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| − | [[Kategoria:2]] | + | #PATRZ [[Краљевина Босна]] |
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| − | {{Uwaga polska| | + | {{SORTUJ:Bośnia, Królestwo}} |
| − | |strona = https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Bo%C5%9Bni
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| − | |autorzy = https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Bo%C5%9Bni&action=history
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| − | |nota = polski
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| − | {{Uwaga|
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| − | |strona = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia
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| − | |autorzy = https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bosnia&action=history
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| − | |nota = angielski
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| − | [[File:Medieval Bosnian State Expansion-en.svg|thumb|obszar Królestwa Bośni]]
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| − | '''Królestwo Bośni''' – powstałe w końcu XIV wieku państwo w wyniku oderwania się dzisiejszej [[Bośnia i Hercegowina|Bośni i Hercegowiny]] od [[Królestwo Węgier|Królestwa Węgier]]. Niedługo po jego powstaniu wyodrębniła się [[Hercegowina]]. W [[1463]] cały ówczesny teren państwa został podbity przez [[imperium osmańskie]].
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| − | == eng ==
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| − | {{Infobox Former Country
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| − | | native_name = ''Bosansko kraljevstvo''<br/>Босанско краљевство
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| − | | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Bosnia
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| − | | common_name = Bosnia
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| − | | era = [[Middle Ages]]
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| − | | government_type = Feudal monarchy
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| − | | year_start = 1377<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v16/n08/john-fine/what-is-a-bosnian|title=What is a Bosnian? · LRB 28 April 1994|last=Fine|first=John|date=1994-04-28|website=London Review of Books|language=en|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=2LuHDwAAQBAJ|title=Pad Bosanskog kraljevstva 1463. godine: = Fall of the Bosnian Kingdom in 1463|last=Rudić|first=Srđan|last2=Lovrenović|first2=Dubravko|last3=Dragičević|first3=Pavle|date=2015-02-18|publisher=Istorijski institut : Filozofski fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu : Filozofski fakultet Univerziteta u Banjaluci|isbn=978-86-7743-110-5|language=Bosnian|page=32}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parlament.ba/Content/Read/177?title=Srednjevjekovnabosanskadr%C5%BEava&lang=en|title=Medieval Bosnia|website=www.parlament.ba|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref>
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| − | | year_end = 1463<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=d1deR-jiYJgC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=bosnia+1377&source=bl&ots=rDO80n08tr&sig=ACfU3U1k99-54-2dIkcLafsHEl6HGXEYlg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjXg__xqODmAhVMtIsKHfbiD8Y4ChDoATAPegQIBxAB#v=snippet&q=%22Kingdom%20of%20Bosnia%20(1377-1463)%22&f=false|title=Libricide: The Regime-sponsored Destruction of Books and Libraries in the Twentieth Century|last=Knuth|first=Rebecca|last2=English|first2=John|date=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-98088-7|language=en}}</ref>
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| − | | event_start = [[Coronation]] of [[Tvrtko I of Bosnia|Tvrtko I]]
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| − | | date_start = 26 October
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| − | | event_end = [[Ottoman conquest of Bosnia|Ottoman conquest]]
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| − | | date_end = 5 June
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| − | | event1 =
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| − | | date_event1 =
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| − | | p1 = Banate of Bosnia
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| − | | flag_p1 = Coat of arms of Banate of Bosnia.svg
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| − | | border_p1 = no
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| − | | s1 = Duchy of Saint Sava
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| − | | flag_s1 = Flag of the Duchy of Saint Sava.svg
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| − | | s2 = Sanjak of Bosnia
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| − | | flag_s2 = Flag of Independent Bosnia (1878).svg
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| − | | image_flag = File:Kraljevina Bosna steg.png
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| − | | flag_border = no
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| − | | flag_size = 70px
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| − | | image_coat = Coat of arms of Kingdom of Bosnia.svg
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| − | | coa_size = 120px
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| − | | symbol = Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina
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| − | | symbol_type = Coat of arms
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| − | | image_map = Medieval Bosnian State Expansion-en.svg
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| − | | image_map_caption = Medieval Bosnian State expansion
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| − | | capital = [[Visoko during the Middle Ages|Visoko]]<br />[[Jajce]]<br />[[Bobovac]]
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| − | | common_languages = [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]
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| − | | religion = [[Bosnian Church]], [[Eastern Orthodoxy]], [[Roman Catholic Church]]
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| − | | title_leader = [[List of rulers of Bosnia|King]]
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| − | | leader1 = [[Tvrtko I of Bosnia|Tvrtko I]] <small>(first)</small>
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| − | | year_leader1 = 1377–1391
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| − | | leader2 = [[Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia|Stephen Tomašević]] <small>(last)</small>
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| − | | year_leader2 = 1461–1463
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| − | | today =
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| − | | iso3166code = omit
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| − | }}
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| − | The '''Kingdom of Bosnia''' ({{lang-bs|Kraljevina Bosna}} / Краљевина Босна), or '''Bosnian Kingdom''' (''Bosansko kraljevstvo'' / Босанско краљевство), was a [[South Slavs|South Slavic]] medieval kingdom that lasted from 1377 to 1463 and evolved out of the [[Banate of Bosnia]] (1154–1377).
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| − | Although [[Hungarian king]]s viewed Bosnia as [[Lands of the Hungarian Crown|under their sovereignty]] during this time, Bosnian rulers mostly acted independently in conducting diplomacy, governing the judicial system, granting towns and estates, minting coins, exploiting natural resources, and making trading agreements with other countries and independent cities.{{sfn|Vego|1982|p=124}}
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| − | King [[Tvrtko I of Bosnia|Tvrtko I]] (r. 1353–91) acquired portions of western Serbia and most of the Adriatic coast south of the [[Neretva]] River. During the late part of his reign, Bosnia briefly became one of the strongest states in the [[Balkans|Balkan Peninsula]]. However, [[feudal fragmentation]] remained strong in Bosnia, and after his death the country lost its importance. The Bosnian nobility had significant power, holding meetings at a venue known as [[Stanak]] where members deliberated on matters such as [[Royal elections|election of the new king or queen]] and [[coronation]]s, foreign policy, sale or cession of territory, contracting and signing treaties with neighbouring countries, and military issues.<ref name="parlament">{{cite web|url=https://www.parlament.ba/istorija/default.aspx?id=27865&langTag=bs-BA&pril=b|title=Istorija parlamentarizma u BiH|last=Radušić|first=Edin|year=2010|work=Parlamentarna skupština Bosne i Hercegovine|publisher=Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}</ref><ref name="jlz">{{cite book|url=|title=Enciklopedija Jugoslavije: Bje-Crn|publisher=Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod|year=1980|editor=Miroslav Krleža|editor2= Ivo Cecić|editor3= Igor Gostl|page=217}}</ref>
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| − | The [[Ottoman Empire]] [[Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina|annexed portions of eastern Bosnia]] in the 1440s and 1450s and went on to conquer [[Herzegovina]], with the last fortress falling in 1481.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANdbpi1WAIQC&pg=PA23|title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500|author=Jean W Sedlar|date=1 March 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80064-6|pages=23–}}{{Page range too broad|date=February 2020}}</ref> [[Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia|Stephen Tomašević]], the last king of Bosnia, was captured by the Ottomans and killed in 1463.
