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| − | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zlatitsa
| + | #PATRZ [[Bitka na Zlatici]] |
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| + | [[Kategoria:Przekierowane]] |
| − | {{Bitka |
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| − | naziv = Bitwa pod Zlaticą |
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| − | sukob = część [[Bitwa pod Warną|bitwy pod Warną]] |
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| − | slika= [[Sredna gora by Elena Tchotchkova.JPG|300px]] |
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| − | opis slike= [[Sredna Gora]] |
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| − | vrijeme = 12 grudnia 1443 |
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| − | mjesto = [[Zlatitsa]] przełęcz w [[Balkan Mountains]]<br>[[Imperium Ottomańskie]]<br>(dzisiejsza [[Bulgaria]]) |
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| − | ishod = Ottoman victory;<br/>halting of the advance of the crusaders |
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| − | strana1 = [[File:Coa Hungary Country History (15th century).svg|20px]] [[Królestwo Węgier]]<br>[[File:POL Przemysł II 1295 COA.svg|20px]] [[Królestwo Polskie]]<br />[[File:Despot of Serbia.png|20px]] [[Despotat Serbii]] |
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| − | strana2 = [[File:Coa Hungary Country History (15th century).svg|20px]] [[Hunyadi János]]<br>[[File:POL Przemysł II 1295 COA.svg|20px]] [[Władysław III]]<br />[[File:Despot of Serbia.png|20px]] [[Đurađ Branković]] |
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| − | zapovjednik1 =
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| − | [[File:Flag of the Ottoman Sultanate (1299-1453).svg|24px]] [[Ottoman Empire]] |
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| − | zapovjednik2 = [[File:Flag of the Ottoman Sultanate (1299-1453).svg|20px]] [[Murad II]]
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| − | *[[File:Flag of the Ottoman Sultanate (1299-1453).svg|24px]] [[Kasim Pasha]] |
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| − | postrojbe1 = nieznana liczba |
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| − | postrojbe2 = nieznana liczba |
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| − | gubitci1 = nieznana liczba |
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| − | gubitci2 = nieznana liczba |
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| − | }}
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| − | {{Campaignbox Ottoman-Hungarian War}}
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| − | {{Serbian-Ottoman Wars (Medieval)}}
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| − | {{Campaignbox Ottoman-Hungarian War}}
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| − | {{Serbian-Ottoman Wars (Medieval)}}
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| − | The '''Battle of Zlatitsa''' was fought on 12 December 1443<ref name="MellershWilliams1999">{{cite book|last1=Mellersh|first1=H. E. L.|authorlink1=H. E. L. Mellersh|last2=Williams|first2=Neville|authorlink2=Neville Williams|title=Chronology of World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCcOAQAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-155-7|page=527}}</ref><ref name="SettonHazard1990">{{Setton-A History of the Crusades|volume=6|page=270 |quote=the most important battle of the whole campaign took place at Bolvani, in the plain of Nish on November 3, 1443}}</ref> between the [[Ottoman Empire]] and Serbian Hungarian troops in the [[Balkans]].<ref>{{cite website|title=Battle of Zlatica|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/657647/Battle-of-Zlatica|date=2014|accessdate=13 November 2014|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> The battle was fought at [[Zlatitsa Pass]] ({{lang-bg|Златишки проход}}) ({{lang-tr|Izladi Derbendi}}) near the town of [[Zlatitsa]] in the [[Balkan Mountains]], [[Ottoman Empire]] (modern-day [[Bulgaria]]). The impatience of the king of Poland and the severity of the winter then compelled Hunyadi (February 1444) to return home, but not before he had utterly broken the Sultan's power in [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]], [[Herzegovina]], [[Serbia]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Albania]].
