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| − | Źródło: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Pok Nicholas Pok]
| + | #PATRZ [[Pok Miklós]] |
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| − | {{Redoslijed|
| + | [[Kategoria:Przekierowane]] |
| − | |poprzednik = [[Lőrinc]] ??
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| − | |gl_članak_funkcija = [[Stolnik królewski]]<br>(1273)
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| − | |współrządzący =
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| − | |następca = [[Lőrinc]] ??
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| − | {{Redoslijed|
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| − | |poprzednik = [[Lőrinc]] ??
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| − | |gl_članak_funkcija = [[Stolnik królewski]]<br>(1274)
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| − | |współrządzący =
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| − | |następca = [[Ják II. Csépán]]
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| − | }}
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| − | {{Redoslijed|
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| − | |poprzednik = [[Osl Herbord]]
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| − | |gl_članak_funkcija = [[Podczaszy królewski]]<br>(1274-1275)
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| − | |współrządzący =
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| − | |następca = [[Basztély II. Rénold]]
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| − | }}
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| − | | |
| − | {{Redoslijed|
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| − | |poprzednik = [[Csák II. Máté]]
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| − | |gl_članak_funkcija = [[Wojewoda Siedmiogrodu]]<br>(1277-1278)
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| − | |współrządzący =
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| − | |następca = [[Aba Finta]]
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| − | }}
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| − | {{Redoslijed|
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| − | |poprzednik = [[Meggyesi Miklós]]
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| − | |gl_članak_funkcija = [[Wojewoda Siedmiogrodu]]<br>(1315-1318)
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| − | |współrządzący =
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| − | |następca = [[Debreceni Dózsa]]
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| − | }}
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| − | {{Urzędnik infobox
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| − | |urzędnik = Pok Miklós
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| − | |imiona =
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| − | |tytulatura = Stolnik królewski<br>Podczaszy królewski<br>Wojewoda Siedmiogrodu
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| − | |grafika = Oligarch domains 1301 1310.png
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| − | |opis grafiki = Dominacja Pok wśród innych oligarchów
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| − | |herb =
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| − | |opis herbu =
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| − | |faksymile =
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| − | |opis faksymile =
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| − | |dewiza =
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| − | |1. tytuł = [[Stolnik królewski]]
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| − | |1. od = <small>(1) </small>1273, <small>(2) </small>1274
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| − | |1. do = <small>(1) </small>1273, <small>(2) </small>1274
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| − | |1. powołanie =
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| − | |1. poprzednik = <small>1. </small>[[Lőrinc]] ??<br><small>2. </small>[[Lőrinc]] ??
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| − | |1. następca = <small>1. </small>[[Lőrinc]] ??<br><small>2. </small>[[Ják II. Csépán]]
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| − | |2. tytuł = [[Podczaszy królewski]]
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| − | |2. od = 1274
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| − | |2. do = 1275
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| − | |2. powołanie =
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| − | |2. poprzednik = [[Osl Herbord]]
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| − | |2. następca = [[Basztély II. Rénold]]
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| − | |3. tytuł = [[Wojewoda Siedmiogrodu]]
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| − | |3. od = <small>(1) </small>1277, <small>(2) </small>1315
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| − | |3. do = <small>(1) </small>1278, <small>(2) </small>1318