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| − | The population of Bosnia at its height was between 500,000 and 1,000,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bosna-hercegovina.info/povijest.htm|title=Povijet – istorija Bosne i Hercegovine|author=|date=|website=www.bosna-hercegovina.info|access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> The overwhelming majority of the population was rural, with few significant urban centres. Among the more notable towns were [[Doboj]], [[Jajce]], [[Srebrenik]], [[Srebrenica]], [[Tesanj|Tešanj]], and [[Visoko during the Middle Ages|Podvisoki]]. Mining, especially for [[Silver mining|silver]], was a major source of income for Bosnian kings.
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| − | ==Background==
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| − | {{main|Banate of Bosnia}}
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| − | The [[Banate of Bosnia]] was a medieval state comprising, at its peak, most of what is today [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], as well as parts of [[Dalmatia]] (in [[Croatia]]), [[Serbia]], and [[Montenegro]]. Although nominally belonging to the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] [[Lands of the Hungarian Crown|crown lands]], it was a de facto independent state.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=44, 148}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA627|title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture|author=Richard C. Frucht|first=|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2005|isbn=978-1-57607-800-6|location=|page=631}}</ref>{{sfn|Klaić|1994|pp=34, 42, 55, 58, 71, 76, 105, 116, 119, 169, 172, 173, 181, 183, 186, 221}} After the reign of [[Ban Kulin]], rulers of [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]] enjoyed virtual independence from Hungary,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&q=independence#v=snippet&q=independence&f=false|title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest|last=Fine|first=John V. A.|last2=Fine|first2=John Van Antwerp|date=1994|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-08260-5|language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Klaić|1994|pp=34, 42, 55, 58, 71, 76, 105, 116, 119, 169, 172, 173, 181, 183, 186, 221}} and although they held a [[vassal]] position for much of this time, they managed to expand their rule in Serbia, Croatia, and Dalmatia. The Banate of Bosnia existed until 1377, when it was elevated into a kingdom with the coronation of [[Tvrtko I]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/yugoslaviabiblio0000petr|url-access=registration|quote=coronation.|title=Yugoslavia: A Bibliographic Guide|last=Petrovich|first=Michael Boro|last2=Division|first2=Library of Congress Slavic and Central European|date=1974-01-01|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-8444-0041-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=AnNpAAAAMAAJ&dq=tvrtko+coronation&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=coronation|title=History of Yugoslavia|last=Dedijer|first=Vladimir|date=1974|publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Co.|language=en}}</ref> following the death of the last Serbian Emperor from the [[Nemanjić dynasty]], which had no heir to the throne in 1371.
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| − | === Coronation of Tvrtko ===
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| − | Tvrtko had the strongest claim to the royal title at that time, and even if he had no practical means to rule Serbia, it allowed him to elevate Bosnia to a kingdom, as this would imply more formal independence.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=xBeJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA264&dq=tvrtko+coronation&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjP14PJr5TmAhXIpYsKHXXfChoQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=tvrtko%20coronation&f=false|title=A Companion to Seals in the Middle Ages|date=2019-02-11|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-39144-4|language=en}}</ref> Tvrtko thus proclaimed himself the first King of Bosnia, claiming full legitimacy as the crown he took was sent from [[Pope Honorius III]] to [[Stefan the First-Crowned]] in 1217.{{sfn|Vego|1982|pp=|p=113}} A Serbian [[logothete]] named Blagoje,{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=136}} having found refuge at Tvrtko's court, attributed to Tvrtko the right to a "double crown": one for Bosnia, and the other for the Serbian lands of his Nemanjić ancestors.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=137}} He was also King of Serbia, and in that way, legal basis for crowning was achieved, which was promoted even by his formal sovereign [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]].{{sfn|Vego|1982|pp=|p=113}} Tvrtko's title as a king was also approved by Louis's successor, and Tvrtko's cousin, [[Mary, Queen of Hungary|Mary]]. [[Venice]] and [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusa]] consistently referred to Tvrtko as King of [[Raška (region)|Rascia]], Ragusa even complaining, in 1378, about Tvrtko's preoccupation with his new kingdom.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=138}} Tvrtko's coronation as [[King of Bosnia]] and [[King of Serbia|Serbia]] was held in the fall of 1377 (probably 26 October, the [[feast day]] of [[Saint Demetrius]]), but there is [[Tvrtko I of Bosnia#Coronation|no consensus]] as to where it took place.
