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| − | Za: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_the_Sz%C3%A9kelys]
| + | #PATRZ [[Comes Siculorum]] |
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| − | The '''Count of the Székelys''' ({{lang-hu|székelyispán}}, {{lang-la|comes Sicolorum}}) was the leader of the Hungarian-speaking [[Székelys]] in [[Transylvania]], in the medieval [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. First mentioned in royal charters of the 13th century, the counts were the highest-ranking royal officials in [[Székely Land]]. From around 1320 to the second half of the 15th century, the counts' jurisdiction included four [[Transylvanian Saxon]] districts, in addition to the seven Székely [[Seat (territorial-administrative unit)|seats]] (or administrative units).
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| − | The counts also held important castles outside the territories under their administration, including their seat at Görgény (now [[Gurghiu, Mureș|Gurghiu]] in Romania). They were the supreme commanders of the Székely troops; their military campaigns against [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]] and the [[Golden Horde]] were mentioned in royal charters and medieval chronicles. The counts presided over the general assemblies of both the individual Székely seats and the entire Székely community. They also heard appeals of the decisions of the supreme court of [[Székely Land]].
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| − | Beginning in the late 14th century, Hungarian monarchs appointed two or three noblemen to jointly hold the office. From the 1440s, at least one of these joint holders was also regularly made [[Voivode of Transylvania]], because frequent [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] raids against Transylvania required the centralization of the military command of the province. The offices of the count and the voivode were in practice united after 1467. From the late 16th century, the [[Prince of Transylvania|princes of Transylvania]] (as successors to the voivodes) also styled themselves as counts of the Székelys. After the integration of the principality with the [[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburg Empire]], in the early 18th century, the title was in abeyance until [[Maria Theresa]] revived it at the Székelys' request. She and her successors on the Hungarian throne used the title until 1918.
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| − | == Origins ==
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| − | {{See also|Origin of the Székelys}}
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| − | The origin of the office is obscure.{{sfn|Kordé|2013|p=64}} The Hungarian-speaking [[Székelys]] were a "well organized community of warriors" in the medieval [[Kingdom of Hungary]].{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=115}} They originally lived in scattered groups along the frontiers of the kingdom.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=116}} In [[Transylvania]], they first settled along the rivers [[Saschiz River|Kézd (Saschiz)]], [[Gârbova River (Secaș)|Orbó (Gârbova)]], and [[Sebeș (river)|Sebes (Sebeș)]],{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=116}} but started to migrate to the easternmost region of the province when the ancestors of the [[Transylvanian Saxons]] began to arrive around 1150.{{sfn|Engel|2001|pp=114, 117}}
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| − | Bishop [[Otto of Freising]] mentioned that "two counts" commanded the archers in the [[Vanguard (military formation)|vanguard]] of the Hungarian army in the [[Battle of the Fischa]], in 1146.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=239}}{{sfn|Kordé|2013|p=66}} The Hungarian chronicles recorded that Székelys and [[Pechenegs]] formed the vanguard of the Hungarian army in that battle, thus the bishop's report may contain the first reference to a count of the Székelys, according to Attila Zsoldos, [[Gyula Kristó]], and other historians.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=239}} On the other hand, as historian Zoltán Kordé emphasizes, 13th-century [[royal charter]]s mentioned other royal officials who ruled Székely groups, suggesting that the office had not been established in the previous century.{{sfn|Kordé|2013|p=66}} For instance, a royal charter tells of an army of [[Transylvanian Saxons|Saxon]], [[Vlachs|Vlach]], Székely, and Pecheneg troops fighting in [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]] under the command of [[Joachim Türje|Joachim]], [[Count of Hermannstadt]] (now [[Sibiu]] in Romania), in the early 1210s.{{sfn|Kordé|2013|p=66}}
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| − | The earliest royal charter mentioning a "count and commander of the Székelys" was issued in 1235.{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=133}}{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=175}} It refers to a military campaign launched against Bulgaria in 1228. Thus, the office must have existed in that year at the latest,{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=133}} but the count was not the sole ruler of all Székelys for decades after.{{sfn|Kordé|2013|p=69}} For instance, a diploma of [[Béla IV of Hungary]] refers to the count of the Székelys of [[Nagyváty]] in Baranya County.{{sfn|Kordé|2013|p=67}} [[Lack Hermán]], who held the office from 1328 to 1343, was styled as "count of the three clans of the Székelys"; but the exact meaning of the title is unknown.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=176}}
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| − | == Functions ==
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| − | The Székelys were organized into special administrative units (originally known as "lands", "districts", "communities" or "universities") in Transylvania.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=171}}{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=254}} These units were known as "[[Seat (territorial-administrative unit)|seats]]" beginning in the second half of the 14th century.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=171}}{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=255}} [[Székely Land]] was divided into seven seats.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=115}} [[Udvarhelyszék]], [[Marosszék]], [[Csíkszék]], [[Kézdiszék]], [[Orbaiszék]], and [[Sepsiszék]] formed a contiguous territory in south-eastern Transylvania; [[Aranyosszék]] was located apart from them in the central region.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=115}}{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=171}}
