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| − | [[Image:Bosnia around 1412.png|thumb|left|250px|Banate of Usora in the early 15th century]]
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| − | [[File:Bascinet helm and medieval sword.jpg|thumb|left|Map of medieval Usora with local finds - bascinet helmet and sword (Regional Museum, Doboj)]]
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| − | Usora (,) było na wpół niezależnym księstwem (Banate) średniowiecznego państwa bośniackiego, choć miało także pewne okresy poza nim, gdy było połączone z sąsiednimi Banatami Slawonii lub Machvy. Siedzibą administracyjną tego Banatu był Srebrenik, który służył także jako rezydencja jego władców przez cały okres istnienia państwa bośniackiego [1]. Nazwa wzięła się od rzeki Usora.
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| − | <small><small>'''Usora''' ({{lang-la|Vozora}}, {{lang-hu|Ózora}}) was a semi-independent duchy (Banate) of the [[Middle Ages|medieval]] [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnian]] state, although it also had some periods outside it, when it was connected with neighbouring Banates of [[Ban of Slavonia|Slavonia]] or [[Mačva]]. The administrative seat of this Banate was [[Srebrenik]], which also served as residence of its rulers for entire period of existence of the medieval Bosnian state.<ref name="Anđelić-1982-Studije-teritori-politi-org-sred-Bosne">{{cite book |last1=Anđelić |first1=Pavao |title=Studije o teritorijalnopolitičkoj organizaciji srednjovjekovne Bosne |date=1982 |publisher="Svjetlost," OOUR Izdavačka djelatnost |location=Sarajevo |pages=237-238 |url=https://books.google.ba/books/about/Studije_o_teritorijalnopoliti%C4%8Dkoj_organ.html?id=v-jKMgEACAAJ&redir_esc=y |accessdate=4 December 2019 |language=sh |chapter=Chapter: Usora i Soli}}</ref> It took its name from the river [[Usora (river)|Usora]]. </small></small>
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| − | == Geografia i historia ==
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| − | O regionie Usora po raz pierwszy wspomniano w byku (dekret) króla Węgier Bela IV z dnia 20 lipca 1244 r., W którym przypisał on niektóre nieruchomości biskupowi Bośni, quod episeopus (Bosnensis) i capitulum decimas w Vozora , w Sou, w Olfeld i in aliis supis ... habeant et percipiant (Vozora oznacza Usora, Sou oznacza Soli i Olfeld oznacza Donji Kraji). [2] [3]
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| − | <small><small>The region of Usora was first mentioned in a bull (decree) by King [[Bela IV of Hungary]] dated 20 July 1244, in which he assigned some properties to the [[Bishop of Bosnia]], naming the territories: ''quod episeopus (Bosnensis) et capitulum decimas in Vozora, in Sou, in Olfeld et in aliis supis ... habeant et percipiant'' (Vozora meaning Usora, Sou meaning [[Soli (region)|Soli]], and Olfeld meaning [[Donji Kraji]]).<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=75676&lang=en | language = Croatian | title = Topografske sitnice (I) | author = [[Vjekoslav Klaić]] | journal = Journal of the Zagreb Archaeological Museum | page = 68 | volume = 2 | number = 1 |date=March 1880| publisher = [[Archaeological Museum, Zagreb]] | issn = 0350-7165 | accessdate = 2012-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url = http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=115514&lang=en | language = Croatian | title = Usora i Soli u prva dva stoljeća turske prevlasti | authors = Pavo Živković, Marija Brandić | journal = Povijesni zbornik: godišnjak za kulturu i povijesno nasljeđe | volume = 1 | number = 1-2 |date=May 2007 | issn = 1846-3819 | publisher = Faculty of Philosophy, University of Osijek | pages = 58–59 | accessdate = 2012-09-02}}</ref> </small></small>
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| − | Jego terytorium rozciągało się mniej więcej od okolic Kulashi i Prnjavor na zachodzie, do Srebrenika i Lukavaca na wschodzie, rzeki Sawy na północy i Žepče na południu. Banat z Usory miał wiele silnych fortec i miast na swoim terytorium, z których najbardziej znane to Doboj (XIII wiek), Srebrenik (1333), Dobor (1387), Glaz (XII wiek), Soko (XIV wiek), Tešanj (XIV wiek) wieku), Modrić (XIII wiek) i Maglaj (XV wiek).