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| − | The coronation of Tvrtko I Kotromanić as the King in 1377 marked a significant event of Bosnian medieval history, although contemporary sources about the coronation are very rare. The Royal Charter issued to the Ragusan commune on 10 April 1378 stands as one of the key sources for understanding the position of medieval Bosnian banate and its transformation to the kingdom, as well as information about economic activity between Bosnia and Ragusa, and proof of Bosnian independence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dautović|first=Dženan|last2=Dedić|first2=Enes|date=2016|title=Povelja kralja Tvrtka I Kotromanića Dubrovniku|url=http://www.anubih.ba/godisnjak/god45/Godisnjak45-full.pdf|journal=Godišnjak|language=English, Bosnian|publisher=[[Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]|volume=45|pages=242, 243|quote=The coronation of Bosnian ban Tvrtko I Kotromanić as the King of “the Serbs and Bosnia and Pomorje and Western parts” in 1377 was one of the most significant events of Bosnian medieval history. With this act the Bosnian state elevated in the rank of kingdoms and its ruling dynasty, the Kotromanićs entered in the narrow circle of the noblest families of Medieval Europe. Contemporary sources about his event, unfortunately, are scarce and very rare.|via=}}</ref>
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| − | === International recognition ===
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| − | As a main trading partner of the Bosnian state, the Ragusa referred to the Bosnian Kingdom as a separate state ("rusag"), for example in a charter issued to [[Sandalj Hranić]] in November 1405, where they articulated that the Ragusan merchants would be safe across the "Bosnian rusag".{{sfn|Vego|1982|p=119}} Ragusans also paid Saint Demetrius an income of 2000 [[Ragusan perpera]]. [[Ladislaus of Naples]] acknowledged the territories of the kingdom on 26 August 1406 at the request of Tvrtko II.{{sfn|Vego|1982|p=119}}
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| − | ==History==
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| − | {{See also|Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Middle Ages}}
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| − | ===Tvrtko I's reign===
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| − | [[File:Zlatnik - Tvrtko I Kotromanić.jpg|200px|alt=|left|thumb|Golden coin minted during the reign of Tvrtko I]]
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| − | Bosnia reached its peak under Tvrtko I, a member of the [[Kotromanić dynasty]], who came to power in 1353. In 1372, Tvrtko formed an alliance with Prince [[Lazar Hrebeljanović]], one of the regional lords in the territory of the disintegrated [[Serbian Empire]].{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=384}} The next year, Tvrtko and Lazar attacked the domain of [[Nikola Altomanović]], the most powerful Serbian noble at the time. After defeating Altomanović, they divided his lands, except for his littoral districts of [[Herceg Novi|Dračevica]], [[Konavle]], and [[Trebinje]], which were seized by [[Đurađ I Balšić]], the [[Zeta under the Balšići|Lord of Zeta]]. Tvrtko received parts of [[Zahumlje]], the upper reaches of the [[Drina]] and [[Lim (river)|Lim]] rivers, and the districts of [[Onogošt]] and [[Gacko]]. This acquisition included the important Serbian Orthodox monastery of [[Mileševa]], which held the relics of [[Saint Sava]], the first Serbian Archbishop.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=392–393}}
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| − | In 1377, Tvrtko took the littoral districts from Balšić. That year, on 26 October, he was crowned King of "Serbs, Bosnia, the Primorje (Seaside), and the western lands".<ref>{{cite book |last=Singleton |first=Frederick Bernard |title=A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1985 |isbn=0-521-27485-0 |page=20}}</ref> The acquisition of Serbian territory, including the important Monastery of Mileševa, combined with the fact that Tvrtko's grandmother had been a member of the [[Nemanjić dynasty]], prompted Tvrtko into having himself crowned King of Serbia, thus asserting his pretensions to the Serbian throne. This was made possible by the royal Nemanjić line having died out with [[Stephen Uroš V of Serbia|Uroš]] in 1371.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=392–393}} The crown was sent to him by Hungarian king [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis of Anjou]]. According to a plurality of recent works from scholars like Čošković, Anđelić, Lovrenović, and Filipović, the ceremony itself was conducted in [[Mile (Visoko)|Mile]] near [[Visoko during the Middle Ages|Visoko]] in the church that was built during [[Stephen II Kotromanić]]'s reign, where he was also buried alongside his uncle Stjepan II.{{sfn|Dizdar|1969|pp=118–119}}{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}}{{sfn|Velikonja|2003|p=33}}<ref name="Mile">[http://www.aneks8komisija.com.ba/main.php?id_struct=50&lang=4&action=view&id=1341 Mile declared as national monument] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203041749/http://www.aneks8komisija.com.ba/main.php?id_struct=50&lang=4&action=view&id=1341 |date=3 February 2008 }}. 2003.</ref><ref name="Anđelić">Anđelić Pavao, Krunidbena i grobna crkva bosanskih vladara u Milima (Arnautovićima) kod Visokog. Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja XXXIV/1979., Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo, 1980, 183–247</ref> In contrast, some earlier historiographers, mostly represented by western scholars, consider that he was crowned in the Orthodox Monastery of Mileševa<ref name="Rastko">[http://rastko.org.rs/istorija/zfajfric-kotromanici.html#_Toc486040907 Dr. Željko Fajfric: Kotromanići] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055941/http://rastko.org.rs/istorija/zfajfric-kotromanici.html |date=23 October 2013 }}.</ref> by the Metropolitan of Mileševa.{{sfn|Velikonja|2003|p=33}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=392–393}}
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| − | After the defeat of Altomanović, Lazar was the most powerful lord on the territory of the former Serbian Empire.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=387–389}} He wanted to reunite the Serbian state, and the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] saw him as the best suited to succeed the Nemanjić dynasty. The Church, which was the strongest cohesive force among the Serbs at the time, did not support Tvrtko's aspirations in this regard.<ref>{{Citation| last=Mihaljčić| first=Rade| year=2001| origyear=1984| script-title=sr:Лазар Хребељановић: историја, култ, предање| publisher=Srpska školska knjiga; Knowledge| place=Belgrade| language=Serbian| isbn=86-83565-01-7|page=75| mode=cs1}}</ref>
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| − | By 1390, Tvrtko had expanded his realm to include a part of [[Croatia]] and [[Dalmatia]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA398&dq=In+1390+Tvrtko+began+to+call+himself+King+of+Croatia+and+Dalmatia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBz9-izpbmAhVI_SoKHdpjBrgQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=%22In%201390%20Tvrtko%20began%20to%20call%20himself%20King%20of%20Croatia%20and%20Dalmatia%22&f=false|title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest|last=Fine|first=John V. A.|last2=Fine|first2=John Van Antwerp|date=1994|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-08260-5|language=en}}</ref> and expanded his title to "King of Serbs, Bosnia, Dalmatia, Croatia and the Littoral".{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=164}} Tvrtko's full title listed subject peoples and geographical dependencies, following the Byzantine norm. At the peak of his power, he was "King of [[Bosnia]], [[Serbia]], [[Croatia]], [[Principality of Hum|Hum]], [[Usora (region)|Usora]], [[Soli (region)|Soli]], [[Dalmatia]], and [[Donji Kraji]]".
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| − | In the last months of his reign, Tvrtko devoted himself to solidifying his position in Dalmatia and to plans for taking Zadar, the only Dalmatian city that had evaded his rule. He offered an extensive alliance to Venice, but it did not suit the republic's interests.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=164}} Meanwhile, Tvrtko was also fostering relations with [[Albert III, Duke of Austria]]. By the late summer of 1390, a marriage was expected to be contracted between the recently widowed King and a member of the Austrian ruling family, the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]]. The Hungarian kingdom remained the focus of Tvrtko's foreign policy, however. Although they did not recognize each other as kings, Tvrtko and Hungarian [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|King Sigismund]] started negotiating a peace in September. Sigismund was in the weaker position and likely ready to make concessions to Tvrtko when his ambassadors arrived at Tvrtko's court in January 1391. The negotiations were probably never concluded, as Tvrtko died on 10 March.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=165}}
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| − | ===Death of Tvrtko and decline===
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| − | [[File:Stone_chair_of_Queen_Helen_of_Bosnia.png|200px|thumb|Royal and judge's seat of [[Helen of Bosnia|Queen Helen]], who is depicted on its side]]
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| − | While Bosnia retained its standing among neighbouring states in the immediate aftermath of Tvrtko's death, during [[Dabiša of Bosnia|Dabiša]]'s reign conditions within the state started deteriorating. He successfully resisted his sovereigns from [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]], and even [[Ottoman Turks]]. In the first years of his reign, Dabiša successfully maintained the integrity of the Kingdom.
