Ernuszt (ród)

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Ernušti (Ernušti Čakovečki, Ernust od Čakovca, mađ. Ernusth de Csáktornya), hrvatska plemićka obitelj židovskog podrijetla, koja je preko Ugarske došla u Hrvatsku iz Švedske, a dosegla je svoj vrhunac tijekom 15. i 16. stoljeća.

Obiteljska povijest

Ernušti su u doba početka vladavine mladog hrvatsko-ugarskog kralja Matije Korvina (vladao 1458. – 1490.) bili budimska veletrgovačka i bankarska obitelj. Ivan I. Ernušt, zvan „Hampo“, postao je kraljev stalni bankar i unosnim poslovima povećavao svoje bogatstvo. Za svoje bankarske usluge stekao je mnoge titule i imanja, koja je ili kupio ili dobio od kralja u zalog. Dana 20. studenog 1473. imenovan je slavonskim banom, istodobno došavši u posjed međimurskog vlastelinstva sa sjedištem u Čakovcu, zbog čega je dobio pridjevak „čakovečki“.

Ivana I. su nakon njegove smrti 3. ožujka 1476. godine naslijedili sinovi Ivan II. i Sigismund. Oni su stekli nove posjede, pa im je tako, na primjer, 1477. godine kralj Matija darovao imanje Đurđevac. Dok je Sigismund postao pečuški biskup (1475. – 1505.), Ivan II. je ostao na očevom posjedu u Međimurju, postavši 1508. godine, zajedno s Jurjem Kaniškim, hrvatskim banom. Umro je 1519. godine, a naslijedio ga je sin Franjo.

Franjo Ernušt je osim Međimurja posjedovao Koprivnicu, Virje, Molve i Đurđevac. Sudjelovao je u, za hrvatski narod tragičnoj, bitki na Mohačkom polju 29. kolovoza 1526. godine, kojom prigodom je poginuo. Iza njega su ostala dva sina, Ivan III. i Gašpar. Prvi je umro 1537. godine bez potomaka, dok se potonji oženio Anom, kćeri hrvatskog bana Petra Keglevića.

Gašpar Ernušt je, kao i njegovi preci, sudjelovao sa svojim banderijem u mnogim bitkama i vojnim pohodima protiv Turaka, od kojih su neki ostali zabilježeni u povijesnim spisima. U jednom takvom pohodu godine 1537. u istočnu Slavoniju, u kojem je sudjelovalo oko 24.000 vojnika, kršćanske su snage doživjele neuspjeh i veliki broj ljudi je poginuo. Sve jače nadiranje Osmanlija dovelo je do masovnog bijega stanovništva iz Slavonije, koji se jednim dijelom odvijao prelaskom preko Međimurja. Gašpar je za pomoć izbjeglicama dao izgraditi „brodove“ (skele) na Dravi i Muri koji su prebacivali te nesretne ljude u jugozapadnu Ugarsku.

Budući da Gašpar Ernušt u svom braku nije imao djece, njegovom je naglom i nenadanom smrću 1540. godine (prema nekim izvorima 1541.) izumrla ta plemićka obitelj. Njegova udovica htjela je Međimurje zadržati za sebe, te je čakovečku utvrdu sa svojim postrojbama zaposjeo njen otac Petar Keglević. Kralj Ferdinand I. Habsburški to nije dozvolio, pa su, nakon višegodišnjih napetosti i oružanog otpora, Keglevići silom istjerani iz Čakovca. To je u ime kralja učinio Nikola Šubić Zrinski, budući vlasnik Međimurja.

Najpoznatiji članovi obitelji bili su:

• Ivan I., umro 1476., hrvatski ban (1473-1476.)
• Ivan II., umro 1519., hrvatski ban (1508-1509.)
• Sigismund, umro 1505., pečuški biskup (1474-1505.)
• Franjo, poginuo na Mohačkom polju 1526.
• Ivan III., umro 1537.
• Gašpar, umro 1540.

Vidi još

• Stari grad Čakovec
• Stari grad Đurđevac
• Mlakovečki

Literatura

• dr. Rudolf Horvat: Poviest Međimurja; Izvorno izdanje: nakladnik „Prosvjetno-poviestno družtvo Hrvatski rodoljub“, Zagreb 1944.; Pretisak-izdanje: nakladnik „Matica hrvatska – Ogranak Čakovec“, Čakovec 1993.