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| − | ==Background==
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| − | In 1440 [[John Hunyadi]] became the trusted adviser and most highly regarded soldier of the king [[Władysław III of Poland]]. Hunyadi was rewarded with the captaincy of the fortress of [[Belgrade]] and was put in charge of military operations against the Ottomans. The king Władysław recognized Hunyadi's merits by granting him estates in Eastern Hungary. Hunyadi soon showed and displayed extraordinary capacity in marshalling its defenses with the limited resources at his disposal. He was victorious in Semendria over [[Isak-Beg]] in 1441, not far from Nagyszeben in Transylvania he annihilated an Ottoman force and recovered for Hungary the suzerainty of [[Wallachia]]. In July 1442 at the [[Iron Gate (Danube)|Iron Gates]] he defeated a massed Ottoman formation of 80.000 led by Sehabbedin. These victories made Hunyadi a prominent enemy of the Ottomans and renowned throughout [[Christendom]], and were prime motivators for him to undertake in 1443, along with King Władysław, the famous expedition known as the ''[[long campaign]]'' with the [[Battle of Nish (1443)|Battle of Niš]] as one of the battles of this campaign. Hunyadi was accompanied by [[Giuliano Cesarini]] during this campaign.<ref>{{Citation|last=Babinger|first=Franz|title=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA25&dq=battle+of+Zlatitsa&hl=en&ei=i8XsTdOcAs7usgbUstTnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CE4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20Zlatitsa&f=false|quote= John Hunyadi accompanied by the cardinal-legate Giuliano Cesarini.|year=1992|page=25|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-01078-6}}</ref> The battle took place in the plain between [[Bolvani]] and [[Niš]] on November 3, 1443.<ref name="SettonHazard1990"/> Ottoman forces were led by [[Kasim Pasha]], the [[beglerbeg]] of [[Rumelia]], [[Turakhan Beg]] and [[Isak-Beg]].<ref name="Babinger 1992 25">{{Citation|last=Babinger|first=Franz|title=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA25&dq=battle+of+Zlatitsa&hl=en&ei=i8XsTdOcAs7usgbUstTnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CE4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20Zlatitsa&f=false|quote= The combined host met Ottoman forces first on November 3, 1443, between the castle of Bolvan (near Aleksinac) and the city of Niš. Here Kasim Bey, then governor of Rumelia, Ishak Bey and other standard bearers were defeated.|year=1992|page=25|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-01078-6}}</ref> After the Ottoman defeat, the retreating forces of Kasim Pasha and Turakhan Beg burned all of the villages between Niš and [[Sofia]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Imber |first=Colin |title=The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeuaoghuq3cC&pg=PA49&dq=kasim+pasha+nish&hl=en&ei=3UHnTZzaHtSs8QPU7Nz8Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=kasim&f=false |year=2006 |publisher= Aldershot ; Burlington (Vt.) : Ashgate, cop.|isbn=978-0-7546-0144-9 |oclc=470458159 |page=16 |quote=In the course of their flight Kasim and Turahan burned all villages between Niš and Sofia. }}</ref> The Ottoman sources justify an Ottoman defeat by lack of cooperation between the Ottoman armies led by different commanders.<ref>{{Citation |last=Imber |first=Colin |title=The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeuaoghuq3cC&pg=PA49&dq=kasim+pasha+nish&hl=en&ei=3UHnTZzaHtSs8QPU7Nz8Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=kasim&f=false |year=2006 |publisher= Aldershot ; Burlington (Vt.) : Ashgate, cop.|isbn=978-0-7546-0144-9 |oclc=470458159 |page=270 |quote=The Ottoman sources in general emphasize the disagreement and lack of cooperation between frontier Ottoman forces under Turakhan and sipahi army under Kasim }}</ref>
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| − | == Battle ==
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| − | Until the Battle of Zlatica, crusaders had not meet a major Ottoman army, only town garrisons along their route toward Adrianople.<ref name="FineFine1994">{{The Late Medieval Balkans|page=548}}</ref> Only at Zlatica they met strong and well-positioned defence forces of the Ottoman army.<ref name="FineFine1994"/> The severe winter cold weather favored the position of the Ottoman defenders.<ref name="Stadtmüller1988">{{cite book|last=Stadtmüller|first=Georg|authorlink=Georg Stadtmüller|title=Ungarn-Jahrbuch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-G0RAQAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Hase und Koehler Verlag.|page=16}}</ref> The Ottoman forces were commanded by [[Kasim Pasha]].<ref name="Babinger1992">{{cite book|last=Babinger|first=Franz|authorlink=Franz Babinger|title=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA25|year=1992|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-01078-1|page=25}}</ref> The crusaders intended to continue their advance toward Adrianople through the forests of [[Sredna Gora]].<ref name="Babinger1992"/> When they reached Zlatica, they were unable to continue their advance because the pass was blocked by the very strong Ottoman army, the weather was bitterly cold, it was very hard for them to obtain regular supplies of their forces and Ottoman forces of Kasim Pasha repeatedly attacked them.<ref name="Babinger1992"/>
