Friuli: Różnice pomiędzy wersjami
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| + | |strona = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli | ||
| + | |autorzy = https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friuli&action=history | ||
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Największym miastem regionu jest [[Udine]], nazywane „Capitâl dal Friûl”. | Największym miastem regionu jest [[Udine]], nazywane „Capitâl dal Friûl”. | ||
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| + | ===Middle Ages=== | ||
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| + | [[File:Mappa italia bizantina e longobarda.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Księstwo Friuli w kontekście włoskim (750).]] | ||
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| + | <small><small><small><small>After the collapse of the [[Western Roman Empire]], Friuli belonged to the kingdom of [[Odoacer]] and subsequently to that of [[Theodoric the Great]]. The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] reconquest under [[Justinian I]] was brief in the region, in 568 it was one of the first provinces conquered by the [[Lombards]], who invaded from [[Pannonia]], and with that, ended the [[Byzantine Greeks|Greek-Byzantine]] era of the region. The Lombard king [[Alboin]] established the [[Duchy of Friuli]], the first Lombard duchy, and granted it to his relative [[Gisulf I of Friuli|Gisulf I]]. The capital of the duchy was established at ''Forum Iulii'' ([[Cividale del Friuli]]), which became the most important city of the area and for where it derived its name. </small></small></small></small> | ||
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| + | <small><small><small><small>The duchy of Friuli was from the start one of the most important Lombard duchies. It served as a barrier against the threat of invasion by the [[Avars (Carpathians)|Avars]] and [[Slavs]] from [[Pannonia]]. Among the duchies of the North, which were closely aligned with the crown (unlike [[Duchy of Spoleto|Spoleto]] and [[Duchy of Benevento|Benevento]] to the South), it was the most powerful, probably due to its [[Marches|marcher]] status. Among later dukes, [[Ratchis]] became king in 744 and his ducal successor, [[Aistulf]], succeeded him as king in 749. The historian [[Paul the Deacon]] was born in Friuli (730/5), he went on to write the ''Historia Langobardorum'' and taught Latin grammar at [[Charlemagne]]'s court. Another teacher and a trusted advisor Charlemagne's court, [[Paulinus II of Aquileia|Paulinus]], was born at Cividale and eventually became patriarch of Aquileia. </small></small></small></small> | ||
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| + | <small><small><small><small>After the [[Kingdom of Italy (medieval)|Kingdom of Italy]] fell to the [[Franks]], the duchy of Friuli was reorganized into counties according to the Frankish model. The region was again reorganized into the [[March of Friuli]] in 846. The march was granted to the [[Unruochings|Unruoching dynasty]]. Friuli became the base of power of [[Berengar I of Italy|Berengar I]] during his struggles for the throne of Italy between 888 and 924. </small></small></small></small> | ||
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| + | <small><small><small><small>The march was transformed under his rule, its territory extended to [[Lake Garda]], the capital moved to [[Verona]], and a new [[March of Verona and Aquileia]] established in its place. The territory was now subjected to the [[Duchy of Bavaria]], then to the [[Duchy of Carinthia]], for more than a century. </small></small></small></small> | ||
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| + | <small><small><small><small>On 3 April 1077, the [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Henry IV]] granted the county of Friuli, with ducal status, to [[Sigaerd]], [[Patriarch of Aquileia]]. In the succeeding centuries, the patriarchate expanded its control over neighboring [[Trieste]], [[Istria]], [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]], [[Styria]], and [[Cadore]]. The patriarchal state of Friuli was one of the best organized polities of the Italian Middle Ages. From the 12th century it possessed a [[parliament]] representing the [[Comune|communes]] as well as the nobility and the clergy. This institution only survived six centuries, remaining alive yet weak even during [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] domination. It convened for the last time in 1805, when it was abolished by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]. The Patriarch [[Marquardo of Randeck]] (1365–1381) had gathered together and codified all the laws of Friuli and promulgated them as the ''[[Constitutiones Patriae Foriiulii]]'' ("Constitutions of the Country of Friuli"). Cividale del Friuli was seat of the Patriarchate until 1238, when the patriarch moved his seat to [[Udine]], where he had a magnificent episcopal edifice constructed. Udine was so important that it in time became the institutional capital of Friuli. </small></small></small></small> | ||
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Wersja z 06:58, 8 cze 2020
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| [1] | [2] | Ten artykuł został przetłumaczony z Wikipedii w języku angielskim. Treści pochodzące z Wikipedii w języku angielskim są oparte na licencji Creative Commons 3.0 – Uznanie Autorstwa – Na tych samych warunkach. Kopiując je lub tłumacząc, należy podać ich autorów i udostępnić na tych samych warunkach. |
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| [3] | [4] | Ten artykuł pochodzi z Wikipedii w języku polskim. Treści pochodzące z Wikipedii w języku polskim są oparte na licencji Creative Commons 3.0 – Uznanie Autorstwa – Na tych samych warunkach. Kopiując je lub tłumacząc, należy podać ich autorów i udostępnić na tych samych warunkach. |
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