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| − | |3. powołanie =
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| − | |3. poprzednik = <small>1. </small>[[Csák II. Máté]]<br><small>2. </small>[[Meggyesi Miklós]]
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| − | |3. następca = <small>1. </small>[[Aba Finta]]<br><small>2. </small>[[Debreceni Dózsa]]
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| − | | |
| − | |klan = [[Pok]]
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| − | |ród =
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| − | |rodzina =
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| − | |pochodzenie = węgierskie
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| − | |państwo = [[Królestwo Węgier]], [[Królestwo Chorwacji]] w unii<br>personalnej z [[Królestwem Węgier]]
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| − | |data urodzenia = ok. 1245
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| − | |miejsce urodzenia =
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| − | |data śmierci = po 19 sierpnia 1319
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| − | |miejsce śmierci =
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| − | |przyczyna śmierci =
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| − | |miejsce spoczynku =
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| − | |ojciec = [[Pok II. Móric|II. Móric]]
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| − | |matka = Rátót Nn
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| − | |rodzeństwo =
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| − | |1. związek = Dárói Erzsébet
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| − | |1. związek z =
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| − | |1. związek od =
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| − | |1. związek do =
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| − | |1. dzieci =
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| − | |2. związek = żona
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| − | |2. związek z = Kaplon Katarin
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| − | |2. związek od =
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| − | |2. związek do =
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| − | |2. dzieci =
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| − | |dokonania =
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| − | |odznaczenia =
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| − | |commons =
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| − | |wikiźródła =
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| − | |wikicytaty =
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| − | |}
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| − | '''Nicholas from the kindred Pok''' ({{lang-hu|Pok nembeli Miklós}}; ''c''. 1245 – after 19 August 1319; [[fl.]] 1270–1319) was a Hungarian influential lord in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. He was among the so-called [[Oligarch (Kingdom of Hungary)|oligarchs]], who ruled ''de facto'' independently their dominion during the era of feudal anarchy. He was also ancestor of the Meggyesi noble family, thus later charters also referred to him as '''Nicholas Meggyesi'''.
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| − | ==Family==
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| − | He was born into the wealthy [[Pok (genus)|Pok kindred]], which originated from [[Győr County]]. He belonged to the Mórichida branch, which erected a [[Premonstratensian]] monastery in 1251 at [[Mórichida]].<ref name='Karácsonyi_897'>Karácsonyi 1901, p. 897.</ref> The branch was founded by [[Maurice I Pok|Maurice I]], Nicholas' grandfather, who served King [[Andrew II of Hungary|Andrew II]] as his [[Master of the stewards]] from 1233 to 1235.<ref name='Zsoldos_54'>Zsoldos 2011, p. 54.</ref> His only known son was [[Maurice II Pok|Maurice II]], Nicholas' father, who held several positions (most notably [[Master of the treasury]]) in the court of King [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla IV]] at least until 1269.<ref name='Zsoldos_339'>Zsoldos 2011, p. 339.</ref> He married a daughter of [[Dominic I Rátót]] (she died before 1267) whom Nicholas was born around 1245. He had three younger brothers, Maurice III, Stephen I and Dominic, who were mentioned only once in 1280 when they were [[Excommunication|excommunicated]] due to "tyrannical behaviour".<ref name='Kádár_137'>Kádár 2013, p. 137.</ref>
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| − | Nicholas appeared first in contemporary records in 1270. According to the sources he married twice; his first wife was Elizabeth, a daughter of [[Mojs II|Mojs (II) Dárói]], [[Palatine of Hungary]] between 1270 and 1272. She died before 1280. They had at least three sons: Maurice IV, the ''[[ispán]]'' of Győr County from 1337 to 1338, Stephen II, the ''ispán'' of [[Máramaros County]] between 1326 and 1327, and ''magister'' Nicholas II. Maurice's son was [[Simon Meggyesi]], [[Ban of Croatia]], thus Nicholas was also an ancestor of the influential Meggyesi family. After Elizabeth's death, he married for the second time to Catherine, daughter of Andrew from the [[Kaplon (genus)|Kaplon kindred]]. She survived her husband and died sometime after 1331.<ref>Engel: ''Genealógia'' (Genus Pok 1., Meggyesi, Mórichida branch)</ref>