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| − | == Aftermath ==
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| − | After the Battle of Zlatica and subsequent retreat of the crusaders, the battlefield and surrounding region were completely destroyed. Serbia was devastated while [[Sofia]] was destroyed and burnt, turned into "black field" with its surrounding villages being turned into "black charcoal".<ref name="BoyarFleet2010">{{cite book|last1=Boyar|first1=Ebru|last2=Fleet|first2=Kate|title=A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHd2OizxNCcC&pg=PA25|date=15 April 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-48444-2|page=25}}</ref> Only [[Đurađ Branković]] gained from 1443 campaign.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Medieval History Series volumes 1-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lHeh36S8ooC&pg=PT1728|publisher=Plantagenet Publishing|page=1728|id=GGKEY:G636GD76LW7}}</ref>
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| − | As they marched home, however, the crusaders ambushed and defeated a pursuing Turkish force in the [[Battle of Kunovica]], where [[Mahmud Bey]]<!-- aka Mahmud Çelebi -->, son-in-law of the Sultan and brother of the [[Grand Vizier]] [[Çandarlı (2nd) Halil Pasha|Çandarlı Halil Pasha]], was taken prisoner.<ref>{{cite book | last = Imber | first = Colin | title = The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45 | date = July 2006 | publisher = Ashgate Publishing | isbn = 0-7546-0144-7 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/crusadeofvarna140000imbe/page/9 9–31] | chapter = Introduction | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=xeuaoghuq3cC&pg=PA17&dq=battle+of+Zlatitsa&hl=en&ei=i8XsTdOcAs7usgbUstTnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20Zlatitsa&f=false | accessdate = 2007-04-19 | url = https://archive.org/details/crusadeofvarna140000imbe/page/9 }}</ref>
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| − | == Historical sources ==
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| − | There is debate amongst historians as to the victor of the battle.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Metamorphosis of War|chapter=The Changing Ottoman Perception of War: From the Foundation of the Empire to its Disintegration|author=Mustafa Serdar Palabiyik|editor=Avery Plaw|date=2012|place=New York, United States of America|page= 129}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Empires, Wars, and Battles|url=https://archive.org/details/empireswarsbattl00hopk|url-access=registration|author=T. C. F. Hopkins|date=2007|place=New York, United States of America|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireswarsbattl00hopk/page/207 207]}}</ref> According to [[Halil Inalcik]] ''"İzladi ve Varna Savaşları (1443–1444) Üzerinde Gazavatnâme"'' of unknown author is most reliable of all Ottoman chronicles about the events related to Battle of Zlatica and [[Battle of Varna]].<ref name="Blagojević1984">{{cite book|last=Blagojević|first=Božidar|title=Zbornik radova sa naučnih skupova u Negotinu i Kladovu povodom obeležavanja 170 godina od pogibije Hajduk-Veljka Petrovića i 150 godina oslobođenja od Turaka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_EJAQAAIAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Izd. Međuopštinska konferencija SSRN Zaječar, Balkanološki institut SANU|page=35}}</ref>
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| − | ==Przypisy==
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| − | {{izvori}}
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| − | {{Ottoman battles}}
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| − | {{Wars and battles involving Serbs}}
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| − | {{coord missing|Serbia}}
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| − | {{SORTUJ:Bitwa pod Zlaticą}}
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| − | [[Category:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire]]
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| − | [[Category:Battles of the Ottoman–Serbian Wars]]
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| − | [[Category:Conflicts in 1443]]
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| − | [[Category:Battles involving Serbia in the Middle Ages]]
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| − | [[Category:1443 in Europe]]
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| − | [[Category:1443 in the Ottoman Empire]]
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| − | [[Category:Battles involving Hungary in the Middle Ages]]
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| − | [[Category:Serbian Despotate]]
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| − | [[Category:15th century in Serbia]]
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