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| − | The latter part of his reign, however, saw the ascent of magnates and considerable loss of territories and influence. The nobility grew stronger and for the first time acted independently of the king, starting with the Zachlumian [[Sanković noble family]]. Dabiša curbed the Sanković power, but the trend was irreversible and eventually led to the weakening of the royal authority.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=171}} [[Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić]], the kingdom's leading magnate, came into agreement with Sigismund and Mary but remained loyal to Dabiša. By June 1394, Dabiša was in open conflict with [[John Horvat]], a fervent supporter of Ladislaus and enemy of Sigismund. He ordered that men from his islands of [[Brač]], [[Hvar]], and [[Korčula]] assist in the siege of [[Omiš]], a city ruled by Horvat.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=173}} Sigismund, who had been amassing an army since April, took advantage of the discord.
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| − | The [[Battle of Dobor (1394)|Battle of Dobor]] saw Horvat's defeat and execution as well as the destruction of the eponymous town on the [[river Bosna]] by Sigismund's troops. Soon thereafter Dabiša submitted to Sigismund and resigned Croatia and Dalmatia to the Hungarian king and, with the agreement of his vassals, recognised him as his feudal overlord as well as heir designate to the Bosnian throne. It is not clear what prompted Dabiša to agree to such harsh terms. In return, as evident from a treaty issued in July 1394, Sigismund included Dabiša among the highest ranking Hungarian officials and named him ''[[ispán]]'' (count) of [[Somogy County (former)|Somogy]].{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=174}}{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}}
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| − | Despite an auspicious start, Dabiša's reign ended with the kingdom displaying the first signs of decay. Much of Tvrtko's extraordinary legacy was lost in the summer of 1394, and the state resumed its previous boundaries. Dabiša left the state more dependent on Hungarian kings than ever before, and the kingdom's influence in the Balkans waned.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=174}}
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| − | In 1394, Dabiša's wife Helen agreed to Dabiša's decision to designate Sigismund as his heir. When Dabiša died on 8 September the following year, however, the leading noblemen – Grand Duke [[Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić]], Prince [[Pavao Radinović]], Duke [[Sandalj Hranić]], and Juraj Radivojević – refused to honour the agreement Dabiša had made with Sigismund.{{sfn|Ćošković|2005|p=}} Sigismund raised an army and marched to nearby [[Syrmia]] to claim the Bosnian throne, but the noblemen convoked a ''[[stanak]]'', an assembly of noblemen, and elected Helen as Dabiša's successor. Not willing to engage the united nobility in war, Sigismund withdrew; the death of his wife [[Mary, Queen of Hungary|Mary]], heir of Hungary and cousin of Dabiša, made his position too precarious to attack in Bosnia, as did the defeat by the [[Ottomans]] at the [[Battle of Nicopolis]].{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=458}} By mid-December 1395, Helen had consolidated her grasp on the throne,{{sfn|Ćošković|2005|p=}} and the pretender was killed by Sigismund's supporters in 1396, never having seriously threatened the Queen.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=176}} The emancipation of Bosnian nobility reached a peak during Helen's reign. Having become virtually autonomous, her vassals engaged in internal warfare, which weakened Bosnia and precluded its participation in regional politics.{{sfn|Ćošković|2005|p=}}{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=184}}
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| − | By March 1398, Bosnia was beset by internal strife.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=184}} It seems that Helen's family, the Nikolić, attempted to take further advantage of their royal relations and free themselves from subordinacy to the [[House of Kosača]] to become immediate vassals of the monarch.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=459}} This may have been the reason for an uprising against Helen.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=459}} She maintained a great deal of support in April, when Ragusa paid its tribute to her. The last to remain on her side were the Radivojević noble family, including Helen's grandson-in-law Juraj.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=185}} By 10 May, however, her husband's kinsman [[Ostoja of Bosnia|Ostoja]] was enthroned as the new King of Bosnia.{{sfn|Ćošković|2005|p=}}
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| − | ===Internal battles between Ostoja and Tvrtko II===
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| − | [[File:Coin_of_Tvrtko_II.jpg|200px|thumb|Coin of Tvrtko II]]
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| − | Ostoja was brought to power by the forces of [[Hrvoje Vukčić]] ([[Ban of Croatia]], Grand Duke of [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]], and a Herzog of [[Split (city)|Split]]), who deposed Helen in 1398. In 1403 he sided with King Ladislaus of Naples against Sigismund. Ostoja led a war against the [[Republic of Dubrovnik]], a Hungarian vassalage. In 1404, the Bosnian nobles under Hrvoje Vukčić replaced him with his brother [[Tvrtko II]] because of his pro-Hungarian views. He had to flee to Hungary after a stanak in [[Mile (Visoko)|Mile]], [[Visoko during the Middle Ages|Visoko]]. Ostoja tried to reclaim the throne with Hungarian support, but, in June 1404, Tvrtko's supporters defeated a Hungarian army and thus prevented Ostoja from reclaiming the crown, although the chief royal residence of [[Bobovac]] and the [[Usora (province)|Usoran]] town of [[Srebrenik]] were captured and restored to Ostoja.{{sfn|Živković|1981|p=25}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=463–464}} All major noble families remained loyal to Tvrtko, while Ostoja functioned as Sigismund's puppet whose territory included little more than Bobovac. The fortress, however, housed the crown, which Tvrtko was not able to reach.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=463–464}}
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| − | Following a few minor disputes with the [[maritime republic]]s of [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] and Ragusa over [[Konavli]] and [[Pomorje]], Tvrtko gained recognition as the legitimate king from both states. By 1406, Ostoja was losing what little support he had left in Bosnia, with the nobility now unanimously favouring Tvrtko, but the former king's decision to remain in the country continued to trouble Tvrtko.{{sfn|Živković|1981|p=41}} Ragusans described the beginning of Tvrtko's reign as more tumultuous than anything "since the [[Genesis flood narrative|Flood]]",{{sfn|Živković|1981|p=42}} but he soon succeeded in uniting the country by bringing together his feuding vassals.{{sfn|Živković|1981|p=47}}
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| − | Hungarian attacks on Bosnia took place annually, making Tvrtko's life "a constant hassle".{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=463–464}} In 1408, Sigismund defeated the Bosnian nobility and Tvrtko and in 1409 he restored Ostoja to the throne. One hundred and seventy minor noblemen were captured and killed in [[Dobor]] by being tossed over the city walls. Tvrtko is said to have been captured as well, but this does not appear to be true, as he demanded the customary tribute from the Ragusans in February 1409.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=463–464}} The hostilities continued until the end of November, with Tvrtko retreating southwards with his noblemen and resisting Hungarian attacks, which enabled Ostoja to reestablish control over [[Central Bosnia]].{{sfn|Živković|1981|p=59}}
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| − | [[File:Hrvoje_Vukcic_Hrvatinic.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić, depicted in [[Hrvoje's Missal]]]]
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| − | Tvrtko remained on the throne until mid-1409, when Ostoja prevailed.{{sfn|Živković|1981|p=61}} Sigismund's claim became untenable, but Bosnians acknowledged his overlordship over Ostoja; only Tvrtko refused to submit to the King of Hungary.{{sfn|Živković|1981|p=62}} He appears to have evaded capture by Hungarian troops by fleeing to the mountains of northern [[Zachlumia]]. Ostoja ended the decade-long dispute with the Hungarians by recognizing the suzerainty of the Hungarian crown and, in 1412, visiting the Hungarian throne in [[Buda]] with the rest of the Bosnian and Serbian nobility including [[List of Serbian rulers|Serbian Despot]] [[Stefan Lazarević]]. After that Tvrtko faded into obscurity and had no part in Bosnian affairs for several years.