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| − | [[File:Székely Land.PNG|thumb|upright=1.5|left|alt=Székely Land in medieval Transylvania|Székely Land (in blue) in [[Transylvania]] within the medieval [[Kingdom of Hungary]]]]
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| − | The jurisdiction of the counts was not limited to Székely Land.{{sfn|Engel|1996|p=192}} The Saxon district of Mediasch (now [[Mediaș]] in Romania) was subject to them until [[Sigismund of Luxemburg]], [[King of Hungary]], exempted the inhabitants from the counts' authority in 1402.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=174}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=114}} The counts were almost continuously also the rulers of the Saxons of Bistritz (present-day [[Bistrița]] in Romania) from 1320.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=174}} This district was granted to [[John Hunyadi]] by [[Ladislaus the Posthumous|Ladislaus V of Hungary]] in 1453.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=293}} The Saxons of Kronstadt and [[Burzenland]] (now [[Brașov]] and Țara Bârsei in Romania) were also under the jurisdiction of the counts from 1344 until the mid-15th century.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=174}}
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| − | The counts held one of the most important [[Honour (feudal land tenure)|honors]] in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]].{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=174}} The system of honors allowed a great officer of the realm to enjoy all royal revenues connected to his office.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=151}}{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=89}} The [[Fine (penalty)|fines]] imposed in the Székely seats were to be paid to the counts.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=174}} Each seat was also required to give a horse to the new count at his installation.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=174}} The counts also received the royal revenues from the Saxon territories under their jurisdiction.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=174}} However, most of their revenues came from the estates attached to the royal castles that they held outside Székely Land.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=174}}{{sfn|Engel|1996|p=192}} The counts kept the right of possession of these royal castles after most high officers of the realm had lost such rights around 1402.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=216}} The counts most frequently held court in the castle of Görgény, in [[Torda County]] (at present-day [[Gurghiu, Mureș|Gurghiu]] in Romania).{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=174}}{{sfn|Dörner|2005|p=307}} The castle was first mentioned as being in the counts' possession in 1358.{{sfn|Engel|1996|p=321}} It was granted to Hunyadi in 1453.{{sfn|Engel|1996|p=321}} The castle of Höltövény in [[Alsó-Fehér County]] (now [[Hălchiu]] in Romania) was first mentioned as the counts' honor in 1335.{{sfn|Engel|1996|p=329}} The counts also seized the castles of Törcsvár and Királykő in [[Alsó-Fehér County|Felső-Fehér County]] (now [[Bran Castle]] and [[Oratea Fortress]] in Romania), the latter being listed among the castles held by Hunyadi's sons in 1457.{{sfn|Engel|1996|p=446}}
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| − | The counts were the supreme commanders of the Székely troops.{{sfn|Dörner|2005|p=307}}{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=173}} They were responsible for the regular supervision of the Székely warriors' military equipment.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=173}} [[Bogomer Ludány|Bogomer]], the first known count, was captured during a military campaign in Bulgaria in 1228.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=173}} Lack Hermán, who held the office from 1328 to 1343, also styled himself the commander of the royal army stationed between the rivers [[Rába]] and Rábca during a campaign against Austria in 1336.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=311}} [[Andrew Lackfi]] and his Székely troops inflicted a crushing defeat on the Tatars of the [[Golden Horde]] in early February 1345.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=312}} The counts Michael Jakcs and Henry Tamási helped the [[Hungarian nobility|Hungarian noblemen]] against [[Peasant Revolt of Babolna|rebellious Transylvanian peasants]] in 1437 and 1438.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=315}} They commanded the Székely army in the first battle against the peasants at Bábolna (now [[Bobâlna]] in Romania) in the summer of 1437.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=315}} They signed the agreement between the leaders of the noblemen, the Saxons, and the Székelys that declared their [[Unio Trium Nationum|"Brotherly Union"]] against their enemies on 16 September.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|pp=315–316}}
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| − | The counts had important judicial functions in Székely Land and the Saxon districts subject to them.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=173}}{{sfn|Stipta|1997|p=52}} They headed the general assemblies of each Székely seat and the entire Székely community.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=174}} Such an assembly was first recorded in 1344.{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=255}} Thereafter, the assemblies developed into important forums for the administration of justice.{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=255}}{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=174}} Lack Hermán was mentioned as the "judge of the Székelys" in the first half of the 14th century, evidencing that the counts had acquired significant judicial authority by that time.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=176}} The medieval judicial system of Székely Land is poorly documented.{{sfn|Stipta|1997|p=52}} Available data suggests that the court of Udvarhelyszék was an [[appellate court]], hearing appeals of the decisions of the courts of other seats.{{sfn|Stipta|1997|p=52}} Appeals of the decisions of the court of Udvarhelyszék were heard by the count.{{sfn|Stipta|1997|p=52}} The courts of justice in the seats were initially presided over by elected officials, the seat judge, and the captain.{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=255}}{{sfn|Kordé|2016|pp=171–172}} New officials, known as royal judges, appear in the sources in the 1420s.{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=255}} Appointed by the count, royal judges supervised the activities of the elected officials.{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=255}}{{sfn|Makkai|1994|p=236}}