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| − | <small><small>Its territory stretched roughly from the area of [[Kulaši]] and [[Prnjavor, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Prnjavor]] to its west, to [[Srebrenik]] and [[Lukavac]] to its east, the river [[Sava]] to its north and [[Žepče]] to its south. The [[Banate of Usora]] had many strong fortresses and cities on its territory, the most famous ones being [[Fortress of Doboj|Doboj]] (13th century), [[Srebrenik Fortress|Srebrenik]] (1333), Dobor (1387), Glaz (12th century), Soko (14th century), [[Tešanj Castle|Tešanj]] (14th century), Modrić (13th century), and [[Maglaj Fortress|Maglaj]] (15th century). </small></small>
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| − | Ponadto, ze względu na swoje położenie geograficzne (płaskowyż panoński) jako najbardziej wysunięty na północ kraj bośniacki i jego bogactwo, Usora była najczęściej najczęstszym polem bitwy między królami węgierskimi, którzy postrzegali Banat Bośni jako wasali. Mimo że nominalnie był częścią Węgierskich Krain Koronnych, Banat Bośni był de facto niepodległym państwem przez większość swojego istnienia, [4] {{# invoke: Footnotes | sfn}} {{# invoke: Footnotes | sfn} } w tym Usora, która zawsze zachowała wielką autonomię w Bośni. [5]
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| − | <small><small>Also, due to its geographical location (Pannonian plateau) as the northernmost Bosnian land and its richness, Usora was, more often than not, a most common battleground between the [[Hungarian king|Hungarian kings]] who viewed Banate of Bosnia as vassals to them. Although it was nominally a part of the [[Lands of the Hungarian Crown|Hungarian Crown Lands]], the Banate of Bosnia was a de facto independent state for most of its existence,<ref>{{cite book|url=|title=Paul Mojzes. Religion and the war in Bosnia. Oxford University Press, 2000, p 22; "Medieval Bosnia was founded as an independent state (Banate) by Ban Kulin (1180-1204)."}}</ref>{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=44, 148}}{{sfn|Vego|1982|pp=44, 148|p=104}} including Usora, which when under Bosnia always retained great autonomy.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA551&lpg=PA551&dq=Ban+of+Slavonia+usora&source=bl&ots=9iSYUyD8tj&sig=ACfU3U123WjRjSIh4QegAbmPFh1935gixA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO-N7wuofmAhXwy6YKHVgxCtMQ6AEwAnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Usora%20autonomy&f=false|title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest|last=Fine|first=John V. A.|last2=Fine|first2=John Van Antwerp|date=1994|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-08260-5|language=en}}</ref> </small></small>
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| − | Godne uwagi bitwy to Bitwa pod Srebrenikiem (1363), Bitwa o Dobor (1394 i 1408) oraz Bitwa o Doboj (1415). Ten banat / księstwo został kilkakrotnie oddzielony od Banatu Bośni, a później przez Królestwo Bośni, które wyznaczyło władców tego regionu i czasami jest związane z bananem słowiańskim. Wybitne rodziny, ponieważ Babonići posiadały wielkie dobra, a terytoria te były częścią słowiańskiego banatu.
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| − | <small><small>Notable battles include Battle of Srebrenik (1363), Battle of Dobor (1394 and 1408), and the [[Battle of Doboj]] (1415). This banate/duchy had been separated several times from the [[Banate of Bosnia]] and later [[Bosnian Kingdom]] in its history mostly by [[Kingdom of Hungary]] which appointed rulers of this region and sometimes attached it to [[Ban of Slavonia|Slavonian Banate]]. Prominent families, as [[Babonići]] had great estates, while the territories were part of Slavonian Banate. </small></small>
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| − | Bośniackie zakazy i królowie począwszy od Stefana II Kotromanića z 1324 r. (Który dodał Usorę i Soli do swojego tytułu) [6] 1463 podczas podboju osmańskiego Bośni.
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| − | <small><small>Bosnian bans and [[List of Bosnian kings|kings]] starting with [[Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia|Stephen II Kotromanić]] from 1324 (who added Usora and Soli to his title)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest|last=Fine|first=John V. A.|last2=Fine|first2=John Van Antwerp|date=1994|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=|isbn=978-0-472-08260-5|location=|pages=277|language=en}}</ref> have started appointing their rulers or had rulers that supported them, ending with the last Duke of Usora, Tvrtko Stančić who died in May 1463 during [[Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Ottoman conquest of Bosnia]]. </small></small>
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| − | == List of rulers ==
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| − | {{History of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
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| − | *1190s-1220: [[Stefan (ban of Usora)|Stefan]], likely also ban of Soli, first historically documented ban of Usora
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| − | *1220-1241: [[Sibislav]], son of ban Stefan, supporting Hungary in its crusade against Bosnian heretics (members of Bosnian Church)
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| − | *1241–1247: [[Matej Ninoslav]], also ban of Bosnia proper, waged defensive war against Hungary. After the loss of Usora to Hungarians, remained the ban of all other Bosnian lands until his death in 1250
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| − | *1247–1262: [[Rostislav Mikhailovich]], Russian prince from Rurik dynasty, also Duke of Macso, appointed by the king of Hungary
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| − | *1262–1272: [[Bela (Ban of Usora)|Bela]], son of Rostislav, also Duke of Macso, appointed by the king of Hungary
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| − | *1272–1273: [[Henry I Kőszegi]], also ban of Soli, appointed by the king of Hungary
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| − | *1273-1275: [[Ernye Ákos]], also ban of Soli, appointed by the king of Hungary
