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| − | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_(1448)
| + | #PATRZ [[Második rigómezei csata]] |
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| − | {{For|other combat operations in the Kosovo region|Battle of Kosovo (disambiguation)}}
| + | [[Kategoria:Przekierowane]] |
| − | {{Infobox military conflict
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| − | |conflict= Second Battle of Kosovo
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| − | |image=[[Image:Sueleymanname akinci.png|300 px]]
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| − | |caption=An [[Akıncı]] irregular defeating a Hungarian knight with a [[lasso]].
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| − | |partof= the [[Ottoman wars in Europe]] and [[Ottoman-Hungarian Wars]]
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| − | |date=17–20 October 1448 ([[Adoption of the Gregorian calendar|O.S.]])<br/>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=10|day1=17|year1=1448|month2=10|day2=20|year2=1448}})
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| − | |place=[[Kosovo Field]], [[Serbian Despotate]]
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| − | |result= Decisive Ottoman victory
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| − | |combatant1=[[Ottoman Empire]]
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| − | |combatant2=[[Image:Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
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| − | *[[File:POL Przemysł II 1295 COA.svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of Poland]]
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| − | *{{flagicon|Wallachia}} [[Principality of Wallachia]]
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| − | *{{flagicon|Moldavia}} [[Principality of Moldavia]]
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| − | |commander1=[[Murad II]]
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| − | |commander2=[[Image:Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg|20px]] [[John Hunyadi]]
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| − | {{flagicon|Wallachia}} [[Vladislav II of Wallachia|Vladislav II]]
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| − | |strength1= 40,000–60,000
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| − | |strength2= 22,000–30,000
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| − | *[[File:POL Przemysł II 1295 COA.svg|20px]] 5,000
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| − | *{{flagicon|Wallachia}} 4,000
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| − | *{{flagicon|Moldavia}} 3,000
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| − | |casualties1=10,000 killed{{sfn|Antoche|2017|p=273}}
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| − | |casualties2=6,000–17,000 killed or captured{{sfn|Antoche|2017|p=273}}{{sfn|Antoche|2017|p=283}}<ref name="baninger55">[https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=RA1-PA425&dq=isbn:0691010781#PPA55,M1 ''Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time''] by Franz Babinger, page 55</ref>
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| − | }}
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| − | {{Campaignbox Ottoman-Hungarian War}}
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| − | The '''Second Battle of Kosovo''' ([[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: ''második rigómezei csata'', [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''İkinci Kosova Savaşı'') (17–20 October 1448) was a land battle between a [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian]]-led Crusader army and the [[Ottoman Empire]] at [[Kosovo Polje]]. It was the culmination of a Hungarian offensive to avenge the [[Battle of Varna|defeat]] at [[Varna]] four years earlier.
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| − | In the three-day battle the [[Ottoman army]] under the command of [[Sultan]] [[Murad II]] defeated the Crusader army of [[regent]] [[John Hunyadi]]. Calculating that he would need more than 40,000 men to defeat the Ottomans, the Hungarian regent sought to join up with anti-Ottoman Albanian forces, possibly led by [[Skanderbeg]]. The Ottomans in their base at [[Sofia]] received word of the Crusader army's march route and subsequently began readying their men.
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| − | Having failed to locate the main Ottoman army, whom he believed to still be at their capital in [[Edirne]], Hunyadi was caught by surprise on 17 October when the Ottoman army appeared in front of his men at Kosovo Field. He constructed a ''tabor'' [[wagon fort]] at Plementina hill from which to fight the Ottomans, who built their own stockade in response. Cavalry skirmishing on the flanks of the stockades during the first two days and a Crusader night-time attack using their [[wagon]]s and [[gun]]s against the Sultan's central position on the night of 18/19 October produced much bloodshed but no conclusive results.
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| − | On 19 October Murad II used his ''[[sipahi]]'' cavalry from [[Thessaly]] to envelop the cavalry on the Crusader left flank, along with a general assault all along the line to distract Hunyadi from the primary effort. The maneuver worked and the [[Wallachia]]n, [[Principality of Moldavia|Moldavia]]n and Hungarian cavalry were cut down by the ''sipahis'', who took no prisoners. Much of the Crusader army then retreated. On 20 October, with Murad II personally observing the struggle, the [[Janissaries]] attacked and killed everyone left in the stockade.
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| − | The battle ended any hopes of saving [[Constantinople]] from the Ottoman Empire. The Hungarian kingdom no longer had the military and financial resources to mount an offensive against the Ottomans. With the end of the half-century-long Crusader threat to their European frontier, Murad's son [[Mehmed II]] was free to lay [[Siege of Constantinople (1453)|siege]] to Constantinople in 1453.
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| − | ==Background==
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| − | {{more citations needed section|date=October 2012}}
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| − | In 1448, [[John Hunyadi]] saw the right moment to lead a campaign against the Ottoman Empire. After the defeat at the [[Battle of Varna]] (1444), he raised another army to attack the Ottomans. His strategy was based on an expected revolt of the [[Balkan]] people, a surprise attack, and the destruction of the main force of the Ottomans in a single battle.