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| − | == Monarchs and counts ==
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| − | [[File:BV-II-m-A-11610.01 - 07.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Detail of a fortress of stone built on a cliff|Törcsvár (now [[Bran Castle]] in Romania), a fortress held outside [[Székely Land]] by the counts]]
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| − | The counts represented the [[king of Hungary|kings of Hungary]] in the territories under their jurisdiction{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=173}}{{sfn|Dörner|2005|p=306}} and were independent of the [[Voivode of Transylvania|voivodes of Transylvania]].{{sfn|Engel|1996|p=192}} This separation of the two offices helped preserve the Székelys' special legal status.{{sfn|Makkai|1994|p=222}} However, the kings never appointed a Székely to the office, which they tended to give to a kinsman of the voivode.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=173}}{{sfn|Makkai|1994|p=224}} The counts were regarded as barons of the realm, although they were not listed among the great officers in royal charters.{{sfn|Engel|1996|p=192}}
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| − | [[Ladislaus III Kán|Ladislaus Kán]] took control of the whole of Transylvania after the death of [[Andrew III of Hungary]] in 1301.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=175}} During the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)#Interregnum (1301–1323)|ensuing interregnum]], Kán also usurped the administration of Székely Land.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=175}} Royal authority was restored only after his death in about 1315.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=175}} In that year, [[Charles I of Hungary]] made the brothers Thomas and Stephen Losonci counts.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=175}} Their successor, [[Simon Kacsics, Count of the Székelys|Simon Kacsics]], was dismissed in 1327 or 1328, because he had committed "serious crimes", according to a contemporaneous royal charter.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=175}} Thereafter, the office was almost continuously held by the [[House of Lacković|Lackfis]] for about 50 years.{{sfn|Makkai|1994|p=202}}{{sfn|Kordé|2016|pp=175–176}}
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| − | The Lackfis and their immediate successors were the kings' loyal supporters,{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=176}} but Sigismund of Luxemburg appointed close allies of [[John Kanizsai]], [[Archbishop of Esztergom]], to the office, for helping him seize the throne in 1387.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=176}} Sigismund strengthened his position after he punished a rebellion by Kanizsai and his allies in 1403.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=176}} Thereafter, he regularly appointed two noblemen to jointly hold the office.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=176}} The 15th-century counts rarely visited Transylvania, and their deputies, the vice-counts, took over much of the performance of their duties.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=176}} The existence of new officials (known as "governors", "captains", or "supreme captains of the Székelys") among the Székelys in this period is also documented, but their duties cannot be determined.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=176}}
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| − | == End of the office ==
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| − | [[File:Kaiserin Maria Theresia (HRR).jpg|right|thumb|alt=A round-faced lady wearing richly decorated cloths|[[Maria Theresa]], who started to style herself count of the Székelys at their request]]
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| − | The Ottomans made a series of plundering raids against Transylvania in the 1420s and 1430s, which led to better coordination of the defense of the province.{{sfn|Makkai|1994|p=224}} [[Władysław III of Poland|Wladislas I]], who was elected [[King of Hungary]] over the minor [[Ladislaus the Posthumous]] in 1440, decided to centralize the command of the southern border of Hungary.{{sfn|Makkai|1994|p=227}} After his two principal military commanders, [[John Hunyadi]] and [[Nicholas Újlaki]], annihilated the army of Ladislaus's supporters in early 1441, Wladislas made them joint voivodes of Transylvania and counts of the Székelys.{{sfn|Makkai|1994|p=227}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|pp=282–283}} This was the first occasion that the offices of voivode and count were conferred upon the same persons.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=177}}
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| − | The unification of the two offices lasted for decades.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=177}} Initially, between 1446 and 1467, two or three noblemen were jointly made voivodes and counts, and some of them occasionally held both offices.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=177}} The two offices were in practice united after the death of John Daróci in 1467.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=177}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=309}} Thereafter, the same person was made voivode and count until 1504; furthermore, the offices of [[Vice-voivode of Transylvania|vice-voivode]] and vice-count were also unified.{{sfn|Pop|2005|p=255}}{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=178}} A decree of 1498 still separately obliged the voivode and the count to muster troops; but after 1507, no separate counts were appointed.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=178}}