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| − | *1282-1316: [[Stefan Dragutin]], also king of Syrmia, appointed by the king of Hungary
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| − | *1316-1323: [[Vladislav, King of Syrmia|Vladislav]], also king of Syrmia, son of the preceding
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| − | *1323-1324: [[Stefan Dečanski]], also king of Serbia, conqueror
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| − | *1324-1329: [[Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia|Stjepan]], also ban of Bosnia, grandson of Vladislav
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| − | *1329-1353: [[Vojko]], Duke of Usora (Soli region absorbed into Usora by 1330), appointed by Stephen II Kotromanic, ban of Bosnia
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| − | *1353-1377: [[Tvrtko Ivahnic]], Duke of Usora, supporter of king Tvrtko I Kotromanic, first Bosnian king
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| − | *1377-1395: [[Vlatko Tvrtkovic]], son of Duke Tvrtko of Usora, supporter of Bosnian king Tvrtko I Kotromanic
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| − | *1395-1400: [[Vucihna Vlatkovic]], son of Duke Vlatko of Usora, supporter of Bosnian king Dabisa Kotromanic
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| − | *1400-1424: [[Vukmir Zlatonosovic]], supporter of Bosnian royal Kotromanic family
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| − | *1424-1430: [[Vukasin Zlatonosovic]], Vukmir's brother, supporter of Bosnian king Tvrtko II Kotromanic
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| − | *1430-1435: [[Djuradj Brankovic]], Despot of Serbia, conqueror of eastern Usora and Bosnia
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| − | *1435-1444: [[Matko Talovac]], ban of Usora, supporter of Bosnian king Tvrtko II Kotromanić
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| − | *1444-1463: [[Tvrtko Stancic]], Duke of Usora, supporter of Bosnian kings Tomas Kotromanić and Stefan Tomasević, died in May 1463 while defending Bosnia from the Ottoman conquest
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| − | <small><small>'''Last Usora rulers after Ottoman conquest of Bosnia in 1463:''' </small></small>
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| − | *1464-1477: [[Nicholas of Ilok]], Duke of Usora, Macso, Slavonia and Dalmatia 1464-1471, and king of Bosnia 1471-1477, appointed by the king of Hungary as a ruler of buffer state against Ottomans
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| − | *1465-1476: [[Matija Sabancic Radivojevic]], son of Radivoj Ostojić (younger brother of Bosnian king Tomas Kotromanić), puppet Bosnian king installed by Ottomans as a counter measure to Nicholas of Ilok
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| − | *1476-1476: [[Matija Vojsalic]], second and last puppet king in Bosnia installed by Ottomans, ruled only 6 fortresses in central and south Usora (Doboj, Maglaj, Tešanj, Žepče, Vranduk and Travnik)
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| − | Od 1322 r., Kiedy Kotromanik Stefana II został władcą w Bośni, Usora był częścią jego królestwa i obejmował tytuły wszystkich kolejnych zakazów i królów w Bośni.
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| − | <small><small>From 1322, when Stephen II Kotromanic became a ruler in Bosnia, Usora was part of his realm and included in the titles of all subsequent Bans and kings in Bosnia. </small></small>
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| − | <!-- [[File:Bascinet up close.jpg|thumb|Medieval Usora weaponry, museum in Doboj|alt=]]
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| − | == Źródła ==
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| − | * Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1991) [1983]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century]''. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
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| − | * Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) [1987]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest]''. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
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| − | * Klaić, Nada (1989). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fm5pAAAAMAAJ Srednjovjekovna Bosna: Politički položaj bosanskih vladara do Tvrtkove krunidbe (1377. g.)]''. Zagreb: Grafički zavod Hrvatske.
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| − | * Malcolm, Noel (1994). ''[Bosnia: A Short History]''. New York: NYU Press.
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| − | * Vego, Marko (1982). ''[Postanak srednjovjekovne bosanske države]]''. Sarajevo: Svjetlost.
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| − | * Ćirković, Sima (2014) [1964]. ''[http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76531445107C"The Double Wreath: A Contribution to the History of Kingship in Bosnia"]''. Balcanica. '''45''': 107–143.
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| − | * Ćirković, Sima (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC The Serbs]''. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
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| − | * Moravcsik, Gyula, ed. (1967) [1949]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio]'' (2nd revised ed.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies.
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| − | == Przypisy ==
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| − | {{izvori}}
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| − | {{Regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
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| − | {{coord missing|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
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| − | [[Category:Historical regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
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| − | [[Category:Historical regions in the Kingdom of Hungary]]
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| − | [[Category:Banates of the Kingdom of Hungary]]
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| − | [[Category:Medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina]] | |