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| − | In September 1448 Hunyadi led the Hungarian forces across the Danube river and camped them in Serbia next to [[Kovin]], just outside the Serbian capital of [[Smederevo]]. For a full month the Hungarians were encamped there awaiting the German crusaders, the Wallachian Duke as well as the Bohemian and Albanian army.<ref name="Rogers2010">{{cite book|last=Rogers|first=Clifford|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=RA1-PA471|accessdate=11 September 2012|date=2010-06-21|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195334036|page=471}}</ref> The Albanian army under Skanderbeg did not participate in this battle as he was prevented from linking with Hunyadi's army by the Ottomans and their allies.<ref name="Rogers2010"/><ref name="Frashëri2002pp160-161">{{harvnb|Frashëri|2002|pp=160–161}}</ref> It is believed that he was delayed by Serbian despot [[Đurađ Branković]], then allied with Sultan [[Murad II]], although Branković's exact role is disputed.<ref name="Vaughan1954">{{cite book|last=Vaughan|first=Dorothy Margaret|title=Europe and the Turk: a pattern of alliances, 1350-1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whkOAQAAMAAJ|page=62|accessdate=12 September 2012|date=1954-06-01|publisher=AMS Press|isbn=9780404563325}}</ref><ref name="Sedlar1994">{{cite book|last=Sedlar|first=Jean W.|title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANdbpi1WAIQC&pg=PA393|accessdate=12 September 2012|year=1994|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=9780295972909|page=393}}</ref><ref name=Babinger1992p40>{{harvnb|Babinger|1992|p=40}}</ref> As a result, Skanderbeg ravaged Branković's domains as punishment for deserting the Christian cause.<ref name="Frashëri2002pp160-161"/><ref>{{cite book
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| − | | last = Kenneth
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| − | | first = Setton
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| − | | title = The papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries
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| − | | url = https://books.google.com/?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC&pg=PA100&lpg=PA100&dq=ragusa+Kastriot+senate#v=onepage&q=ragusa%20Kastriot%20senate&f=false
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| − | | accessdate = December 8, 2010
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| − | | volume = II
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| − | | origyear = 1978
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| − | | year = 1997
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| − | | publisher = American Philosophical Society
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| − | | location = Philadelphia
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| − | | isbn = 978-0-87169-127-9
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| − | | page = 100
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| − | | quote = Scanderbeg intended to go “peronalmente” with an army to assist Hunyadi, but was prevented from doing so by Branković, whose lands he ravaged as punishment for the Serbian desertion of the Christian cause.
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| − | }}</ref>
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| − | Branković reacted ambiguously at the trespassing and negotiated the terms of joining the Crusade against the Ottomans over that period of time. Hunyadi had told Branković that he had brought 20,000 of his own men, awaiting additional reinforcements, and that he [Branković] with his light cavalry was the only ally necessary to make this a decisive victory. Branković was weary, having had his realm restored after a full-scale Ottoman occupation only in 1444, and, fully aware of the strength of the Ottoman military force, wanting to keep his throne. Despot Branković was also unwilling to set himself under Hunyadi's command under any condition, as he personally disliked him, considering him of lower stature.
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| − | The central point of the dispute between Hunyadi and Branković was their personal quarrel. After the [[Peace of Szeged]] in 1444, Serbia became a vassal of the Ottomans, agreeing to pay 50 000 florins and contributing 4 000 cavalry at a call to arms. For Hunyadi and Wladyslaw, the despot offered all his Hungarian belongings to agree the peace. Hunyadi didn't give much credit to any deals with the Ottomans, while Branković saw this as a chance for peace and prosperity for Serbia, so the peace were struck, Branković left Hungary to Smederevo. Later that year (1444) the crusader army wished to reach Adrianople through Serbia and Bulgaria, but Branković denied them passage. As the crusaders knew, that the Venetian fleet can blockade the straits at Marmara for only a short period of time, they chose the Danube route, but Hunyadi deemed the despot crazy for thinking that Murad gave him back his country permanently and promised Branković to set Serbia on fire when they return. After the Varna battle Hunyadi spent 1445 solving internal affairs, in 1446 he had to campaign in Styria against Ullrich of Celje and in 1447 he put down an Ottoman-friendly Wallachian revolt, but in 1448 the time has come to another crusade, and another chance for the despot to redeem himself, but yet again he denied passage and asked help from the Ottomans instead.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}
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| − | ==Battle==
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| − | The Crusaders, numbering 22,000–30,000,{{sfn|Antoche|2017|p=253}}<ref name=Sedlar/><ref name="Turnbull">Turnbull, ''The Ottoman Empire 1326-1699'', p. 36 "Hunyadi led an army of 24,000 men, including 8,000 Wallachians, but suffered another military defeat without even seeing his Albanian allies."</ref><ref name="Bennett"/> arrived at [[Kosovo Field]] – the site of the first [[Battle of Kosovo]] in 1389, between Serbs and Ottomans – and faced an Ottoman army of up to 60,000.<ref name=Bennett>Bennett, ''The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare'', p. 182 "Hunyadi led 24,000 - 30,000 men including 10,000 Wallachians, but should have waited to join Scanderbeg's troops before confronting Murad's force of 40,000."</ref><ref name="Sedlar">Sedlar, ''East Central Europe in the Middle Ages'', p. 248 "Hunyadi,who was now the richest landowner in Hungary, had raised an army of 24,000 men from his private resources, including German and Bohemian infantrymen armed with handguns to supplement his Hungarian cavalry. [...]This time the sultan brought on to the field a force of at least 60,000 men including Janissaries with muskets and a contingent of artillery."</ref> Sultan Murad personally commanded a large section of cannons and janissaries, while his son and would-be successor, 16-year-old [[Mehmed the Conqueror|Mehmed]], who faced battle for the first time, led the Anatolian troops at the right wing. Hunyadi commanded the center of his army in the battle, while the Crusaders right wing was under the Wallachians. The Hungarians had long barrage cannons.