Vanjske poveznice

• Ivan Ernušt Hampo postaje gospodar Međimurja
• Ernušti – vlasnici čakovečke utvrde
• Sigismund Ernušt izgradio Stari grad Đurđevac

Szablon:Use dmy dates

House of Ernuszt {{{native_name }}}
Język	{{{native_name_lang}}}
Inne nazwy	Ernušt
{{{caption}}} {{{caption}}}
Przodkowie	{{{parent house}}}
Dynastia	{{{type}}}
Kraj	Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Croatia in personal union with Hungary
Posiadłości	Međimurje, Đurđevac, Koprivnica, Virje, Molve etc.
Tytulatura	Bans (viceroys) of Croatia, bans of Slavonia, royal chamberlains, bishops, ispáns, župans (counts) etc.
Tytuły	{{{styles}}}
Początek	1460s
Założyciel	John I
Ostatni	Caspar
Aktualny	{{{current head}}}
Koniec	1540
deposition	{{{deposition}}}
Pochodzenie	Jewish
Młodsze gałęzie	{{{cadet branches}}}
Uwagi	{{{notes}}}

The House of Ernuszt ({{#invoke:lang|lang_xx_inherit |code=en |link=no }}; ) was a Hungarian noble family, descending from a rich Jewish family who came to medieval Hungary from Vienna, converted to Catholicism and also reached its peak in the Kingdom of Croatia during the reign of King Matthias Corvinus and his successors. Notable members of the family were bans of Croatia and Slavonia, king's chamberlains, bishops, ispáns, župans (counts) and other state officials.

Family history

At the beginning of the reign of King Matthias Corvinus (1458-1490), Ernuszts were wholesalers and bankers in Buda. John I Ernuszt, nicknamed „Hampó", became king's regular banker and increased his wealth by lucrative and profitable business with the sovereign. For his banking services he earned many titles and estates as well, either buying the land from the king or receiving it as mortgage for money lent to him. On 20 November 1473 he was appointed Ban of Slavonia, receiving at the same time Međimurje County, the northernmost part of the territory, with its seat Čakovec. Therefore, he appeared in historical documents as John Ernuszt de Csáktornya (; ).

After his death on 3 March 1476, he was succeeded by his sons John II and Sigismund. While the latter became Bishop of Pécs, (1473–1505), the former stayed in his father's main Međimurje estate and served (1507–1510), together with George Kanizsai, as Ban of Croatia. In the meantime, brothers earned some additional estates, among which were Đurđevac and Molve (in 1477).

Francis Ernuszt, the son of John II, inherited all of the family possessions after his father's death in 1519. He was known for his participation in the Battle of Mohács on 29 August 1526, where he was among many Hungarian and Croatian nobles who lost their lives. He left two sons, John III and Caspar. The former died in 1537 leaving no children, and the latter was married to Ana, a daughter of Petar Keglević, Ban of Croatia.

Caspar took part in many battles against the Ottomans, leading his banderium, a kind of military unit, and even counter-attacked the enemy in already occupied parts of Croatia and Slavonia. Nevertheless, Ottoman numerical superiority was decisive and Croats were forced to retreat more and more to the west and northwest. One of the ways used for population to flee lead through the Caspar's Međimurje County. He himself helped people by setting ferries on the Drava and Mura river which enabled the refugees to cross them and go further north to reach western Hungary, which was still not occupied.

Since Caspar died in 1540 without issue, his family died out. His widow Anna attempted to retain all his possessions, even engaging her father's military crew, but King Ferdinand I Habsburg did not allow it. In the name of the king, Nikola Šubić Zrinski, the new Ban of Croatia, pushed the Keglevićs out of Međimurje by force.

Notable members of the family

• John I, died 1476, Ban of Slavonia (1473-1476)
• John II, died 1528, Ban of Croatia (1507–1510)
• Sigismund, died 1505, Bishop of Pécs (1473-1505)
• Francis, killed in the battle of Mohács (1526)
• Caspar, died 1540

See also

• History of Croatia
• Croatia in personal union with Hungary
• Ban of Croatia
• Ban of Slavonia
• Čakovec Castle