Magyar törzsek: Różnice pomiędzy wersjami
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[[File:Summarised map of occurrences of Hungarian tribe names (according to the settlement names).jpg|right|thumb|300px|The appearance of Hungarian tribe names in settlement names. It suggests where arriving Hungarians lived amongst other peoples and helped in reconstructing where arriving tribes settled]] | [[File:Summarised map of occurrences of Hungarian tribe names (according to the settlement names).jpg|right|thumb|300px|The appearance of Hungarian tribe names in settlement names. It suggests where arriving Hungarians lived amongst other peoples and helped in reconstructing where arriving tribes settled]] | ||
| − | The '''Magyar tribes''' or '''Hungarian clans''' ({{lang-hu|magyar törzsek}}) were the fundamental political units within whose framework the [[Hungarians]] (Magyars) lived, until these [[clans]] from the region of [[Ural Mountains]]<ref name='Róna'>András Róna-Tas, [https://books.google.com/books?id=I-RTt0Q6AcYC&pg=PA319 Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history], Central European University Press, 1999, p. 319</ref> [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|invaded]] the [[Pannonian Basin|Carpathian Basin]] and established the [[Principality of Hungary]].<ref name='Hodos'>George H. Hodos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bz7aKaJNfokC&pg=PA19 The East-Central European region: an historical outline], Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, p. 19</ref><ref>S. Wise Bauer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA586 The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade], W. W. Norton & Company, 2010, p. 586</ref> | + | <small><small><small><small>The '''Magyar tribes''' or '''Hungarian clans''' ({{lang-hu|magyar törzsek}}) were the fundamental political units within whose framework the [[Hungarians]] (Magyars) lived, until these [[clans]] from the region of [[Ural Mountains]]<ref name='Róna'>András Róna-Tas, [https://books.google.com/books?id=I-RTt0Q6AcYC&pg=PA319 Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history], Central European University Press, 1999, p. 319</ref> [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|invaded]] the [[Pannonian Basin|Carpathian Basin]] and established the [[Principality of Hungary]].<ref name='Hodos'>George H. Hodos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bz7aKaJNfokC&pg=PA19 The East-Central European region: an historical outline], Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, p. 19</ref><ref>S. Wise Bauer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA586 The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade], W. W. Norton & Company, 2010, p. 586</ref> </small></small></small></small> |
| − | == | + | == Etymologia == |
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| − | The ethnonym of the Hungarian tribal alliance is uncertain. According to one view, following [[Anonymus (notary of Béla III)|Anonymus]]'s description, the federation was called "Hetumoger" (Seven Magyars) (''"VII principales persone qui Hetumoger dicuntur"'', "seven princely persons who are called Seven Magyars"<ref>Gyula Decsy, A. J. Bodrogligeti, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0XbwAAAAMAAJ&q=Hetumoger&dq=Hetumoger&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hFgvUp2VD4OqhAfk1oDoCg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, Volume 63], Otto Harrassowitz, 1991, p. 99</ref>), though the word "Magyar" possibly comes from the name of the most prominent Hungarian tribe, called ''Megyer''. The tribal name "Megyer" became "Magyar" referring to the Hungarian people as a whole.<ref>György Balázs, Károly Szelényi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4NlnAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Magyars:+the+birth+of+a+European+nation&dq=The+Magyars:+the+birth+of+a+European+nation&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fE8vUqe_BYaJ7AbSioDgAQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA The Magyars: the birth of a European nation], Corvina, 1989, p. 8</ref><ref>Alan W. Ertl, [https://books.google.com/books?id=X9PGRaZt-zcC&pg=PA358&dq=magyar+megyer+tribal+name&hl=en&sa=X&ei=y01NUpTBMOWX1AWJmIGIDw&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=magyar%20megyer%20tribal%20name&f=false Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration], Universal-Publishers, 2008, p. 358</ref><ref>Z. J. Kosztolnyik, [https://books.google.com/books?ei=y01NUpTBMOWX1AWJmIGIDw&id=NPBnAAAAMAAJ&dq=magyar+megyer+tribal+name&q=common+name#search_anchor Hungary under the early Árpáds: 890s to 1063], Eastern European Monographs, 2002, p. 3</ref> Written sources called Magyars "Hungarians" before the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|conquest of the Carpathian Basin]] when they still