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| − | === Ottoman involvement and second Tvrtko II reign ===
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| − | The first Ottoman troops attacked Bosnia in May 1414; in August they also brought the deposed monarch, Tvrtko, and set him up as [[anti-king]]. His alliance with the Ottomans may have been due to their mutual hostility towards Sigismund.{{sfn|Živković|1981|p=68}} Pavle Radenović immediately declared for Tvrtko, but no other major nobleman appears to have followed his example – not even Hrvoje.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=463–464}} While Tvrtko hoped for an Ottoman victory, Ostoja expected that a Hungarian triumph would rid him of Ottoman raiders and secure his position against both his rival and his ambitious magnates.{{sfn|Živković|1981|p=71}} The [[Battle of Doboj]] in August 1415 saw the disastrous defeat of Sigismund's army. Contrary to expectations, however, the Ottomans recognized Ostoja as the legitimate king. Tvrtko lost his ground, while the united Bosnians for the first time shifted their allegiance from the Hungarian crown to the Ottoman Sultanate.{{sfn|Živković|1981|p=72}}
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| − | | |
| − | Ostoja died in September 1418. Despite expectations that Tvrtko would take over, Ostoja's son [[Stephen Ostojić|Stephen]] was elected king.{{sfn|Živković|1981|p=76}} When the Ottomans invaded Bosnia in early 1420, Tvrtko once again accompanied them and installed himself as anti-king. Sandalj immediately declared for him. Fearing the Ottomans, Sandalj's example was soon followed by other noblemen. In June Tvrtko convoked a stanak, and Ragusa recognized him as king. He had the support of almost all of the nobility in [[Visoko during the Middle Ages|Visoko]], including [[Voivode|voivod]] [[Zlatonosović noble family|Vukmir]], mayor Dragiša, [[Knyaz|knez]] Juraj Vojsalić, knez Pribić, knez Radič Radojević, knez Batić Mirković, knez Juraj Dragičević, knez Petar Klešić, voivod Ivko, and voivod Pavao Jurjević. By the end of the year, Tvrtko had completely ousted Stephen, who continued to advance his claim until the summer of 1421. He appears to have died soon after.{{sfn|Živković|1981|p=79}}
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| − | [[File:Serbian_Despotate_(1422)-en.svg|200px|thumb|The Kingdom of Bosnia and the Despotate of Serbia in 1422]]
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| − | Internal troubles forced the Ottomans to withdraw their troops from Bosnia, which enabled Tvrtko to strengthen his hold on the kingdom and for its economy to recover.{{sfn|Živković|1981|p=82}} Tvrtko's second accession had to be legitimised with a new coronation, which took place during a stanak in August 1421. Tvrtko's second reign was marked by his quick resolution to restore royal authority and the king's pre-eminence among Bosnia's feudal rulers.{{sfn|Živković|1981|p=84}} With Hrvoje and Pavle gone, and Sandalj preoccupied by conflict with Pavle's sons, Tvrtko was able to significantly expand the [[royal domain]]. In December 1422 Tvrtko signed a beneficial trade treaty with the Republic of Venice and discussed plans for joint military action against Sigismund in Dalmatia.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=472}} Tvrtko's association with Venice bothered not only Ragusa, but also the Ottoman Turks; the former resented losing their monopoly on trade, while the latter's poor relationship with Venice was the result of territorial disputes over [[Albania]] and [[Zeta (state)|Zeta]]. Ottomans proceeded to raid Bosnia in the spring of 1424 to make it clear to Tvrtko that close relations with Venice would not be tolerated. Tvrtko understood that Venice would not be able to provide him with help against the Ottomans, and thus slowly dismantled their alliance.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=472}} In 1425, Tvrtko realized that he needed a strong ally in the event of further Ottoman attacks. The Ottomans responded with severe attacks that forced Tvrtko to accept their [[suzerainty]] and to agree to pay an annual tribute.
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| − | In 1432, Stefan Lazarević's successor [[Đurađ Branković|Đurađ]], Sandalj, and the Ottomans helped [[Radivoj of Bosnia|Radivoj]], the elder illegitimate son of the long-deceased Ostoja, to lay claim to the throne and take control of much of the country. Tvrtko's only noteworthy support came from Hrvoje's nephew and successor, [[Juraj Vojsalić]], and he managed to retain only central and northwestern Bosnia. Tvrtko retreated to [[Visoko]], but soon found that Sandalj had become too ill to support Radivoj's cause. After years of pleading for their help, Tvrtko finally saw Hungarians march into Bosnia in mid-1434. They recovered for him [[Jajce]], [[Hodidjed]], [[Bočac]] and the [[Komotin Castle]], but he lost it all as soon as they retreated. In fact, he himself appears to have left with the troops on their way back to Hungary, as he is known to have resided at the court in [[Buda]] in 1435. Radivoj ceased being a threat when he lost Ottoman support that year, while Sandalj's death presented Tvrtko with a new and more vital rebellious vassal in the form of Sandalj's nephew and successor, [[Stjepan Vukčić Kosača]].{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=472}}
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| − | Radivoj styled himself as King of Bosnia for the remainder of Tvrtko's reign. He was nominally supported by the Ottomans and by Stjepan Vukčić Kosača; they could have easily deposed Tvrtko in his favour if they wished, but it appears that their only goal was to weaken and divide Bosnia for their future benefit. Tvrtko died childless in November 1443, having expressed a wish to be succeeded by his politically inactive and until then rather obscure cousin [[Stephen Thomas of Bosnia|Stephen Thomas]], Radivoj's younger brother and likewise an illegitimate son of Ostoja. Tvrtko II maintained himself on the Bosnian throne longer than any of the monarchs who followed Tvrtko I. He also did more to restore royal dignity and centralise the state than any other, leaving a strong mark on Bosnia's politics, economy, and culture.{{sfn|Živković|1981|p=9}}
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| − | === Thomas's reign ===
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| − | Thomas succeeded Tvrtko, but his accession was not recognised by the leading [[magnate]] of Bosnia, Stjepan Vukčić Kosača. The two engaged in a civil war which ended when Thomas repudiated his wife [[Vojača]] and married the insubordinate nobleman's daughter [[Catherine of Bosnia|Catherine]]. Thomas and his second wife, both raised in the [[Bosnian Church]] tradition, converted to [[Roman Catholicism]] and sponsored the construction of churches and monasteries throughout Bosnia.