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| − | The title of count was continuously used by the voivodes, and later by the [[prince of Transylvania|princes of Transylvania]], for almost two centuries.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=178}} After the integration of the [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]] into the Habsburg Empire in the late 17th century, the Habsburg monarchs did not style themselves counts of the Székelys.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=178}} The title was revived at the Székelys' request by [[Maria Theresa]].{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=178}} Thereafter, all kings of Hungary used the title.{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=178}}
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| − | == List of counts ==
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| − | === Thirteenth century ===
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| − | {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%"
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| − | |-
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| − | ! scope="col" width="9%" | Term
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| − | ! scope="col" width="17%" | Incumbent
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| − | ! scope="col" width="9%" | Monarch
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| − | ! scope="col" width="33%" | Notes
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| − | ! scope="col" width="10%" | Source
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1228'''
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| − | | [[Bogomer Ludány|Bogomer, son of Szoboszló]]
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| − | | [[Andrew II of Hungary|Andrew II]]
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| − | | "count and commander of the Székelys"; first known holder of the dignity
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=239}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1291'''
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| − | | [[Mojs I Ákos|Mojs Ákos]]
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| − | | [[Andrew III of Hungary|Andrew III]]
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=239}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1294–1299'''
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| − | | [[Peter Bő|Peter Bő the Toothed]]
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| − | | [[Andrew III of Hungary|Andrew III]]
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| − | | according to a non-authentic charter also in 1300
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=239}}
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| − | |}
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| − | === Fourteenth century ===
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| − | {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%"
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| − | |-
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| − | ! scope="col" width="9%" | Term
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| − | ! scope="col" width="17%" | Incumbent
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| − | ! scope="col" width="9%" | Monarch
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| − | ! scope="col" width="33%" | Notes
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| − | ! scope="col" width="10%" | Source
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1315–1320'''
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| − | | Thomas Losonci
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| − | | [[Charles I of Hungary|Charles I]]
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=192}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1315'''
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| − | | Stephen Losonci
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| − | | [[Charles I of Hungary|Charles I]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=192}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1321–1327'''
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| − | | [[Simon Kacsics, Count of the Székelys|Simon Kacsics]]
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| − | | [[Charles I of Hungary|Charles I]]
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| − | | also ''ispán'' of [[Krassó County]], and of Somlyó (now [[Șemlacu Mare]] in Romania), Mediasch and Bistritz
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=192}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1328–1343'''
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| − | | [[Lack Hermán]]
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| − | | [[Charles I of Hungary|Charles I]], [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]]
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| − | | "count of the three clans of the Székelys"; also ''ispán'' of Mediasch and Bistritz, and of [[Csanád County]]
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|2001|p=116}}{{sfn|Kordé|2016|p=176}}{{sfn|Engel|1996|p=192}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1343–1350'''
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| − | | [[Andrew Lackfi]]
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| − | | [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]]
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| − | | also ''ispán'' of Mediasch, Bistritz and Kronstadt, and of [[Szatmár County|Szatmár]] and [[Máramaros County|Máramaros Counties]]; the counts administered Mediasch, without styling themselves its ''ispán'' from 1350 to 1402
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|pp=155, 192}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1352–1356'''
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| − | | Lökös Raholcai the [[Tót]]
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| − | | [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]]
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| − | | also ''ispán'' of Kronstadt, and [[Master of the cupbearers]] and [[Master of the stewards|of the stewards]]; the counts administered Kronstadt, without styling themselves its ''ispán'' from 1355
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=192}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1356–1360'''
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| − | | John Zsámboki, Jr.
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| − | | [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=192}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1363–1367'''
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| − | | Nicholas Lackfi, Jr.