lived on the [[Steppes of Eastern Europe]] (in 837 "Ungri" mentioned by [[Georgius Monachus]], in 862 "Ungri" by [[Annales Bertiniani]], in 881 "Ungari" by the ''[[Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus]]''). The English term "Hungarian" is a derivative of the Latin "Ungri" or "Ungari" forms. | + | <small><small><small><small>The ethnonym of the Hungarian tribal alliance is uncertain. According to one view, following [[Anonymus (notary of Béla III)|Anonymus]]'s description, the federation was called "Hetumoger" (Seven Magyars) (''"VII principales persone qui Hetumoger dicuntur"'', "seven princely persons who are called Seven Magyars"<ref>Gyula Decsy, A. J. Bodrogligeti, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0XbwAAAAMAAJ&q=Hetumoger&dq=Hetumoger&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hFgvUp2VD4OqhAfk1oDoCg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, Volume 63], Otto Harrassowitz, 1991, p. 99</ref>), though the word "Magyar" possibly comes from the name of the most prominent Hungarian tribe, called ''Megyer''. The tribal name "Megyer" became "Magyar" referring to the Hungarian people as a whole.<ref>György Balázs, Károly Szelényi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4NlnAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Magyars:+the+birth+of+a+European+nation&dq=The+Magyars:+the+birth+of+a+European+nation&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fE8vUqe_BYaJ7AbSioDgAQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA The Magyars: the birth of a European nation], Corvina, 1989, p. 8</ref><ref>Alan W. Ertl, [https://books.google.com/books?id=X9PGRaZt-zcC&pg=PA358&dq=magyar+megyer+tribal+name&hl=en&sa=X&ei=y01NUpTBMOWX1AWJmIGIDw&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=magyar%20megyer%20tribal%20name&f=false Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration], Universal-Publishers, 2008, p. 358</ref><ref>Z. J. Kosztolnyik, [https://books.google.com/books?ei=y01NUpTBMOWX1AWJmIGIDw&id=NPBnAAAAMAAJ&dq=magyar+megyer+tribal+name&q=common+name#search_anchor Hungary under the early Árpáds: 890s to 1063], Eastern European Monographs, 2002, p. 3</ref> Written sources called Magyars "Hungarians" before the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|conquest of the Carpathian Basin]] when they still lived on the [[Steppes of Eastern Europe]] (in 837 "Ungri" mentioned by [[Georgius Monachus]], in 862 "Ungri" by [[Annales Bertiniani]], in 881 "Ungari" by the ''[[Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus]]''). The English term "Hungarian" is a derivative of the Latin "Ungri" or "Ungari" forms. </small></small></small></small> |
==History== | ==History== | ||
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[[File:Székely Bertalan Vérszerződés.jpg|left|thumb|250px|[[Blood oath (Hungarians)|The Blood oath]] in [[Etelköz]].]] | [[File:Székely Bertalan Vérszerződés.jpg|left|thumb|250px|[[Blood oath (Hungarians)|The Blood oath]] in [[Etelköz]].]] | ||
| − | According to [[András Róna-Tas]] the locality in which the Hungarians, the ''Manicha-Er'' group, emerged was between the [[Volga]] river and the [[Ural Mountains]].<ref name='Róna'/> Between the 8th and 5th centuries BC, the Magyars embarked upon their independent existence and the early period of the proto-[[Hungarian language]] began.<ref name='Róna'/> | + | According to [[András Róna-Tas]] the locality in which the Hungarians, the ''Manicha-Er'' group, emerged was between the [[Volga]] river and the [[Ural Mountains]].<ref name='Róna'/> Between the 8th and 5th centuries BC, the Magyars embarked upon their independent existence and the early period of the proto-[[Hungarian language]] began.<ref name='Róna'/> </small></small></small></small> |
| − | Around 830 AD,<ref name='Waldman'>Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA508 Encyclopedia of European peoples, Volume 1], Infobase Publishing, 2006, p. 508</ref><ref name='Lendvai'/> when [[Álmos]] was about 10 years old, the seven related tribes (''[[Jenő]]'', ''Kér'', ''[[Keszi]]'', ''[[Kürt-Gyarmat]]'', ''{{ill|Megyer (tribe)|lt=Megyer|hu|Megyer (törzs)}}'', ''[[Nyék]]'' and ''[[Tarján (tribe)|Tarján]]'')<ref name='Brook'>Kevin Alan Brook, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Rgxm_E2Fq1gC&pg=PA164 The Jews of Khazaria], Rowman & Littlefield, 2009, pp. 163-164.</ref> formed a confederation<ref name='Waldman'/> in Etelköz,<ref name='Lendvai'>Paul Lendvai, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UtIr97n3tP0C&pg=PA533 The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat], C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p. 15-29, p. 533</ref> | + | <small><small><small><small>Around 830 AD,<ref name='Waldman'>Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA508 Encyclopedia of European peoples, Volume 1], Infobase Publishing, 2006, p. 508</ref><ref name='Lendvai'/> when [[Álmos]] was about 10 years old, the seven related tribes (''[[Jenő]]'', ''Kér'', ''[[Keszi]]'', ''[[Kürt-Gyarmat]]'', ''{{ill|Megyer (tribe)|lt=Megyer|hu|Megyer (törzs)}}'', ''[[Nyék]]'' and ''[[Tarján (tribe)|Tarján]]'')<ref name='Brook'>Kevin Alan Brook, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Rgxm_E2Fq1gC&pg=PA164 The Jews of Khazaria], Rowman & Littlefield, 2009, pp. 163-164.