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| − | Throughout his reign, Thomas waged a war with the [[Serbian Despotate]] over the lucrative mining town of [[Srebrenica]] and its surroundings, in addition to (or in conjunction with) multiple conflicts with his father-in-law. Having failed to expand into [[Croatia proper]], Thomas turned again to the east in 1458, arranging a match between his son [[Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia|Stephen Tomašević]] and the Serbian heiress [[Maria of Serbia, Queen of Bosnia|Helena]]. His control over the remnants of the Serbian Despotate lasted merely a month before the Ottoman conquest of the state. Thomas's failure to defend Serbia permanently damaged his reputation in Europe. Wishing to improve his image among Europe's Catholics, Thomas turned against the Bosnian Church, thus becoming the first ruler of Bosnia to engage in [[religious persecution]].
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| − | ===Ottoman conquest===
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| − | [[File:Stjepan Tomašević.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Stephen Tomašević, the last Bosnian king, on a painting by Venetian painter [[Jacopo Bellini]]]]
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| − | Stephen succeeded his father on the throne following the latter's death in July 1461 and became the first Bosnian king to receive a crown from the [[Holy See]]. Under Stephen, Bosnia was left to fend for itself by other European powers, especially his sovereign [[Matthias Corvinus]], who held nominal rule of Bosnia. It fell in 1463 and became the westernmost province of the [[Ottoman Empire]] as they beheaded Stephen in Carevo polje, [[Jajce]] after the Ottomans [[Siege of Jajce|besieged it]]. After the fall of Bosnia, Catherine escaped to [[Rome]] on horses by fooling the Ottomans over which way she went. She stated that she was leaving the country to see her sons or to the visit the [[Holy See]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}
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| − | The rapid conquest of Bosnia was, despite its inaccessible mountain fortresses, unexpected, but many Bosnians were already aware of the impossible situation. If they were to fall, they preferred the Ottomans to the Hungarians, who they saw as a long-time enemies. They offered their kingdom to Venice in return for aid, but when Venice refused, they preferred to remain under the Ottomans than the Hungarians.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=585}}
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| − | In the south the [[Duchy of Saint Sava]], which seceded from the Kingdom of Bosnia in 1444, held out until 1481, when it was conquered and incorporated into the [[Sanjak of Herzegovina]].
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| − | The important fortress of Jajce was captured by Hungarians under Matthias on 26 December 1463, forming the defensive Banovina of Jajce along with the Banovina of [[Srebrenik]]. Jajce withstood Ottoman attacks until 1527, when it finally surrendered after a decisive Ottoman victory in the [[Battle of Mohács]]. Much of modern northern and western Bosnia and Herzegovina was then incorporated into the Ottoman [[Sanjak of Bosnia]], initially belonging to the [[Rumelia Eyalet]], when in 1580 Bosnian Sanjak became a core province of the newly established [[Bosnia Eyalet|Eyalet of Bosnia]].
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| − | ==Culture and religion==
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| − | [[File:Radimlja,_Nekropola2.JPG|200px|thumb|[[Stećak]] monuments in [[Radimlja]] near [[Stolac]]]]
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| − | [[File:Map_of_Roman_Catholic_monasteries_in_Bosnia_in_the_15th_century.png|200px|thumb|Roman Catholic monasteries in Bosnia in the 15th century]]
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| − | {{Main|Bosnian Church|Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Orthodox Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
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| − | The territory of Bosnia and today's Herzegovina is littered with medieval gravestones called [[stećak]], which first appeared in the middle of the 12th century. They were a tradition among [[Bosnian Church|Bosnian]], [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] Church followers alike.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=487}} While Bosnia had many architecturally impressive stone fortresses, its medieval churches were small, especially compared to Catholic churches along the coast and Orthodox monasteries in neighbouring Serbia,{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=487}} possibly because of the indifference of Bosnian nobles towards formal religion.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=487}}
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| − | Medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina had three [[Christianity|Christian faiths]]: [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] Christians, and some who simply called themselves Bosnians,<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark Pinson|title=The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Their Historic Development from the Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yl3TAkJmztYC&pg=PA4|year=1996|publisher=Harvard CMES|isbn=978-0-932885-12-8|pages=4–}}{{Page range too broad|date=February 2020}}</ref> belonging to the so-called [[Bosnian Church]].<ref name="AU433">{{cite book|author=Florin Curta|title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250|url=https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt|url-access=registration|date=31 August 2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81539-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt/page/433 433]–}}{{Page range too broad|date=February 2020}}</ref> Most information about this church comes from outside sources and its exact nature is a subject of debate, particularly around its possible dualist teachings. It was accused by the Catholic and Orthodox authorities of heresy and being linked to the [[Bogomils]] (Patarenes).<ref name="AU433" /> The Catholic church was slightly more dominant in towns and in the west and north of Bosnia. The Bosnian Church was present in Donji Kraji and the Drina river valley to some extent, but the majority of population remained Catholic, although most of the population was without priests.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=279}} When [[Hrvatinić|Vukosav Hrvatinić]] of Donji Kraji pledged allegiance to [[Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia|Stephen II]] and gained župa Banica and Vrbanja as a result, Bosnian Church officials were present as a guarantee of charter that confirmed those župas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sulejmanagić|first=Amer|date=2012-11-30|title=Coins of Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=280467#page=60|journal=Numizmatičke Vijesti|language=en|volume=54|issue=65|page=55|issn=0546-9422|via=}}</ref>