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| − | | [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]]
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| − | | also ''ispán'' of Szatmár, Máramaros, [[Ugocsa County|Ugocsa]] and [[Kraszna County|Kraszna Counties]]
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=192}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1367–1371'''
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| − | | Stephen Lackfi of Csáktornya
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| − | | [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=192}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1373–1376'''
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| − | | [[Ladislaus I Losonci|Ladislaus Losonci, Sr.]]
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| − | | [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=192}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1377–1380'''
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| − | | [[Nicholas Derencsényi]]
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| − | | [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=192}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1380–1382'''
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| − | | Nicholas Perényi
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| − | | [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=192}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1382–1385'''
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| − | | Nicholas Losonci
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| − | | [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]], [[Mary, Queen of Hungary|Mary]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=193}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | rowspan="2" | '''1387–1390'''
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| − | | [[Balc of Moldavia|Balc Béltelki]]
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| − | | rowspan="2" | [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]]
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| − | | rowspan="2" | brothers; also ''ispáns'' of Szatmár and Máramaros Counties
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| − | | rowspan="2" | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=193}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | Drag Béltelki
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1390'''
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| − | | John Bélteki the [[Vlach]]
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| − | | [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=193}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1390–1391'''
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| − | | [[Simon Szécsényi]]
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| − | | [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=193}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1391–1395'''
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| − | | Stephen Kanizsai
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| − | | [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=193}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1395–1397'''
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| − | | Francis Bebek
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| − | | [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]]
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| − | |
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=193}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1397–1401'''
| |
| − | | Peter Perényi
| |
| − | | [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]]
| |
| − | | together with John Maróti (1397–1398); also ''ispán'' of Szatmár and Ugocsa Counties, and (from 1398) of [[Ung County]]
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|pp=189, 193, 218, 220}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1397–1398'''
| |
| − | | John Maróti
| |
| − | | [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]]
| |
| − | | together with Peter Perényi (1397–1398)
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=193}}
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Fifteenth century ===
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%"
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! scope="col" width="9%" | Term
| |
| − | ! scope="col" width="17%" | Incumbent
| |
| − | ! scope="col" width="9%" | Monarch
| |
| − | ! scope="col" width="33%" | Notes
| |
| − | ! scope="col" width="10%" | Source
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | rowspan="2" | '''1402–1403'''
| |
| − | | George Csáki
| |
| − | | rowspan="2" | [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]]
| |
| − | | rowspan="2" | also ''ispáns'' of Szatmár and Ugocsa Counties
| |
| − | | rowspan="2" | {{sfn|Engel|1996|pp=189, 193, 218}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | Denis Marcali
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | rowspan="2" | '''1404'''
| |
| − | | John Harapki
| |
| − | | rowspan="2" | [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]]
| |
| − | | rowspan="2" |
| |
| − | | rowspan="2" | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=193}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | Ladislaus Monostori
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1405–1421'''
| |
| − | | Michael Nádasi
| |
| − | | [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]]
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=193}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1423–1427'''
| |
| − | | Peter Bebek
| |
| − | | [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]]
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=193}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1427–1431'''
