval)|Csanád County]]. Petrovics argued Peter's second attempt occurred in either Spring (during his war against Charles) or Winter 1317 (after his defeat in Zemplén).{{sfn|Petrovics|2000|pp=431–434}}
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| − | Charles immediately responded to the unfavorable developments and launched a multi-faceted war against James Borsa and his allies in early 1317. The king initiated a royal campaign first against Peter, the weakest member of the anti-Charles coalition. [[Philip Drugeth]], who was also made ''ispán'' of [[Abaúj County]], and Mikcs Ákos led Charles' army against Peter's forts in Ung County in the first months of 1317. Around March, Drugeth captured Gönc, then his army marched in front of Regéc Castle, also joined by [[Ladislaus Baksa]]'s auxiliary troops due to a threatening leaf by Drugeth.{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=333}} Regéc was besieged and seized in April. In the same time, Mikcs Ákos crushed Peter's power in Zemplén, capturing the castles Barkó, Borostyán and Bodrogszög within few weeks.{{sfn|Engel|1988|p=116}} Peter successfully broke out of the blockade, "like an indomitable beast" (as a 1342 charter wrote) during the siege of his seat, Borostyán and fled the province. However, Mikcs captured and imprisoned Peter's (probably namesake) son and sent to the royal court as a prisoner of war.{{sfn|Petrovics|2000|p=427}} Peter's last stronghold Jeszenő was taken by Philip Drugeth in the last days of April or early May 1317.{{sfn|Engel|1988|p=116}}
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| − | ==Later life==
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| − | After his fall in Zemplén, Ung and Abaúj counties, there is only fragmented information about Peter. Following his defeat (or simultaneously), Charles turned against James Borsa, whose army was defeated in the first half of 1317 (historian Attila Zsoldos provided the exact date to 10 February) in [[Debrecen]], and his fortresses were captured in the following months. James Borsa barricaded himself into the castle of Sólyomkő (now in [[Aleșd]], Romania), but was captured by the royal troops after his surrender (possibly in May 1318), however he escaped execution and was eventually ransomed by Mojs Ákos.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2016|p=216}} It is possible that Peter was captured too in Sólyomkő or earlier (his involvement in the two assassination attempts revealed only then), and later himself was also released during a ransom or exchange of prisoners between the royal court and Mojs.{{sfn|Bárány|2011|p=109}}
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| − | In [[Transylvania]], James Borsa and Peter, son of Petenye were both marginalized and overshadowed by Mojs, militarily the most successful enemy of Charles.{{sfn|Bárány|2011|p=103}} When Mojs failed to prevent the king's general [[Dózsa Debreceni]] to advance into the inner parts of Transylvania at Topa, midway between the Meszes Gate and [[Cluj-Napoca|Kolozsvár]] (today Cluj-Napoca, Romania) in July 1318, Peter, summoning his supporters in [[Szatmár County]],{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=336}} also participated in the skirmish, along with James Borsa and others.{{sfn|Engel|1988|p=124}} Possibly he remained in Transylvania in his remaining years and continued to struggle against the local pro-Charles noblemen in the regions of Northern Transylvania, Upper Tisza and [[Someș|Szamos (Someș)]] after the withdrawal of Dózsa Debreceni.{{sfn|Kádár|2017|p=107}} In February 1321, Charles recalled him with "cursed memory", confirming his death by then.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2016|p=224}}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{reflist|20em}}
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| − | ==Sources==
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| − | {{Refbegin}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Bárány |first=Attila |editor1-last=Bárány |editor1-first=Attila |editor2-last=Papp |editor2-first=Klára |editor3-last=Szálkai |editor3-first=Tamás |title=Debrecen város 650 éves. Várostörténeti tanulmányok |publisher=Debreceni Egyetem. Történelmi Intézet |year=2011 |pages=75–126 |chapter=Debreceni Dózsa küzdelme a bihari oligarchákkal [''Dózsa Debreceni's Struggle with Oligarchs in Bihar'']|url= |isbn=963-821-6468|ref=harv|language=hu}}
