Etelköz

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Plik:Picta.jpg Álmos depicted in the Illuminated Chronicle: he was the first head of the federation of the Magyar tribes, according to the Hungarian chronicles Constantine Porphyrogenitus identified Etelköz with the lands where the rivers "Barouch", "Koubou", "Troullos", "Broutos", and "Seretos" run.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} The identification of the last three rivers with the Dniester, the Prut, and the Siret is without debate, but the traditional identification of the Barouch with the Dnieper and the Koubou with the Southern Bug is refuted by Spinei.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} Al-Jayhani wrote that the Magyars' territory was located between two rivers named "tl" and "dwb" in the 870s.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} According to modern scholars, tl may refer to the Volga, the Don, or the Dnieper; dwb is identified as the Danube.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} According to the Gesta Hungarorum, the Magyars lived in "Scythia" or "Dentumoger"; the latter name, which refers to the Don River, suggests the Magyars inhabited the eastern regions of the Pontic steppes, according to Spinei.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} The Khazar Khagan sent his envoys to the Magyars shortly after they fled from Levedia and settled in Etelköz, according to Porphyrogenitus. The Khagan invited Levedi to a meeting, proposing to make Levedi the supreme head of the confederation of the Magyar tribes in exchange for the acceptance of his suzerainty.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} Instead of accepting the offer, Levedi suggested the new rank should be offered to another voivode, Álmos, or the latter's son, Árpád.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} The Khagan accepted Levedi's proposal and upon his demand the Magyar chiefs proclaimed Árpád their head.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} According to Kristó and Spinei, Porphyrogenitus' report preserved the memory of the creation of a central office within the federation of the Magyar tribes.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} Róna-Tas says the story relates only a "change of dynasty"; the fall of Levedi's family and the emergence of the Árpád dynasty.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} In contrast with Porphyrogenitus's story, the Gesta Hungarorum says it was not Árpád, but his father who was elected the first supreme prince of the Magyars.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} According to Muslim scholars, the Magyars had two supreme leaders, the kende and the gyula, the latter being their ruler in the 870s.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} Their report implies the Khagan granted a Khazar title to the head of the federation of the Magyar tribes; Ibn Fadlan recorded that the third Khazar dignitary was styled kündür in the 920s.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} The Muslim scholar's report also implies the Magyars adopted the Khazar system of "dual kingship", whereby supreme power was divided between a sacred ruler (the kende) and a military leader (the gyula).{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} Pomiędzy krajem [Pieczyngów] a krajem Iskil, który należy do [Wołgi Bułgarów], leży pierwsza z granic w Madziarach. ... Ich wódz jedzie na czele 20 000 jeźdźców. Nazywa się „kundah”, ale ten, który faktycznie nimi rządzi, nazywany jest „jilah”. Wszyscy Madziarowie są bezwarunkowo posłuszni temu władcy w wojnach o obrazę i obronę. ... Ich terytorium jest rozległe, rozciągające się aż do Morza Czarnego, do którego wpływają dwie rzeki, jedna większa niż Oxus. Ich kempingi znajdują się pomiędzy tymi dwoma rzekami. | Ibn Rusta: Na Madziarach }} Between the country of the [Pechenegs] and the country of the Iskil, which belongs to the [Volga Bulgars], lies the first of the Magyar frontiers. ... Their chief rides at the head of 20,000 horsemen. He is named kundah, but the one who actually rules them is called jilah. All the Magyars implicitly obey this ruler in wars of offence and defence. ... Their territory is vast, extending to the Black Sea, into which two rivers flow, one larger than the Oxus. Their campsites are located between these two rivers.|Ibn Rusta: On the Magyars}} Plik:Arpad Kepes Kronika.jpg Álmos's son, Árpád, depicted in the Illuminated Chronicle: he was the first head of the federation of the Magyar tribes, according to the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus Porphyrogenitus wrote that the Kabars – a group of Khazars who rebelled against the Khagan – joined the Magyars in Etelköz at an unspecified time,{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} suggesting that the Magyars had got rid of the Khagan's suzerainty.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} The Kabars were organized into three tribes, but a single chieftain commanded them.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} Porphyrogenitus also wrote that the Kabars "were promoted to be first" tribe, because they showed themselves "the strongest and most valorous" of the tribes.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} Accordingly, the Kabars formed the Magyars' vanguard, because nomadic peoples always placed the associated tribes in the most vulnerable position.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} Ibn Rusta wrote that the Magyars subjected the neighboring Slavic peoples, imposing "a heavy tribute on them" and treating them as prisoners.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} The Magyars also "made piratical raids on the Slavs" and sold those captured during these raids to the Byzantines in Kerch on the Crimean peninsula.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} A band of Magyar warriors attacked the future Saint Cyril the Philosopher "howling like wolves and wishing to kill him" in the steppes near the Crimea, according to the saint's legend.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} However, Cyril convinced them to "release him and his entire retinue in peace".{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} The inhabitants of the regions along the left bank of the Dniester – whom the Russian Primary Chronicle identified as Tivertsi – fortified their settlements in the second half of the 9th century, which seems to be connected to the Magyars' presence.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} A plundering raid in East Francia in 862 was the Magyars' first recorded military expedition in Central Europe.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} This raid may have been initiated by Rastislav of Moravia, who was at war with Louis the German, according to Róna-Tas and Spinei.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} The longer version of the Annals of Salzburg said the Magyars returned to East Francia and ransacked the region of Vienna in 881.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} The same source separately mentioned the Cowari, or Kabars, plundering the region of Kulmberg or Kollmitz in the same year, showing that the Kabars formed a distinct group.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} In the early 880s, a "king" of the Magyars had an amicable meeting with Methodius, Archbishop of Moravia, who was returning from Constantinople to Moravia, according to Methodius' legend.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} Kiedy król Węgier przybył na ziemie naddunajskie, Metody chciał się z nim zobaczyć. I chociaż niektórzy zakładali i mówili: „Nie uniknie męki”, Metody udał się do [króla]. I jak przystało na władcę, [król] przyjął [Metodego] z czcią, powagą i radością. Po rozmowie z [Metodym], jak przystoi takim ludziom, [król] odprawił [Metodego] uściskiem i wieloma darami. Całując go [król] powiedział: „Czcigodny Ojcze, pamiętaj o mnie zawsze w swoich świętych modlitwach.” | Życie Metodego }} When the King of Hungary came to the lands of the Danube, Methodius wished to see him. And though some were assuming and saying: "He will not escape torment," Methodius went to [the king]. And as befits a sovereign, [the king] received [Methodius] with honor, solemnity, and joy. Having conversed with [Methodius] as befits such men to converse, [the king] dismissed [Methodius] with an embrace and many gifts. Kissing him, [the king] said: "O venerable Father, remember me always in your holy prayers."|The Life of Methodius}} Further reading Bowlus, Charles R. (1994). Franks, Moravians and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788–907. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3276-3. Makkai, László (1994). "The Hungarians' prehistory, their conquest of Hungary and their raids to the West to 955". In Sugar, Peter F.; Hanák, Péter; Frank, Tibor (eds.). A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. pp. 8–14. ISBN 0-253-35578-8. External links Hofer, Tamás (Fall 1996). "Ethnography and Hungarian Prehistory (Edited version of a lecture held at the conference "Ethnography and Prehistory," organized by the Hungarian Prehistoric Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences on December 5, 1995)". Budapesti Könyvszemle – BUKSZ. Retrieved 9 December 2014.