| |
| − | | John Jakcs
| |
| − | | [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]]
| |
| − | | together with Michael Jakcs (1427–1431)
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|pp=193–194}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1427–1438'''
| |
| − | | Michael Jakcs
| |
| − | | [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]]
| |
| − | | together with John Jakcs (1427–1431) and Henry Tamási (1437)
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|pp=193–194}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1437'''
| |
| − | | Henry Tamási
| |
| − | | [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]]
| |
| − | | together with Michael Jakcs (1437)
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=194}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1438–1441'''
| |
| − | | Emeric Bebek
| |
| − | | [[Albert II of Germany|Albert]]
| |
| − | | together with Francis Csáki (1439)
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=194}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1439'''
| |
| − | | Francis Csáki
| |
| − | | [[Albert II of Germany|Albert]]
| |
| − | | first time; George Csáki's son; together with Emeric Bebek (1439)
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|pp=48, 194}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1440–1441'''
| |
| − | | Stephen Bánfi
| |
| − | | [[Albert II of Germany|Albert]]
| |
| − | | [[Elizabeth of Luxembourg]] (regent for [[Ladislaus the Posthumous|Ladislaus V]])
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=194}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1440'''
| |
| − | | Francis Csáki
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | | second time
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=194}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | rowspan="2" | '''1441–1446'''
| |
| − | | John Hunyadi
| |
| − | | rowspan="2" | [[Władysław III of Poland|Wladislas I]]
| |
| − | | also [[voivode of Transylvania]], [[ban of Macsó]], commander of [[Nándorfehérvár]] (Beograd, [[Serbia]]), and ''ispán'' of [[Arad County (former)|Arad]], Csanád, [[Csongrád County (former)|Csongrád]], [[Keve County|Keve]], [[Közép-Szolnok]], Krassó, [[Temes County|Temes]] (1441–1446), ''ispán'' of Máramaros County (1443–1445), ''ispán'' of Bihar County (1443–1446), ''ispán'' of [[Szabolcs County|Szabolcs]] and Ugocsa Counties (1444–1446), ''ispán'' of Kraszna County (1445), ''ispán'' of Szatmár County (1445–1446)
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|pp=15, 34, 98, 114, 123, 125, 140, 145–146, 154, 186, 190, 201, 205}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | Nicholas Újlaki
| |
| − | | also [[voivode of Transylvania]], [[ban of Szörény]], commander of Nándorfehérvár, and ''ispán'' of Arad, [[Bács County|Bács]], Baranya, [[Bodrog County|Bodrog]], Csongrád, Keve, Máramaros, [[Syrmia County (medieval)|Szerém]], Temes, [[Tolna County (former)|Tolna]] and [[Valkó County|Valkó Counties]] (1441–1446), ''ispán'' of [[Fejér County (former)|Fejér County]] (1441–1443), and ''ispán'' of [[Torontál County]] (1444–1446), ''ispán'' of [[Somogy County (former)|Somogy County]] (1444–1446)
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|pp=15, 30, 34, 98, 100, 105, 117, 125, 128, 140, 154, 177, 199, 205, 208, 210, 222, 194}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1446–1448'''
| |
| − | | Francis Csáki
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | | third time
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=194}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | rowspan="2" | '''1449–1453'''
| |
| − | | Raynald Rozgonyi
| |
| − | | rowspan="2" |
| |
| − | | rowspan="2" | first time; together with [[John Rozgonyi]] (1449)
| |
| − | | rowspan="2" | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=194}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | Oswald Rozgonyi
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1449'''
| |
| − | | John Rozgonyi
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | | first time; together with Raynald and Oswald Rozgonyi
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=194}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1454–1457'''
| |
| − | | John Ország
| |
| − | | [[Ladislaus the Posthumous|Ladislaus V]]
| |
| − | | together with Emeric Hédervári (1454), with Oswald Rozgonyi (1454–1457), with Raynald Rozgonyi (1455), and with John Rozgonyi (1457)
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=194}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1454'''
| |
| − | | Emeric Hédervári
| |
| − | | [[Ladislaus the Posthumous|Ladislaus V]]
| |
| − | | together with John Ország (1454)
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=194}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1454–1458'''
| |
| − | | Oswald Rozgonyi
| |
| − | | [[Ladislaus the Posthumous|Ladislaus V]]
| |
| − | | second time; together with John Ország (1454–1457), with Raynald Rozgonyi (1455), and with John Rozgonyi (1457)
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=194}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1455'''
| |
| − | | Raynald Rozgonyi
| |
| − | | [[Ladislaus the Posthumous|Ladislaus V]]
| |
| − | | second time; together with John Ország and Oswald Rozgonyi (1455)
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=194}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1457'''
| |
| − | | John Rozgonyi
| |
| − | | [[Ladislaus the Posthumous|Ladislaus V]]
| |
| − | | second time; together with John Ország and Oswald Rozgonyi (1457); also voivode of Transylvania
| |
| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=194}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1458–1460'''
| |
| − | | John Lábatlan
| |
| − | | [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias I]]
