Węgierski rajd na Hiszpanię

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Map of the Hungarian invasions of Europe. Spain is on the lower left corner. Węgierskie najazdy na Europę Południowy Bug (896)  ♦  Brenta (899)  ♦  Pozsonyi (907)  ♦  Eisenach (908)  ♦  Lechfeld (910)  ♦  Rednit (910)  ♦  Aschbach (913)  ♦  Anchialos (917)  ♦  Püchen (919)  ♦  Bitwa nad Drawą (925 (?))  ♦  Riade (933)  ♦  W.l.n.d.r (934)  ♦  Fraxinet (942)  ♦  Hiszpania (942)  ♦  Wels (943)  ♦  Augsburg (955)  ♦  Bitwa nad Driną (ok.960)  ♦  Syrmia (ok.960)  ♦  Wojna bułgarsko-węgierska (880–1380)  ♦  Arcadiopolis (970) Węgierski nalot na Hiszpanię miał miejsce w lipcu 942 r. Był to najdalej na zachód od napadniętych Węgrów w okresie ich migracji do Europy Środkowej; chociaż podczas wielkiego nalotu w latach 924–25 Węgrzy splądrowali Nîmes i być może dotarli aż do Pirenejów. A Hungarian raid in Spain took place in July 942. This was the furthest west the Hungarians raided during the period of their migration into central Europe; although, in a great raid of 924–25, the Hungarians sacked Nîmes and may have got as far as the Pyrenees.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} Jedyną współczesną wzmianką o Węgrach przekraczających Pireneje do Hiszpanii jest al-Maʿsūdī, który napisał, że „ich naloty rozciągają się na ziemie Rzymu i prawie do Hiszpanii”. Sablon: Sfn Jedyny szczegółowy opis nalotu z 942 roku został zachowany przez Ibn Ḥayyāna w jego Kitāb al-Muqtabis fī tarīkh al-Andalus (Ten, który szuka wiedzy o historii al-Andalus), która została ukończona na krótko przed jego śmiercią w 1076 r. Jego relacja o Węgrach opiera się na utraconej dziesiątce Źródło: Sablon: Sfn Według Ibn Ḥayyāna węgierska grupa najazdowa przeszła przez Królestwo Longobardów (północne Włochy), a następnie przez południową Francję, walcząc po drodze. Następnie najechali Thaghr al-Aqṣā („Najdalszy Marsz”), północno-zachodnią prowincję graniczną kalifatu Kordoby. 7 lipca 942 r. Główna armia rozpoczęła oblężenie Lleidy. Wszystkie miasta Lleida, Huesca i Barbastro były rządzone przez członków rodziny Banū aṭ-Ṭawīl. Dwoma pierwszymi rządził Mūsa ibn Muhammad, podczas gdy Barbastro był pod kontrolą jego brata Yaḥyā ibn Munammada. Oblegając Lleidę, węgierska kawaleria napadła aż do Huesca i Barbastro, gdzie 9 lipca zajęła Yaḥyę. The only contemporary reference to the Hungarians crossing the Pyrenees into Spain is in al-Maʿsūdī, who wrote that "their raids extend to the lands of Rome and almost as far as Spain".{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} The only detailed description of the raid of 942 was preserved by Ibn Ḥayyān in his Kitāb al-Muqtabis fī tarīkh al-Andalus (He Who Seeks Knowledge About the History of al-Andalus), which was finished shortly before his death in 1076. His account of the Hungarians relies on a lost tenth-century source.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} According to Ibn Ḥayyān, the Hungarian raiding party passed through the Kingdom of the Lombards (northern Italy) and then through southern France, skirmishing along the way. They then invaded Thaghr al-Aqṣā ("Furthest March"), the northwestern frontier province of the Caliphate of Córdoba. On 7 July 942, the main army began the siege of Lleida (Lérida). The cities of Lleida, Huesca and Barbastro were all ruled by members of the Banū aṭ-Ṭawīl family. The first two were ruled by Mūsa ibn Muḥammad, while Barbastro was under the control of his brother, Yaḥyā ibn Muḥammad. While besieging Lleida, the Hungarian cavalry raided as far as Huesca and Barbastro, where they captured Yaḥyā in a skirmish on 9 July. The one who reported their matters said that their land is in the far east, and that the Pechenegs neighbour them to the east, that the land of Rome is in the direction of Mecca from them, and that the land of Constantinople is a little bit off to the east from them. To their north is the city of Moravia and the other cities of the Slavs. To the west of them are the Saxons and the Franks. To get to the land of Andalusia they traversed a long distance [a part of which is] desert ... Their way during their march crossed Lombardy, which borders them. There is a distance of eight days between them and Lombardy. Their dwelling places are on the Danube River and they are nomads as the Arabs without towns and houses living in felt tents in scattered halting-places ...Szablon:EfnSzablon:Efn proceeding from the Frankish country, after defeating whomever they found during their passage, attaining the height before Lérida, at the extreme end of the March, on Thursday, ten nights remaining in the month of sawwal; the advances of their cavalry put them in the plain of the valley of Ena, Cerratania and the city of Huesca; and on Saturday, the third day of their encampment, they made captive Yaḥyā ibn Muḥammad ibn aṭ-Ṭawīl, lord of Barbastro.Szablon:Efn Ibn Ḥayyān also names seven Hungarian "leaders"—the word amīr being a generic term for a ruler or governor: "They possessed seven chieftains. Among these the greatest in dignity was called Djila. Ecser followed him, after him Bulcsudi, then Bašman, Alpár, Glad and lastly Harhadi."