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| − | It is a widely accepted academic standpoint that the wife of Palatine Mojs II (Nicholas' mother-in-law) had family relationship with the [[Árpád dynasty]], the royal house of Hungary through Queen [[Elizabeth the Cuman]] thus Nicholas Pok was also part of the Árpáds' distant kinship.<ref name='Kádár_139'>Kádár 2013, p. 139.</ref> Furthermore, Palatine Mojs' other daughter was engaged to [[Henry II Kőszegi]].<ref>Engel: ''Genealógia'' (Mojs kinship 1.)</ref>
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| − | ==Life==
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| − | ===Political career under the Árpáds===
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| − | When [[Stephen V of Hungary|Stephen V]] ascended the throne in 1270 after a lengthy wait, Nicholas' career arose. At the preceding decades there were intense throne fights between Béla IV and his son [[Duke of Transylvania|Duke]] Stephen who later granted the title of [[Junior king]]. Although Maurice II Pok had formerly received the [[Fiľakovo|Fülek Castle]] (today: [[Fiľakovo]], [[Slovakia]]) from Béla IV in 1246 for his bravery in the [[Battle of Mohi]] during the [[Mongol invasion of Europe|Mongol invasion]], however he later handed over the castle to Duke Stephen in 1262, who had openly rebelled against his father.<ref name='Zsoldos_260'>Zsoldos 2011, p. 260.</ref> This resulted that Pok genus was unable to get positions during the late reign of Béla IV. Maurice II became ''ispán'' of [[Baranya County (former)|Baranya County]] only in 1266, when father and son confirmed the peace in the Convent of the Blessed Virgin on [[Margaret Island|'Rabbits' Island]].<ref name='Zsoldos_339'>Zsoldos 2011, p. 339.</ref><ref name='Fügedi_150'>Fügedi 1986, p. 150.</ref>
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| − | Nicholas was donated five villages by Stephen V in 1270 for possible former military achievements during the civil war. Through marriage he became resident of [[Szatmár County]] by then, after that his life and career tied to [[Transylvania]].<ref name='Markó_416'>Markó 2006, p. 416.</ref> However his lord suddenly fell ill and died in August 1272, following Ban [[Joachim Gutkeled]] kidnapped Stephen's ten-year-old son and heir, [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary|Ladislaus]] and imprisoned him in the castle of [[Koprivnica]].<ref name='Engel_2001_107'>Engel 2001, p. 107.</ref> During that time two rival baronial groups emerged (supporters of the minor Ladislaus and former partisans of the late Béla IV, who returned to Hungary after Stephen's death), while the royal power was fatally weakened.
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| − | The rivalry between the two parties characterized the following years.<ref name='Engel_2001_108'>Engel 2001, p. 108.</ref> According to historian [[Bálint Hóman]], twelve "changes of government" took place in the first five regnal years of Ladislaus IV.<ref name='Fügedi_153'>Fügedi 1986, p. 153.</ref> Nicholas Pok was appointed [[Master of the cupbearers]] in 1273 (19th-century historian Mór Wertner mistakenly identified him as Nicholas Kőszegi), however soon he had to give the position to [[Lawrence of Severin|Lawrence]], son of Voivode [[Lawrence of Transylvania|Lawrence]], who belonged to the [[Kőszegi family|Kőszegi]]–[[Gutkeled (genus)|Gutkeled]] baronial group.<ref name='Zsoldos_60'>Zsoldos 2011, p. 60.</ref> Following that, when [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]] invaded Hungary and seized many fortresses, Nicholas participated in the Siege of [[Trnava|Nagyszombat]] (today [[Trnava]], [[Slovakia]]). In 1274, he was reinstalled as Master of the cupbearers, beside that he also served as ''ispán'' of [[Bereg County|Bereg]], [[Keve County|Keve]], [[Krassó County|Krassó]] and possibly [[Ugocsa County|Ugocsa]] Counties.<ref name='Zsoldos_60'/> For the participation in the campaign, Ladislaus IV donated him [[Hegymagas]] in [[Zala County (former)|Zala County]].<ref name='Kádár_140'>Kádár 2013, p. 140.</ref> Following the Battle of Föveny, where [[Henry I Kőszegi]], leader of the Kőszegi–Gutkeled baronial group was killed, members of the [[Csák (genus)|Csák]] baronial group elevated. From 1274 to 1275, Nicholas functioned as [[Master of the stewards]] and ''ispán'' of [[Moson County]]. According to a non-authentic charter, he also held the dignity in 1278.<ref name='Zsoldos_55'>Zsoldos 2011, p. 55.</ref> In 1275, Joachim Gutkeled and the Kőszegi sons ([[Ivan Kőszegi|Ivan]], Henry II, [[Nicholas I Kőszegi|Nicholas I]] and [[Peter Kőszegi|Peter]]) carried out a successful counter-attack, and Nicholas, among others, lost his positions.
