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| − | |strona = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Pannonia
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| − | [[File:Central_Europe_in_Carolingian_times.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Map of Carolingian Empire showing location of Pannonian March.]]
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| − | The '''Eastern March''' ({{lang-la|marcha orientalis}}) or '''March of Pannonia''' was a [[March (territory)|frontier march]] of the [[Carolingian Empire]], named after the former Roman province of ''[[Pannonia (Roman province)|Pannonia]]''. It was erected in the mid-ninth century in the lands of the former [[Avar Khaganate]] against the threat of [[Great Moravia]] and lasted only as long as the strength of that state. It was referred to in some documents as ''terminum regni Baioariorum in Oriente'' or "the end of the kingdom of the Bavarians in the east" and from this is sometimes called the "(Bavarian) eastern march," a term more commonly used to refer to the later [[Margraviate of Austria]], established in 976 as a sort of late successor state. The East Frankish rulers appointed margraves (prefects) to govern the March.
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| − | ==History==
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| − | [[Charlemagne]], temporarily allied with Khan [[Krum]] of [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]], from 791 onwards had launched several military campaigns against the [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]] and had established the [[Avar March]] (''Avaria'') on the southeastern frontier of his realm, ruled by his brother-in-law Prefect [[Gerold, Prefect of Bavaria|Gerold of Bavaria]]. When the Avar Khaganate finally collapsed in 804, Emperor Charlemagne re-arranged ''Avaria'' into:
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| − | * [[Upper Pannonia (9th century)|Upper Pannonia]], stretching from the [[Enns (river)|Enns]] River and the [[Vienna Woods]] in the north down to the [[Drava]] River in the south which became the [[Balaton Principality]], and
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| − | * [[Lower Pannonia (9th century)|Lower Pannonia]], between the Drava and [[Sava]] rivers (present-day [[Slavonia]] and western [[Vojvodina]]), initially ruled by semi-autonomous [[Duchy of Pannonian Croatia|Dukes of Pannonia]] seated at [[Sisak]], as vassals of the Frankish [[Dukes and margraves of Friuli|Dukes of Friuli]].
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| − | The eastern part of the former Khaganate between the [[Danube]] and [[Tisza]] Rivers was occupied by the Bulgars.
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| − | In 817 Emperor [[Louis the Pious]] granted Bavaria with ''Avaria'' to his minor son [[Louis the German]]. When the Avars disappeared in the 820s, they were replaced largely by [[West Slavs]], who settled Pannonia from the state of [[Great Moravia]].{{cn|date=December 2015}} From 819 Lower Pannonia was the site of a rebellion led by Duke [[Ljudevit Posavski]] against the rule of Duke [[Cadolah of Friuli]] and his successor [[Baldric of Friuli|Baldric]].
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| − | By resolution of an 828 [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]], Baldric of Friuli was deposed and the March of Pannonia was set apart as a frontier march against Moravia within the Frankish ''regnum'' of Bavaria. This march, already called ''marcha orientalis'', corresponded to a frontier along the [[Danube]], from the Traungau and the former Slavic principality of [[Carantania]] to [[Szombathely]] and the [[Rába]] River including the [[Vienna basin]]. The Bavarian prefects had to face the rising threat by the Moravian ruler [[Mojmir I of Moravia|Mojmir I]], who pursued separatist policies in the Eastern March. In turn, King Louis the German had the Slavic [[Lower Pannonia (9th century)|Duchy of Lower Pannonia]] established in 839, ruled by Mojmir's opponent Prince [[Pribina]] with his residence at [[Zalavár]] on [[Lake Balaton]]. By the 843 [[Treaty of Verdun]], the Pannonian march together with Bavaria became part of Louis' kingdom of [[East Francia]]. Meanwhile the Moravian threat continued; in 854 Prefect Radbod was even accused of having forged an alliance with Mojmir's successor Prince [[Rastislav of Moravia|Rastislav]] and deposed.
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| − | Two years later, King Louis ceded the march directly to his son [[Carloman of Bavaria]], who had the fortifications of [[Herzogenburg]] and [[Wilhelmsburg, Austria|Wilhelmsburg]] erected along the [[Traisen (river)|Traisen]] River by the [[Wilhelminers|Wilhelminer]] margraves [[William (marcha orientalis)|William]] and [[Engelschalk I]]. Likewise, the castle of [[Tulln an der Donau|Tulln]] on the Danube is documented in 859. In 871 William and Engelschalk died in battle against the Moravians, whereafter Carloman vested their rival [[Aribo of Austria]] with Upper Pannonia. When his father Louis died in 876, Carloman succeeded him as East Frankish king and gave Lower Pannonia to his son [[Arnulf of Carinthia]]. From 882, the rule was enfeebled by the [[Wilhelminer War]] of Margrave [[Engelschalk II]] against the [[Aribonids]], whereafter Prince [[Svatopluk I of Moravia]] took the occasion to invade the Pannonian lands. In 893 Arnulf, East Frankish king since 887, installed Margrave [[Luitpold, Margrave of Bavaria|Luitpold]].
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| − | By the 890s, the Pannonian march seems to have disappeared, along with the threat from Great Moravia, during the [[Hungarian invasions of Europe]]. Upon the defeat of Margrave Luitpold at the 907 [[Battle of Pressburg]], all East Frankish lands beyond the Enns river were lost. The Pannonian march itself does not appear to have survived into the eleventh century.
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| − | ==Margraves==
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| − | {{incomplete list|date=January 2016}}
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| − | *[[Radbod (prefect)|Radbod]], ''prefect'' or margrave of the Eastern March or Pannonia, 833–854
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| − | *[[Carloman of Bavaria]], from 856
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| − | **[[William (marcha orientalis)|William]], until 871, jointly with his brother
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| − | **[[Engelschalk I]], until 871
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| − | *[[Aribo of Austria|Aribo]], 871–909
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| − | **[[Engelschalk II]], son of Engelschalk I, in opposition to Aribo until 893
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| − | **[[Luitpold, Margrave of Bavaria|Luitpold]], 893–907
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| − | ==Sources==
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| − | *[[Timothy Reuter|Reuter, Timothy]]. ''Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056''. New York: Longman, 1991.
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| − | *Medieval Lands Project: [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/AUSTRIA.htm Nobility of Austria].
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| − | [[Category:Carolingian marches]]
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| − | [[Category:Marches of the Holy Roman Empire|Pannonia]]
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| − | [[Category:Medieval Austria]]
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