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| − | The [[Ban (title)|ban]]s and kings of Bosnia were proclaimed Catholics during their reign, except for Ostoja, who showed some interest in the Bosnian Church while he was on the throne.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=281}} There were, however, several important noblemen who were members of the Bosnian Church, called "Krstjani", such as [[Hrvoje Vukčić]], the [[Pavlović noble family#Religion|Radinović-Pavlović]] family, [[Sandalj Hranić]], [[Stjepan_Vukčić_Kosača#Religion|Stjepan Vukčić]], and Paul Klešić. Conversions were sometimes used as a political tool by high-ranking nobles such as Hrvoje Vukčić of Donji Kraji, who converted to Catholicism to obtain lucrative titles, but when faced with difficult odds in 1413 he openly threatened that he would go back to "pagan religion", as the Catholic Church viewed the Bosnian Church as a dualist religion.{{sfn|Ćošković|2005|p=138}} Despite the religious hesitancy of the duke, by his death, the Bosnian Church had lost its foothold in Donji Kraji, since his heirs were increasingly referred to as committed Catholics.{{sfn|Ćošković|2005|p=138}} At the beginning of 15th century, the withdrawal of representatives of the Bosnian Church from political activities in the service of Hrvoje Vukčić allowed members of the Catholic Church to take up those seats, as recorded in a document of Juraj Vojsalić dated 12 August 1434.{{sfn|Ćošković|2005|p=207}}
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| − | It was common for the [[Holy See]] to have Bosnian rulers renounce any relation to the Bosnian Church, or even perform conversions, in return for support. After Stephen Thomas started persecuting Bosnian Church followers, they responded in the traditional stronghold in Visoko and in 1450 demolished the [[Franciscan]] [[monastery]] in [[Mile (Visoko)|Mile]].<ref name="Sarajevu">{{Cite journal|last=Čošković|first=Pejo|date=|title=Pejo Ćošković – Crkva bosanska u XV. stoljeću.|url=https://www.academia.edu/31560898/Pejo_%C4%86o%C5%A1kovi%C4%87_-_Crkva_bosanska_u_XV._stolje%C4%87u|journal=Institut za istoriju, Sarajevo|language=bs|volume=|page=81|via=}}</ref> However, it was quickly rebuilt. Thomas earned the nickname "damned king" for his actions against adherents of the Bosnian Church.<ref name="Sarajevu" /><ref>Okiç, Les Kristians, 128.</ref>
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| − | ==Economy==
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| − | [[File:Herceg Novi - kralj Tvrtko I (cropped).jpg|200px|alt=|right|thumb|King Tvrtko I, statue in [[Herceg Novi]]]]
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| − | Important mining towns like [[Fojnica]], [[Kreševo]], [[Olovo]], [[Srebrenica]], [[Dusina, Fojnica|Dusina]], [[Kamenica (Vogošća)|Kamenica]], and Deževice began to be mentioned in contemporary sources during Tvrtko I's reign. Srebrenica was a very lucrative possession with its silver mines. Caravan trade was frequent between the Republic of Ragusa and Bosnia, and Ragusan merchants had trading colonies in [[Podvisoki]], Fojnica, Srebrenica, Kreševo and others. Economic activity allowed for the creation of new [[župa|župas]] like Nenavište in [[Posavina]] and Trebotić in [[Podrinje]]. [[Via Narenta]] and [[Via Drine]] were economically crucial as they provided access to [[Drijeva]] and [[Dubrovnik]], which in turn provided access to the [[Adriatic Sea]]. In 1382 Tvrtko built a new fortress in the [[Bay of Kotor]] on the Adriatic coast to form the basis of a new [[salt trading]] centre. Initially named after [[Saint Stephen]], the city came to be known as [[Herceg Novi|Novi]] (meaning "new").
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| − | Mining was a major industry in Bosnia. Saxons provided engineering expertise, and the mines were often run by Ragusans. Notable among these Saxon engineers was Hans Sasinović, who together with his brother got the rights for silver mines in Ostružnica and Fojnica.<ref>Михаило Динић, За историју рударства у средњевековној Србији и Босни, I део, САН, Посебна издања 240, Одељење друштвених наука 14, Београд 1955, 8–9.</ref> Most of the silver mines laid in the king's lands, except from Srebrenica, and there was a demand for Bosnian silver products in the cities on the Adriatic. Germans working in Bosnia produced firearms and cannons, making it one of the first inland Balkan countries to do so.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=487}}
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| − | [[Vlachs in medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina|Vlachs in medieval Bosnia]] carried much of the traffic between inland and coastal cities. With their caravans, led by ''kramar'',{{sfn|Vego|1957|p=129}} mostly composed of 10 to 100 horses, they conducted much of the trade between inland and coastal cities.{{sfn|Vego|1957|p=128}}{{sfn|Malcolm|1994}}{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}} A particularly large caravan trade happened on 9 August 1428 between Podvisoki and Ragusa, when [[Vlachs]] committed to Ragusan lord Tomo Bunić that they would deliver 1500 [[Ancient Roman units of measurement#Dry measure|modius]] of [[salt]] on 600 horses.<ref>"Crainich Miochouich et Stiepanus Glegieuich ad meliustenendem super se et omnia eorum bona se obligando promiserunt ser Thome de Bona presenti et acceptanti conducere et salauum dare in Souisochi in Bosna Dobrassino Veselcouich nomine dicti ser Thome modia salis mille quingenta super equis siue salmis sexcentis. Et dicto sale conducto et presentato suprascripto Dobrassino in Souisochi medietatem illius salis dare et mensuratum consignare dicto Dobrassino. Et aliam medietatem pro eorum mercede conducenda dictum salem pro ipsius conductoribus retinere et habere. Promittentes vicissim omnia et singularia suprascripta firma et rata habere et tenere ut supra sub obligatione omnium suorum bonorum. Renuntiando" (9 August 1428), State archive, Ragusa Republic, Series: Diversa Cancellariae, Number: XLV, Foil: 31 verso.</ref> At the end of the 14th century, merchants from Podvisoki took part in the [[History of slavery|slave trade]]. For example, on November 1389 Bogovac Vukojević sold the small boy Milko for 4 [[ducat]]s.<ref>"Ego quidem Bogaueç Vochoeuich Bossinensis de Souisochi confiteor quod sponte et ex certa scientia dedi, vendidi et tradidi magistro Johanni condam magistri Marchi de Papia unum meum seruum puerulum etatis annorum nouem vel circha nomine Milcho de genere et nactione Bossinensium, pro precio ducatorum auri quatuor, quos confiteor integre recepisse" (9 November 1389), State archive Ragusa Republic, Series: Diversa Notariae, Number: X, Foil: 77.</ref>
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| − | In the twilight years of the Kingdom of Bosnia, Thomas engaged in vigorous commerce and made business deals with Dalmatian traders. He relied heavily on his silver mining, but profited most from his salt trade monopolies.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=292}}{{sfn|Ćošković|2009|p=}}{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}} Sultan [[Mehmed the Conqueror|Mehmed]] started exerting even greater pressure on Bosnia. In addition to financial extortion, Bosnia under Thomas was now forbidden to export silver, which Mehmed claimed for himself, crippling of the Bosnian economy.{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=312}} Thomas's successor Stephen Tomašević tried to improve the situation, and the economy became stronger than ever during his reign, collecting more profit from the flourishing metalworking trade.{{sfn|Ljubez|2009|p=149}}{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}}
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| − | The most important customs posts were in [[Drijeva]], Vrabač, Deževice, Podvisoki, [[Trebinje]], [[Foča]], [[Goražde]], Borač, [[Višegrad]], Olovo, and Srebrenica. Customs collection was overseen by [[protovestiarios]], who were often Ragusan citizens.
