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| − | {{Uwaga|
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| − | |strona = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Drava_River
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| − | |autorzy = https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Drava_River&action=history
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| − | |nota = angielski
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| − | {{Infobox military conflict
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| − | |image=Magyarok-Bejovetele-ChroniconPictum.jpg
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| − | |image_size=250
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| − | |caption=''Scenes of the settlement of Hungarians in the [[Pannonian Plain]] - from ''[[Chronicon Pictum]]'' (14th century)''
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| − | |conflict=Battle of Drava River
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| − | |partof=the Croatian–Hungarian Wars during the [[Hungarian invasions of Europe]]
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| − | |date=unknown (925?)
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| − | |place=Right bank of the [[Drava]] River, medieval [[Slavonia]] (former [[Principality of Pannonian Croatia]])
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| − | |result=Decisive Croatian victory
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| − | |combatant1=[[Duchy of Croatia]]
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| − | |combatant2=[[Principality of Hungary]]
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| − | |commander1=[[Tomislav of Croatia]]
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| − | |commander2=[[Zoltán of Hungary]]
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| − | |strength1=unknown
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| − | |strength2=unknown
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| − | |casualties1=unknown
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| − | |casualties2=unknown
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| − | }}
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| − | {{Campaignbox Hungarian invasions of Europe}}
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| − | [[File:Europe around 900.jpg|thumb|305px|Croatia on the map of Europe around 900.]]
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| − | [[File:Balkans925.png|thumb|230px|Extended borders of Croatia around 925. after the battle of Drava.]]
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| − | The '''Battle of Drava River''' was fought between the army of [[Tomislav of Croatia]] and the forces of [[Principality of Hungary|Hungarian]] tribes led by [[Grand Prince of the Hungarians|Grand Prince]] [[Zoltán of Hungary|Zoltán]], the youngest son of [[Árpád]], founder of the [[Árpád dynasty]].
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| − | According to the ''[[Chronicle of the Priest of Dioclea]]'' from the late 12th century, [[Tomislav of Croatia]] defeated the [[Hungarians]] in battle.<ref name="Curta">Florin Curta, Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 193, {{ISBN|978-0521815390}}</ref> Others question the reliability of this account, because there is no proof for this interpretation in other records.<ref name="Curta"/>
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| − | The exact place and time of the battle is not known, but very few remaining medieval sources{{which|date=October 2015}} suggest that the clash took place on the right bank of the [[Drava]] River in medieval [[Slavonia]] ({{lang-la| Sclavonia}}) or former [[Principality of Pannonian Croatia]] respectively, in 925. Slavonia should have been an integral part of the medieval Croatian state if the battle had happened, however according to the Byzantine ruler [[Constantine Porphyrogenitus]] it was under Hungarian control.<ref name="Curta"/>
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| − | The battle was followed by the unification of [[Principality of Littoral Croatia|Littoral Croatia]] and the territory of [[Principality of Pannonian Croatia|Pannonian Croatia]].
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| − | ==Background, battle and consequences==
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| − | {{Unreferenced section|date=November 2012}}
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| − | Having arrived in the [[Pannonian Plain]] by the end of the 9th century and conquering the people living north of the Drava River, [[Hungarians]] intensified their fast looting raids across continental Europe. They started occasionally to perform devastating raids and military campaigns to the south as well, across the Drava river, to the territory of the [[Principality of Pannonian Croatia]]. They succeeded in defeating the Principality's last known ruler [[Braslav of Pannonian Croatia|Braslav]] (ruled in 880–898/900), who was vassalaged to the Kingdom of East Francia. Somewhere at the beginning of the 10th century, Hungarians went further south and attacked the [[Duchy of Croatia]], then ruled by [[Muncimir of Croatia|Muncimir]] (892–910) and his successor [[Tomislav of Croatia|Tomislav]] (910–928), two [[Knez (title)|Knezes (Princes or Dukes)]] from the [[House of Trpimirović]].
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| − | Tomislav undertook measures to prevent Hungarian incursions, mobilizing his army, [[Military deployment|deploying]] to the north and carrying out the military actions to fight the enemy. According to meager medieval sources, the decisive battle took place in an undefined area of the right, southern bank of the [[Drava]] River. Historians have come to such conclusion on the basis of the following sources: [[Chronicle of the Priest of Dioclea]] from the 12th century (Chapter XII: ''„... King Tomislav, brave young man and powerful warrior, ... fought many wars with the Hungarian king and always forced him to flee...“''), [[De Administrando Imperio]] from the 10th century, [[Gesta Hungarorum]] from the 12th century and [[Historia Salonitana]] from the 13th century.