</ref> formed a confederation<ref name='Waldman'/> in Etelköz,<ref name='Lendvai'>Paul Lendvai, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UtIr97n3tP0C&pg=PA533 The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat], C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p. 15-29, p. 533</ref> |
| − | called ''"Hétmagyar"'' ("Seven Magyars"). Their leaders, the [[Seven chieftains of the Magyars]], besides [[High Prince Álmos|Álmos]], included [[Előd]], Ond, [[Kond (chieftain)|Kond]], Tas, Huba and Töhötöm, who took a [[Blood oath (Hungarians)|blood oath]], swearing eternal loyalty to Álmos.<ref>http://www.kislexikon.hu/hetmagyar.html (Hungarian)</ref> Presumably, the Magyar tribes consisted of 108 [[clan]]s.<ref>John P. C. Matthews, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fCyh3zIlkbsC&pg=PA69 Explosion: the Hungarian Revolution of 1956], Hippocrene Books, 2007, p. 69</ref> | + | called ''"Hétmagyar"'' ("Seven Magyars"). Their leaders, the [[Seven chieftains of the Magyars]], besides [[High Prince Álmos|Álmos]], included [[Előd]], Ond, [[Kond (chieftain)|Kond]], Tas, Huba and Töhötöm, who took a [[Blood oath (Hungarians)|blood oath]], swearing eternal loyalty to Álmos.<ref>http://www.kislexikon.hu/hetmagyar.html (Hungarian)</ref> Presumably, the Magyar tribes consisted of 108 [[clan]]s.<ref>John P. C. Matthews, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fCyh3zIlkbsC&pg=PA69 Explosion: the Hungarian Revolution of 1956], Hippocrene Books, 2007, p. 69</ref> </small></small></small></small> |
| − | The confederation of the tribes was probably led by two high princes: the ''[[kende]]'' (their spiritual ruler) and the ''[[Gyula (title)|gyula]]'' (their military leader). The high princes were either elected by the leaders of the tribes or appointed by the [[Khagan]] of the [[Khazars]] who had been exerting influence over the [[Hungarian people|Magyars]]. | + | <small><small><small><small>The confederation of the tribes was probably led by two high princes: the ''[[kende]]'' (their spiritual ruler) and the ''[[Gyula (title)|gyula]]'' (their military leader). The high princes were either elected by the leaders of the tribes or appointed by the [[Khagan]] of the [[Khazars]] who had been exerting influence over the [[Hungarian people|Magyars]]. |
| − | Around 862 AD the seven tribes separated from the [[Khazars]].{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} | + | Around 862 AD the seven tribes separated from the [[Khazars]].{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} </small></small></small></small> |
| − | Before 881 AD three [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribes rebelled against the rule of the [[Khagan]] of the [[Khazars]], but they were suppressed. After their defeat they left the [[Khazars|Khazar Empire]] and voluntarily joined the ''Hétmagyar'' confederation. The three tribes were organised into one tribe, called [[Kabar]], and later they played the roles of [[tactical formation|vanguard]] and [[rear guard]] during the joint military actions of the confederation. | + | <small><small><small><small>Before 881 AD three [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribes rebelled against the rule of the [[Khagan]] of the [[Khazars]], but they were suppressed. After their defeat they left the [[Khazars|Khazar Empire]] and voluntarily joined the ''Hétmagyar'' confederation. The three tribes were organised into one tribe, called [[Kabar]], and later they played the roles of [[tactical formation|vanguard]] and [[rear guard]] during the joint military actions of the confederation. |
| − | The joining of the three tribes to the previous seven created the [[Onogurs|On-ogur]] (''Ten Arrows''),<ref name='Brook'/> one of the possible origins for the name ''Hungarian''.{{clarify|date=September 2011}} | + | The joining of the three tribes to the previous seven created the [[Onogurs|On-ogur]] (''Ten Arrows''),<ref name='Brook'/> one of the possible origins for the name ''Hungarian''.{{clarify|date=September 2011}} </small></small></small></small> |
==Social organization== | ==Social organization== | ||
| − | The Hungarian social structure was of Turkic origin.<ref>Makkai 2001, pp. 415-416.</ref> | + | <small><small><small><small>The Hungarian social structure was of Turkic origin.<ref>Makkai 2001, pp. 415-416.</ref> </small></small></small></small> |
| − | == | + | == Zobacz także == |
* [[Álmos]] | * [[Álmos]] | ||