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| − | Nicholas and his brothers participated in [[Peter I Csák]]'s raiding expedition against the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Veszprém|Diocese of Veszprém]] (where Peter Kőszegi served as bishop) in March 1276, where their forces destroyed, burned and looted [[Veszprém]], the cathedral treasury and its chapel university which was never rebuilt.<ref name='Kádár_141'>Kádár 2013, p. 141.</ref> Several news reports and diplomas say that Nicholas Pok continued to plunder the [[Transdanubia]]n dioceses in the following years, while he also invaded [[Tapolca]] in Zala County around 1278. Bishop Peter Kőszegi excommunicated the Pok brothers in 1280, but there were no any consequences for that.<ref name='Kádár_143'>Kádár 2013, p. 143.</ref>
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| − | In 1277, for a short time, Nicholas Pok held the positions of [[Voivode of Transylvania]] and ''ispán'' of [[Szolnok County]].<ref name='Treptow_Popa_lvi'>Treptow, Popa 1996, p. ''lvi''.</ref><ref name='Engel_2001_382'>Engel 2001, p. 382.</ref> In accordance with a false diploma, he held these positions already in 1276.<ref name='Zsoldos_39'>Zsoldos 2011, p. 39.</ref> His voivode seal also preserved.<ref name='Zsoldos_336'>Zsoldos 2011, p. 336.</ref> According to Tamás Kádár, Nicholas served as voivode until 1278, when he was replaced by [[Finta Aba]].<ref name='Kádár_145'>Kádár 2013, p. 145.</ref> In the next two decades, Nicholas did not hold any political offices. This was the period when the independent domains were strengthened and gradually distanced themselves from the royal power.
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| − | ===Establishment of the Pok domain===
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| − | Under these chaotic conditions, Nicholas Pok, among others, also could establish a dominion independently of the king. Nicholas had started to expand his influence over the territories that surrounded his possessions and castles (e.g., [[Gherla|Szamosújvár]]). Presumably he also built the Somlyó Castle.<ref name='Markó_416'/> Nicholas became the incontestable lord in Northwest Transylvania for decades, which later mostly was part of the so-called ''[[Partium]]'' from the 16th century. Albeit Nicholas was one of the "oligarchs" in the Kingdom of Hungary plagued by anarchy, civil wars and fragmentation, he has not so much notorious like [[Matthew III Csák|Matthew Csák]], [[Amadeus Aba]] or [[Ladislaus III Kán|Ladislaus Kán]]. Otherwise the Pok clan also had land possessions in Győr, [[Nógrád County (former)|Nógrád]], [[Gömör]], [[Kraszna County|Kraszna]] and [[Kolozs County|Kolozs]] Counties. They also owned [[Szigliget|Szigliget Castle]] which was the kindred's only stone castle before 1290. Probably Nicholas seized the fortification arbitrarily without the permission of the king.<ref name='Kádár_137'/>
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| − | On 26 September 1280, Mojs II wrote his [[last will and testament]], bequeathed his Transylvanian properties of ''Zolun'' and [[Mediaș|Medgyes]] (today [[Mediaș]], [[Romania]]) to his daughter, the wife of Nicholas. Following this the entire family moved from Transdanubia to Medgyes which became Nicholas' court and the dominion's capital. Meanwhile, Nicholas was widowed and later married Catherine Kaplon, a member of the local nobility, who was much younger than him as she was still alive in 1331.<ref name='Kádár_148'>Kádár 2013, p. 148.</ref>
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| − | His name was mentioned next time on 7 August 1299, during the reign of [[Andrew III of Hungary|Andrew III]], when he was ordered as ''ispán'' of Ugocsa County by the king. He held that office until 1303,<ref name='Zsoldos_216'>Zsoldos 2011, p. 216.</ref> beside that he was also ''ispán'' of Máramaros County for at least twenty years, between 1299 and 1319.<ref name='Zsoldos_168'>Zsoldos 2011, p. 168.</ref><ref name='Engel_1996_152'>Engel 1996, p. 152.</ref>