{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}Szablon:Efn It has been proposed that these were the commanders of the seven contingents that made up the invading army,{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} but it is far more likely that Ibn Ḥayyān is merely recording the seven chieftains of the Hungarian tribes. He is perhaps relying on a Byzantine source.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} In later tradition, Alpár and Glad were remembered as defeated enemies of the Hungarians. György Györffy argues that a "reshuffling of power" after 942 caused them to be remembered this way.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} Błąd przy generowaniu miniatury: The Hungarian campaign in Italy, Burgundy, Southern France and Spain in 942. The information about the location of Hungary, its leaders and the route of the invading army may have come from five captured Hungarians who, according to Ibn Ḥayyān, converted to Islam and were incorporated into the caliphal guard. Yaḥyā paid a large ransom and was released on 27 July. He subsequently went to Córdoba to do homage to Caliph ʿAbd ar-Rahmān III an-Nasir: Afterwards they [the captives] became Muslims and he included them in his service. From far Tortosa came notice on the first day of the month of muḥarram the following year 331Szablon:Efn [14 September 942] of the rescue of Yaḥyā ibn Muḥammad ibn aṭ-Ṭawīl from the hands of these Turks through a large sum that he paid them, with which God relieved his situation on Wednesday, the tenth of ḏū l-qaʿdah [27 July 942], [after which] he went to the capital to renew his homage to an-Nasir.Szablon:Efn Lacking food stores and finding insufficient forage, the Hungarians retired after a few days. According to Ibn Ḥayyān, it was the news of the raids and the fear they spread among Muslims that inspired King Ramiro II of León to repudiate the treaty he had made with the caliph the year before (941):{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} When the enemy of God, Ramiro Ordóñez, learned of the appearance of the Turks in the march of Lérida and of the fear of the Muslims of that region, he endeavoured to profit—violating the promises that he had solemnly sworn before the bishops and monks, [thus] limiting the pretexts he could have before the dignitaries of his own religion—by sending the lord of Castile [Qaštlīya], Fernán González [Ibn Gundišalb], with a trained army in support of his son-in-law, García Sánchez, lord of Pamplona, in the war against the Muslims.Szablon:Efn In fact, Count Fernán González, who commanded the border region of Castile, was cooperating with King García Sánchez I of Pamplona in the latter's war with the Caliphate as early as April, months before the Hungarians' arrival. Ramiro's real motivation was probably to prevent a loss of face, since he was married to Urraca, García's sister.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} Sometime between 939 and 943, Ermengol, the eldest son of Sunyer, Count of Barcelona, "died in battle at Baltarga childless" (apud Baltargam bello interfectus sine filio) according to the 12th-century Gesta Comitum Barchinonensium. The historian Albert Benet i Clará has suggested that this battle, which is otherwise unknown, must have been against the Hungarians.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} Notes Citations {{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Reflist with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | colwidth | group | liststyle | refs }} Bibliography Bakay, Kornél (2000). "Hungary". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, c.900–c.1024. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 536–552. ISBN 9781139055727. Benet i Clará, Albert (1982). 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