* [[Grand Prince of the Hungarians]] | * [[Grand Prince of the Hungarians]] | ||
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* [[Zoltán of Hungary]] | * [[Zoltán of Hungary]] | ||
| − | == | + | == Źródła == |
| − | * ''Korai Magyar Történeti Lexikon (9-14. század)'', | + | * ''Korai Magyar Történeti Lexikon (9-14. század)'', redaktor naczelny: Kristó, Gyula, redaktorzy: Engel, Pál és Makk, Ferenc (Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1994) |
* Kristó, Gyula: ''A Kárpát-medence és a magyarság régmúltja (1301-ig)'' (Szegedi Középkortörténeti Könyvtár, Szeged, 1993) | * Kristó, Gyula: ''A Kárpát-medence és a magyarság régmúltja (1301-ig)'' (Szegedi Középkortörténeti Könyvtár, Szeged, 1993) | ||
| − | * ''Magyarország Történeti Kronológiája I. – A kezdetektől 1526-ig'', | + | * ''Magyarország Történeti Kronológiája I. – A kezdetektől 1526-ig'', redaktor naczelny: Benda Kálmán (Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1981) |
| − | * Makkai, László (2001). ''Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896-1526)'', | + | * Makkai, László (2001). ''Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896-1526)'', W: Béla Köpeczi, HISTORY OF TRANSYLVANIA Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606, Columbia University Press, New York, 2001, ISBN 0880334797. |
== Przypisy == | == Przypisy == | ||
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Wersja z 06:55, 17 sie 2020
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Plik:A magyarok vandorlasa.jpg A magyar törzsek vándorlása a finnugor elmélet szerint Plik:Summarised map of occurrences of Hungarian tribe names (according to the settlement names).jpg The appearance of Hungarian tribe names in settlement names. It suggests where arriving Hungarians lived amongst other peoples and helped in reconstructing where arriving tribes settled The Magyar tribes or Hungarian clans () were the fundamental political units within whose framework the Hungarians (Magyars) lived, until these clans from the region of Ural Mountains[1] invaded the Carpathian Basin and established the Principality of Hungary.[2][3] EtymologiaThe ethnonym of the Hungarian tribal alliance is uncertain. According to one view, following Anonymus's description, the federation was called "Hetumoger" (Seven Magyars) ("VII principales persone qui Hetumoger dicuntur", "seven princely persons who are called Seven Magyars"[4]), though the word "Magyar" possibly comes from the name of the most prominent Hungarian tribe, called Megyer. The tribal name "Megyer" became "Magyar" referring to the Hungarian people as a whole.[5][6][7] Written sources called Magyars "Hungarians" before the conquest of the Carpathian Basin when they still lived on the Steppes of Eastern Europe (in 837 "Ungri" mentioned by Georgius Monachus, in 862 "Ungri" by Annales Bertiniani, in 881 "Ungari" by the Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus). The English term "Hungarian" is a derivative of the Latin "Ungri" or "Ungari" forms. HistoryAccording to András Róna-Tas the locality in which the Hungarians, the Manicha-Er group, emerged was between the Volga river and the Ural Mountains.[1] Between the 8th and 5th centuries BC, the Magyars embarked upon their independent existence and the early period of the proto-Hungarian language began.[1] Around 830 AD,[8][9] when Álmos was about 10 years old, the seven related tribes (Jenő, Kér, Keszi, Kürt-Gyarmat, Szablon:Ill, Nyék and Tarján)[10] formed a confederation[8] in Etelköz,[9] called "Hétmagyar" ("Seven Magyars"). Their leaders, the Seven chieftains of the Magyars, besides Álmos, included Előd, Ond, Kond, Tas, Huba and Töhötöm, who took a blood oath, swearing eternal loyalty to Álmos.[11] Presumably, the Magyar tribes consisted of 108 clans.[12] The confederation of the tribes was probably led by two high princes: the kende (their spiritual ruler) and the gyula (their military leader). The high princes were either elected by the leaders of the tribes or appointed by the Khagan of the Khazars who had been exerting influence over the Magyars. Around 862 AD the seven tribes separated from the Khazars.Szablon:Citation needed Before 881 AD three Turkic tribes rebelled against the rule of the Khagan of the Khazars, but they were suppressed. After their defeat they left the Khazar Empire and voluntarily joined the Hétmagyar confederation. The three tribes were organised into one tribe, called Kabar, and later they played the roles of vanguard and rear guard during the joint military actions of the confederation. The joining of the three tribes to the previous seven created the On-ogur (Ten Arrows),[10] one of the possible origins for the name Hungarian.Szablon:Clarify Social organizationThe Hungarian social structure was of Turkic origin.[13] Zobacz także
Źródła
Przypisy
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