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| − | * {{cite journal |last=Engel |first=Pál |authorlink=Pál Engel |year=1988 |title=Az ország újraegyesítése. I. Károly küzdelmei az oligarchák ellen (1310–1323) [''Reunification of the Realm. The Struggles of Charles I Against the Oligarchs (1310–1323)''] |url= |format= |journal=Századok |location= |publisher=Magyar Történelmi Társulat |volume=122 |issue=1–2 |pages=89–146 |issn= |ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Engel |first=Pál |authorlink=Pál Engel |year=1996 |title=Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1301–1457, I. ''[Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1301–1457, Volume I]'' |publisher=História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete |isbn=963-8312-44-0 |language=hu |ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Kádár |first=Tamás |editor1-last=Szolyák |editor1-first=Péter |editor2-last=Csengeri |editor2-first=Piroska |title=A Herman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve LVI. |publisher=Herman Ottó Múzeum |year=2017 |pages=99–111 |chapter=Egy megkésett tartományuraság-építési kísérlet a XIV. század eleji Magyarországon: Petenye fia Péter pályája [''A Late Attempt at Sovereign Province-building in Early XIV Century Hungary: The Career of Peter, son of Petenye''] |issn=0544-4225|language=hu |ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |year=1979 |title=A feudális széttagolódás Magyarországon ''[Feudal Anarchy in Hungary]'' |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |isbn=963-05-1595-4|ref=harv|language=hu}}
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| − | * {{cite journal |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |year=2003 |title=I. Károly király harcai a tartományurak ellen (1310–1323) [''The Struggles of Charles I Against the Oligarchs (1310–1323)''] |url= |format= |journal=Századok |location= |publisher=Magyar Történelmi Társulat |volume=137 |issue=2 |pages=297–347 |issn= |ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Petrovics |first=István |editor1-last=Piti |editor1-first=Ferenc |editor2-last=Szabados |editor2-first=György | title="Magyaroknak eleiről". Ünnepi tanulmányok a hatvan esztendős Makk Ferenc tiszteletére |publisher=Szegedi Középkorász Műhely |year=2000 |page=421–434 |chapter=Orgyilkosok Temesvárott: merénylet I. Károly király ellen [''Assassins in Temesvár: Assassination Attempts on King Charles I''] |isbn=963-482-500-1|ref=harv|language=hu}}
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| − | * {{cite journal |last=Szűcs |first=Jenő |year=1993 |title=Sárospatak kezdetei és a pataki erdőuradalom [''The Beginnings of Sárospatak and the Royal Forest of Patak''] |url= |format= |journal=Történelmi Szemle |location= |publisher=[[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]] |volume=35 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–57 |issn=0040-9634 |ref=harv|language=hu}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Zsoldos |first=Attila |year=2011 |title=Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 ''[Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301]'' |publisher=História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete |isbn=978-963-9627-38-3 |ref=harv|language=hu}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Zsoldos |first=Attila |editor1-last=Pósán |editor1-first=László |editor2-last=Veszprémy |editor2-first=László | title=Elfeledett háborúk. Középkori csaták és várostromok (6–16. század) |publisher=Zrínyi Kiadó |year=2016 |page=198–231 |chapter=Erdélyi háborúk a 14. század elején [''Transylvanian Wars at the Beginning of the 14th Century''] |isbn=978-963-3276-96-9|ref=harv|language=hu}}
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| − | {{Refend}}
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| − | {{s-start}}
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| − | {{s-off}}
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| − | {{S-bef|rows=2|before=[[Amadeus Aba]] (?)}}
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| − | {{S-ttl|title=[[Zemplén County|Ispán of Zemplén]]|years=1312–1317}}
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| − | {{S-aft|after=[[Mikcs Ákos]]}}
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| − | {{S-ttl|title=[[Ung County|Ispán of Ung]]|years=1312–1313}}
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| − | {{S-aft|after=Ladislaus Aba}}
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| − | {{s-end}}
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| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Peter, son of Petenye}}
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| − | [[Category:13th-century Hungarian people]]
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| − | [[Category:14th-century Hungarian people]]
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| − | [[Category:Oligarchs of the Kingdom of Hungary]]
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| − | [[Category:Failed regicides]] | |