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| − | The next day the battle opened when Hunyadi attacked the Ottoman flanks with mixed cavalry (light and heavy). The Turkish flanks, consisting of soldiers from [[Rumelia]] and [[Anatolia]], were losing until Turkish light cavalry arrived to reinforce them. The Christian flanks were subsequently routed and the survivors retreated back to Hunyadi's main force. When Hunyadi saw the defeat of his flanks, he attacked with his main force, composed of knights and light infantry. The [[janissary]] corps were not successful; the cavalry made progress through the Turkish center but were stopped at the Turkish camp. When the main attack was halted, the Turkish infantry regrouped and successfully drove the Hungarian knights back. The light cavalry, who were now without the knights' support, were also overcome. Hungarian forces retreated to their camp. During the retreat, the janissaries killed most of the Hungarian nobles; Hunyadi fled, but was later captured by the Serbs. During the night, Turkish infantry fired missiles at the Hungarians, who replied with cannons. On the next day, a final assault destroyed the remaining Hungarian army.
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| − | ==Aftermath==
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| − | The Christian Balkan states were unable to resist the Ottomans after this defeat, eventually falling under control of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. After the battle Hunyadi was captured by Branković, who did not release him until a ransom of 100,000 florins, the return of the domains that Hunyadi had revocated from Branković, and the engagement of Hunyadi's heir to Branković's daughter were agreed upon.<ref name="Molnár2001">{{cite book|last=Molnár|first=Miklós|title=A Concise History of Hungary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0g4YEp7ZrsC&pg=PA65|accessdate=12 September 2012|date=2001-04-30|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521667364|page=65}}</ref> For the remainder of his reign Hunyadi successfully defended the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] against Ottoman campaigns. [[Skanderbeg]] also successfully continued his resistance in Albania until his death in 1468, but ten years later in 1478 the country fell under full Ottoman control. The [[Islamisation]] of the Balkan states would come to the fore for the next 2 centuries.
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| − | ==References==
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| − | ===Citations===
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| − | {{Reflist|25em}}
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| − | ===Bibliography===
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| − | * {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Antoche|2017}}
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| − | |last=Antoche |first=E.C. |chapter= Hunyadi’s Campaign of 1448 and the Second Battle of Kosovo Polje (October 17–20) |pages=245–285 |title=Reconfiguring the Fifteenth-Century Crusade |editor1-last=Housley |editor1-first=Norman |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-137-46280-0 }}
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| − | * {{Citation|last=Babinger|first=Franz|title=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC|year=1992|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-01078-6}}
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| − | * Matthew Bennett, ''The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare'', [[Taylor & Francis]], 1998.
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| − | * {{Citation|last=Frashëri|first=Kristo |title=Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu: jeta dhe vepra, 1405–1468|url=https://books.google.com/?id=vwR3PQAACAAJ&dq=kristo+frasheri+skenderbeu|year=2002|publisher=Botimet Toena|language=Albanian|isbn=99927-1-627-4}}
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| − | * Jean W. Sedlar, ''East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500'', [[University of Washington Press]], 1994.
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| − | * Stephen R. Turnbull, ''The Ottoman Empire 1326-1699'', [[Osprey Publishing]], 2003.
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9046113/Battle-of-Kosovo Second Battle of Kosovo] – ''The Encyclopædia Britannica''
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| − | {{Ottoman battles}}
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| − | {{Wars and battles involving Serbs}}
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| − | {{Portal|War}}
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| − | {{coord|42.63|N|21.12|E|source:enwiki-plaintext-parser|display=title}}
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| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Kosovo 1448}}
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| − | [[Category:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire]]
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| − | [[Category:Battles involving Hungary in the Middle Ages]]
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| − | [[Category:Battles involving Serbia in the Middle Ages]]
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| − | [[Category:Battles involving Wallachia]]
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| − | [[Category:History of Kosovo]]
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| − | [[Category:1448 in Europe]]
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| − | [[Category:Battles of the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars]]
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| − | [[Category:1448 in the Ottoman Empire]]
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| − | [[Category:Conflicts in 1448]]
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