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| − | There are no contemporary accounts of the battle. In „De Administrando Imperio“, written a few decades after the battle by [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus]], there are more data about another battle Tomislav of Croatia fought, the [[Battle of the Bosnian Highlands]], against the army of the mighty [[Bulgarian Empire]] in 927, which resulted in Croatian decisive victory. Together with Constantine's assertion that Tomislav was able to field an army of 100,000 foot soldiers and 60,000 horse soldiers (which numbers are disputed though), it shows, however, the strength and capability of the Croatian army, able to reject Hungarians. According to the [[Palaeography|palaeographic]] analysis of the original manuscript of ''DAI'', assumed number of inhabitants in medieval Croatia estimated between 440,000 and 880,000 people, and military numbers of Franks and Byzantines, the military force was most probably composed of 20,000-100,000 infantrymen, and 3,000-24,000 horsemen organized in 60 [[allagion]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vedriš |first=Trpimir |date=2007 |title=Povodom novog tumačenja vijesti Konstantina VII. Porfirogeneta o snazi hrvatske vojske |trans-title=On the occasion of the new interpretation of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus'report concerning the strength of the Croatian army |url=https://www.academia.edu/34978219/Povodom_novog_tuma%C4%8Denja_vijesti_Konstantina_VII._Porfirogeneta_o_snazi_hrvatske_vojske_On_the_Occasion_of_the_New_Interpretation_of_Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus_News_about_the_Strength_of_the_Croatian_Army_Historijski_zbornik_60_2007_1-33_in_Croatian_ |language=hr |journal=Historijski zbornik |volume=60 |pages=1–33 |access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Neven |last=Budak |year=2018 |title=Hrvatska povijest od 550. do 1100. |trans-title=Croatian history from 550 until 1100 |url=http://www.leykam-international.hr/publikacija.php?id=167 |publisher=Leykam international |isbn=978-953-340-061-7| ref=harv |pages=223–224}}</ref>
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| − | After the battle, Tomislav took control over the territory south of Drava, uniting Croatian lands from the [[Adriatic Sea]] in the south to the Drava River in the north, as well as from eastern part of [[Istria]] ([[Raša (river)|Raša River]]) in the west to [[Drina]] River in the east. Moreover, the Croatian ruler governed the coastal towns of [[Dalmatia (theme)|Byzantine Province of Dalmatia]], which he was given by the Emperor.
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| − | The records of the two [[Synod of Bishops (Catholic)|Synods of Bishops]] held in [[Split, Croatia|Split]] in 925 and 928 indirectly confirm that Croatia comprised the territory of medieval Slavonia, with its capital [[Sisak]]. At the [[Split Church Synod of 925|925 Synod]] [[Gregory of Nin]] lost his diocese and was offered to choose another one, among the temporary vacant bishop seats of [[Skradin]], [[Sisak]] or Delmit (possibly [[Delminium]] - present-day [[Tomislavgrad]], maybe [[Omiš]]). Just the possibility to choose Sisak, the only bishopric in Slavonia at that time and the seat of the ruler of [[Principality of Pannonian Croatia|Pannonian Croatia]], confirms that the area of this former principality was after the battle of Drava controlled by King Tomislav of Croatia.
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| − | ==Gallery==
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| − | <gallery>
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| − | File:Kalandozasok.jpg|Hungarian campaigns in Europe (Horvátok=Croats)
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| − | File:Hungarian_warriors.jpg|Hungarian warriors attacking
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| − | File:Oton Iveković, King Tomislav (19th century).jpg|King Tomislav of Croatia defeated Hungarians
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | * [[Hungarian invasions of Europe]]
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| − | * [[Military history of Croatia]]
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| − | * [[Kingdom of Croatia (medieval)|Medieval Croatian state]]
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| − | * [[Principality of Hungary]]
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{more footnotes|date=March 2017}}
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| − | {{Reflist}}
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | *[https://www.scribd.com/doc/31723012/Vjekoslav-Klai%C4%87-POVIJEST-HRVATA-1-svezak-prvi-dio-prvi-641-1301 Prof. Vjekoslav Klaić: „The History of Croats“, Part 1 (641-1301), Zagreb 1899]
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| − | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012755/http://www.hrt.hr/arhiv/99/06/23/KUL.html Miscellany of the works „Tomislav – the first King of Croatia“, Zagreb, 23. June 1999]
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| − | *[http://www.montenegrina.net/pages/pages1/istorija/duklja/ljetopis_pop_dukljanina_latinicna_redakcija.htm ''Chronicle of the Priest of Dioclea'' – Montenegrin version]
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| − | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121011020504/http://zg-nadbiskupija.hr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62&Itemid=3 Sisak bishopric jurisdiction reached the territory till the Drava River, wrote Thomas the Archdeacon (died 1268)]
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| − | *[https://www.scribd.com/doc/44987478/Mirko-Markovic-Slavonija-Povijest-Naselja-i-Podrijetlo-Stanovnistva Mirko Marković, PhD: „Slavonia – History of settlements and origin of population“, Zagreb 2002., quoting clashes between Croats and Hungarians at Drava River (pages 62 and 63)]
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| − | {{Wars and battles involving Croatia|state=autocollapse}}
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| − | {{coord missing|Croatia}}
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| − | [[Category:Battles involving medieval Croatia|Drava River]]
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| − | [[Category:Battles involving Hungary in the Middle Ages|Drava River]]
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| − | [[Category:10th-century military history of Croatia]]
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| − | [[Category:Battles of the Hungarian invasions of Europe|Drava River]] | |