| |
| − | | also ispán of Temes County (1459–1460); together with Ladislaus Paksi (1458–1459)
| |
| − | | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|p=121}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1458–1459'''
| |
| − | | Ladislaus Paksi
| |
| − | | [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias I]]
| |
| − | | together with John Lábatlan (1458–1459)
| |
| − | | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|p=122}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1460–1461'''
| |
| − | | Oswald Rozgonyi
| |
| − | | [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias I]]
| |
| − | | third time; together with Ladislaus Losonci (1460–1461), and with Sebastian and Raynald Rozgonyi (1461); also ''ispán'' of [[Abaúj County]] (1460–1461)
| |
| − | | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|p=122}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1460–1461'''
| |
| − | | Ladislaus Losonci
| |
| − | | [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias I]]
| |
| − | | together with Oswald Rozgonyi (1460–1461)
| |
| − | | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|p=122}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1461'''
| |
| − | | Sebastian Rozgonyi
| |
| − | | [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias I]]
| |
| − | | together with Oswald and Raynald Rozgonyi (1461); also voivode of Transylvania and ''ispán'' of Temes County
| |
| − | | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|p=122}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1461–1463'''
| |
| − | | Raynald Rozgonyi
| |
| − | | [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias I]]
| |
| − | | together with Oswald and Sebastian Rozgonyi (1461); also ''ispán'' of Abaúj and [[Zemplén County|Zemplén Counties]]
| |
| − | | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|p=122}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1462–1465'''
| |
| − | | John Pongrác of Dengeleg
| |
| − | | [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias I]]
| |
| − | | first time; also voivode of Transylvania, ban of Szörény, and ''ispán'' of Közép-Szolnok County
| |
| − | | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|p=122}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | rowspan="3" | '''1465–1467'''
| |
| − | | [[Szentgyörgyi#Notable members of the family|Count Sigismund Szentgyörgyi]]
| |
| − | | rowspan="3" | [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias I]]
| |
| − | | rowspan="3" | also voivode of Transylvania
| |
| − | | rowspan="3" | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|p=122}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | [[Szentgyörgyi#Notable members of the family|Count John Szentgyörgyi]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | Bertold Ellerbach of Monyorókerék
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1467'''
| |
| − | | John Daróci
| |
| − | | [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias I]]
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|p=123}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1467–1472'''
| |
| − | | John Pongrác of Dengeleg
| |
| − | | [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias I]]
| |
| − | | second time; together with Nicholas Csupor of Monoszló (1468–1472); also voivode of Transylvania, ''ispán'' of Közép-Szolnok County, and ''ispán'' of Temes County (1470–1472)
| |
| − | | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|pp=86, 123}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1468–1472'''
| |
| − | | Nicholas Csupor of Monoszló
| |
| − | | [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias I]]
| |
| − | | together with John Pongrác of Dengeleg (1468–1472); also voivode of Transylvania and ''ispán'' of [[Verőce County]]
| |
| − | | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|pp=86, 123}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1472–1475'''
| |
| − | | [[Blaise Magyar]]
| |
| − | | [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias I]]
| |
| − | | also voivode of Transylvania, ''ispán'' of Közép-Szolnok County, and ''ispán'' of Temes County (1473–1475)
| |
| − | | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|pp=86, 123}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1475–1476'''
| |
| − | | John Pongrác of Dengeleg
| |
| − | | [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias I]]
| |
| − | | third time; also voivode of Transylvania
| |
| − | | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|pp=86, 123}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1477–1479'''
| |
| − | | Peter Geréb of Vingárt
| |
| − | | [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias I]]
| |
| − | | also voivode of Transylvania
| |
| − | | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|pp=86, 123}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1479–1493'''
| |
| − | | [[Stephen V Báthory|Stephen (V) Báthory of Ecsed]]
| |
| − | | [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias I]], [[Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary|Wladislas II]]
| |
| − | | also [[judge royal]], voivode of Transylvania, and ''ispán'' of Somogy, [[Zala County (former)|Zala]] and [[Zaránd County|Zaránd Counties]]
| |
| − | | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|pp=87, 123}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1493–1498'''
| |
| − | | Bartholomew Drágfi
| |
| − | | [[Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary|Wladislas II]]
| |
| − | | together with Ladislaus Losonci, Jr. (1493–1494); also voivode of Transylvania, ''ispán'' of Közép-Szolnok, Kraszna, Szabolcs, Szatmár and Ugocsa Counties
| |
| − | | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|pp=87, 123}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1493–1495'''
| |
| − | | Ladislaus Losonci, Jr.