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| − | ==List of rulers==
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| − | {{See also|List of rulers of Bosnia}}
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| − | {{History of Bosnia}}
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| − | | |
| − | * [[Tvrtko I of Bosnia|Tvrtko I]] (1377–1391)
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| − | * [[Dabiša of Bosnia|Stephen Dabiša]] (1391–1395)
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| − | * [[Helen of Bosnia|Helen]] (1395–1398)
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| − | * [[Ostoja of Bosnia|Stephen Ostoja]] (1398–1404; 1409–1418)
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| − | * [[Tvrtko II]] (1404–1409; 1421–1433)
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| − | * [[Stephen Ostojić of Bosnia|Stephen Ostojić]] (1418–1420)
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| − | ** ''[[Radivoj of Bosnia|Radivoj]] (1421–1433)''
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| − | * [[Thomas of Bosnia|Stephen Thomas]] (1435–1461)
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| − | * [[Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia|Stephen Tomašević]] (1461–1463)
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| − | | |
| − | === Queens ===
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| − | * [[Dorothea of Bulgaria]] (1377–?), wife of Tvrtko I.
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| − | * [[Helen of Bosnia|Helen]] (1391–1395), wife of Stephen Dabiša.
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| − | * [[Vitača]], first wife of Stephen Ostoja.
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| − | * [[Kujava Radenović]] (1399–1415), second wife of Stephen Ostoja.
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| − | * [[Jelena Nelipčić]] (1416–1418), third wife of Stephen Ostoja, former wife of [[Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić]].
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| − | * [[Doroteja Gorjanska|Dorothy Garai]], wife of Tvrtko II.
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| − | * [[Vojača]] (1443–1445), wife of Stephen Thomas.
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| − | * [[Catherine of Bosnia|Catherine]] (1446–1461), wife of Stephen Thomas.
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| − | * [[Maria of Serbia, Queen of Bosnia|Maria of Serbia]] (1461–1463), wife of Stephen Tomašević.
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| − | | |
| − | ==Sources ==
| |
| − | {{Refbegin|2}}
| |
| − | * {{Cite book|url=|title=Srednjovjekovna Bosna|last=Klaić|first=Nada|date=1994|publisher=Eminex|location=Zagreb|ref=harv|authorlink=Nada Klaić|orig-year=1994}}
| |
| − | *{{Cite book|title=Историја средњовековне босанске државе|last=Ćirković|first=Sima|publisher=Srpska književna zadruga|year=1964|isbn=|language=Serbo-Croatian|ref=harv|author-link=Sima Ćirković}}
| |
| − | *{{cite book|title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp, Jr.|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=1994|isbn=0-472-08260-4|location=Michigan|ref=harv|author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr.}}
| |
| − | *{{Cite book|title=Anđelić, Pavao, Krunidbena i grobna crkva bosanskih vladara u Milima (Arnautovićima) kod Visokog" 183–247.|last=Anđelić|first=Pavao|publisher=Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja XXXIV/1979., Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo, 1980|year=1980|isbn=|language=Serbo-Croatian|ref=harv|author-link=Pavao Anđelić}}{{clarify|reason=this citation needs to be cleaned up; it has extra numbers in fields that probably should not have numbers|date=February 2020}}
| |
| − | *''Vojna enciklopedija'' (1970–76), 10 volumes, Vojno izdavački zavod Beograd, book 3, pp. 798–799, article ''Jajce'' (in Serbo-Croatian)
| |
| − | *{{Cite book|title=Naselja bosanske srednjovjekovne države|last=Vego|first=Marko|date=1957|publisher=Svjetlost|location=Sarajevo|pages=127–129|language=Serbo-Croatian|author-link=Marko Vego|ref=harv}}
| |
| − | *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bosniashorthisto00malc|title=Bosnia: A Short History (Vlachs in Bosnia)|last=Malcom|first=Noel|publisher=New York University Press|others=Reprinted by permission of the author and New York University Press|year=1994|isbn=9780814755204|author-link=Noel Malcolm|url-access=registration}}
| |
| − | *{{cite book
| |
| − | |title=Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina
| |
| − | |first=Mitja
| |
| − | |last=Velikonja
| |
| − | |publisher=Texas A&M University Press
| |
| − | |year=2003
| |
| − | |isbn=1-58544-226-7
| |
| − | |url=https://archive.org/details/religiousseparat0000veli
| |
| − | |url-access=registration
| |
| − | |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | *{{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Bataković|first=Dušan T.|title=The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3xpAAAAMAAJ|date=1996|publisher=Dialogue Association}}
| |
| − | *{{Cite book|ref=|last=Kovačević Kojić|first=Desanka|title=Trgovina u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni|url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=F5GXAQAACAAJ|date=1961|publisher=Naučno društvo NR Bosne i Hercegovine, 1961|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}
| |
| − | *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=7sFpAAAAMAAJ|title=Postanak srednjovjekovne bosanske države|last=Vego|first=Marko|publisher=Svjetlost|year=1982|isbn=|location=Sarajevo|pages=|ref=harv}}
| |
| − | *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.ba/books/about/?id=PyzYAAAAMAAJ|title=Crkva Bosanska U XV Stoljeću|last=Ćošković|first=Pejo|publisher=Institut za itoriju|year=2005|isbn=|location=Sarajevo|pages=|ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book | last=Živković| first=Pavo| title=Tvrtko II Tvrtković: Bosna u prvoj polovini xv stoljeća| publisher=Institut za istoriju| location=Sarajevo| year=1981| isbn=0-472-08260-4 |language=Serbo-Croatian|ref=harv}}
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| − | | |
| − | {{refend}}
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| − | | |
| − | ==References==
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| − | {{reflist}}
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| − | | |
| − | ==External links==
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| − | *[https://archive.org/stream/monumentaserbic00miklgoog#page/n24/mode/1up F. Miklosich, Monumenta serbica spectantia historiam Serbiae, Bosnae, Ragusii, Viennae 1858, pp. 1–2]
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| − | | |
| − | {{Middle Ages by region}}
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| − | {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}
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| − | {{coord missing|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
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| − | | |
| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Kingdom Of Bosnia}}
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| − | [[Category:Kingdom of Bosnia| ]]
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| − | [[Category:14th century in Bosnia]]
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| − | [[Category:15th century in Bosnia]]
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| − | [[Category:Former Slavic countries]]
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| − | [[Category:Former kingdoms|Bosnia]]
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| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | [[Kategoria:Historia Bośni i Hercegowiny]]
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| − | [[Kategoria:Monarchie]]
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| − | [[Kategoria:Państwa historyczne w Europie|Bośnia]]
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| − | [[Kategoria:Importowane]] | |