| |
| − | | [[Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary|Wladislas II]]
| |
| − | | together with Bartholomew Drágfi of Béltek (1493–1495); also voivode of Transylvania and [[master of the treasury]]
| |
| − | | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|pp=87, 123}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1498–1504'''
| |
| − | | Count Peter Szentgyörgyi
| |
| − | | [[Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary|Wladislas II]]
| |
| − | | first time; also judge royal and voivode of Transylvania
| |
| − | | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|pp=88, 123}}
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Sixteenth century ===
| |
| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%"
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! scope="col" width="9%" | Term
| |
| − | ! scope="col" width="17%" | Incumbent
| |
| − | ! scope="col" width="9%" | Monarch
| |
| − | ! scope="col" width="33%" | Notes
| |
| − | ! scope="col" width="10%" | Source
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1504–1507'''
| |
| − | | John Tárcai
| |
| − | | [[Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary|Wladislas II]]
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|p=123}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1507–1510'''
| |
| − | | Count Peter Szentgyörgyi
| |
| − | | [[Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary|Wladislas II]]
| |
| − | | second time; also judge royal and voivode of Transylvania
| |
| − | | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|pp=88, 123}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | '''1510–1526'''
| |
| − | | [[John Zápolya|Count John Zápolya]]
| |
| − | | [[Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary|Wladislas II]], [[Louis II of Hungary|Louis II]]
| |
| − | | also voivode of Transylvania, ''ispán'' of [[Liptó County|Liptó]], [[Sáros County|Sáros]], [[Sopron County|Sopron]], [[Torna County|Torna]] and [[Trencsén County|Trencsén Counties]], and ban of Szörény (1513–1516)
| |
| − | | {{sfn|C. Tóth|Horváth|Neumann|Pálosfalvi|2016|pp=88, 123}}
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | == See also ==
| |
| − | *[[History of the Székely people]]
| |
| − | *[[Judge of the Cumans]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | == References ==
| |
| − | {{Reflist|3}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | == Sources ==
| |
| − | {{Refbegin}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last1=C. Tóth |first1=Norbert | last2=Horváth |first2=Richárd | last3=Neumann |first3=Tibor | last4=Pálosfalvi |first4=Tamás |year=2016 |title=Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1458–1526, I. Főpapok és bárók ''[Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1458–1526, Volume I: Prelates and Barons]'' |publisher=MTA Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Történettudományi Intézete |isbn=978-963-416-035-9 |ref=harv|language=hu}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Dörner |first=Anton E. |editor1-last=Pop |editor1-first=Ioan-Aurel |editor2-last=Nägler |editor2-first=Thomas | title=The History of Transylvania, Vol. I. (until 1541) |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute |year=2005 |pages=299–348 |chapter=Transylvania between stability and crisis (1457–1541) |isbn=973-7784-04-9 |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Engel |first=Pál |authorlink=Pál Engel |year=1996 |title=Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1301–1457, I. ''[Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1301–1457, Volume I]'' |publisher=História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete |isbn=963-8312-44-0 |language=hu |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Engel |first=Pál |authorlink=Pál Engel |year=2001 |title=The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526 |publisher= I.B. Tauris Publishers |isbn=1-86064-061-3 |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Kontler |first=László |year=1999 |title=Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary |publisher=Atlantisz Publishing House |isbn=963-9165-37-9 |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Kordé |first=Zoltán |editor-last=Tüdős S. |editor-first=Kinga |title=Kastélyok, udvarházak és lakóik a régi Székelyföldön |publisher=Székely Nemzeti Múzeum |year=2013 |pages=64–72 |chapter=A székely ispáni méltóság kezdeteiről [About the origin of the office of the count of the Székelys] |isbn=978-973-0-15187-9 |language=hu |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Kordé |first=Zoltán |editor1-last=Benkő |editor1-first=Elek |editor2-last=Oborni |editor2-first=Teréz | title=Székelyföld története, I. kötet: A kezdetektől 1562-ig |publisher=Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont, Erdélyi Múzeum-Egyesület, Haáz Rezső Múzeum |year=2016 |pages=168–180, 305–320 |chapter=Közigazgatás [Administration]; Katonáskodó székelyek az írott forrásokban [Székely soldiers in the written sources] |isbn=978-606-739-040-7 |language=hu |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{Cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |authorlink=Gyula Kristó |year=2003 |title=Early Transylvania (895-1324) |publisher=Lucidus Kiadó |isbn=963-9465-12-7 |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Makkai |first=László |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit | title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994 |pages=178–243 |chapter=The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526) |isbn=963-05-6703-2 |ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Pop |first=Ioan-Aurel |editor1-last=Pop |editor1-first=Ioan-Aurel |editor2-last=Nägler |editor2-first=Thomas | title=The History of Transylvania, Vol. I. (until 1541) |publisher=Romanian Cultural Institute |year=2005 |pages=246–298 |chapter=Transylvania in the 14th century and the first half of the 15th century (1300–1456) |isbn=973-7784-04-9 |ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Stipta |first=István |year=1997 |title=A magyar bírósági rendszer története ''[History of the Judicial System in Hungary]'' |publisher=Multiplex Media - Debrecen University Press |isbn=963-04-9197-4 |language=hu |ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Zsoldos |first=Attila |year=2011 |title=Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 ''[Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301]'' |publisher=História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete |isbn=978-963-9627-38-3 |language=hu |ref=harv}}
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| − | {{Refend}}
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| − | | |
| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Count of the Szekelys}}
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| − | [[Category:Counts of the Székelys| ]]
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| − | [[Category:Székely|History]]
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