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| − | ===During the Interregnum===
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| − | [[File:Oligarchs in the Kingdom of Hungary.png|thumbnail|left|Oligarchs in Hungary during the Interregnum]]
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| − | When Andrew III died suddenly in January 1301, a war of succession broke out between [[Charles I of Hungary|Charles Anjou]] and [[Wenceslaus III of Bohemia|Wenceslaus Přemysl]], whom supported by his father, [[Wenceslaus II of Bohemia]]. During that time the pretenders tried to convince the oligarchs to support them. Nicholas' position is unknown in the initial period, he did not take any realm dignity. He devoted himself to Charles only in October 1307, when the [[Capetian House of Anjou|Anjou]] supporters had already occupied [[Buda]] in June 1307.<ref name='Engel_2001_130'>Engel 2001, p. 130.</ref> Nicholas Pok took part in the Diet of Rákos, where the nobles officially recognized Charles as their king.<ref name='Kádár_149'>Kádár 2013, p. 149.</ref>
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| − | According to historians [[Gyula Kristó]] and János Karácsonyi, Nicholas fought in the [[Battle of Rozgony]] on 15 June 1312, where the [[Aba (genus)|Aba]] dominion was annihilated.<ref name='Markó_416'/> On 8 July 1312, he was a member of the king's inner council which convened in [[Sárospatak]], an Abas former centrum. According to a royal charter, Nicholas moved to Buda by 1 August 1313, where, alongside Palatine [[James Borsa]] and Treasurer [[Dominic II Rátót]], judged in the name of king over [[Judge royal]] [[John Csák]], who betrayed Charles and became a partisan of his distant relative Matthew III Csák.<ref name='Kádár_150'>Kádár 2013, p. 150.</ref> Two years later Nicholas was appointed Voivode of Transylvania in July 1315 by Charles, a position which was once already held by himself almost forty years ago.<ref name='Treptow_Popa_lvi'/><ref name='Engel_1996_11'>Engel 1996, p. 11.</ref> He also became the ''ispán'' of Szolnok County.<ref name='Engel_1996_200'>Engel 1996, p. 200.</ref>
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| − | Transylvania was administered ''de facto'' independently by [[Ladislaus III Kán]] since 1295. He died either in 1314 or 1315, however the [[Kán]] kindred had several supporters in the region and the late oligarch's son [[Ladislaus IV Kán]] also declared himself voivode thus Nicholas Pok was unable to take up his office.<ref name='Engel_2001_133'>Engel 2001, p. 133.</ref> He crossed the north border of the province at [[Zalău|Zilah]] (today [[Zalău]], [[Romania]]), because [[Mojs II Ákos]], an ally of the Borsa clan, had rebelled against Charles. The Kán sons also joined the insurgent movement.<ref name='Kádár_152'>Kádár 2013, p. 152.</ref> Nicholas reached [[Cluj-Napoca|Kolozsvár]] (today [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Romania]]) in the middle of November 1315, however the following campaigns have failed against Mojs Ákos in Kolozs County.<ref name='Kádár_153'>Kádár 2013, p. 153.</ref>
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| − | After the defeat Nicholas had to leave Transylvania and deposed by Charles I. Following at least one-year vacancy he was replaced by the skilled military leader [[Dózsa Debreceni]] who successfully fought against the Kán clan and Mojs Ákos and later also became Palatine of Hungary. Nicholas retired from the national politics and moved to his estate in [[Tiszántúl|North-Transtisza]]. He was last mentioned alive in a diploma issued by Judge royal [[Lampert Hermán]] on 19 August 1319.<ref name='Kádár_155'>Kádár 2013, p. 155.</ref>
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| − | ==Sources==
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| − | * {{hu icon}} Engel, Pál (1996). ''Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1301–1457, I.'' ("Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1301–1457, Volume I"). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. Budapest. {{ISBN|963-8312-44-0}}.
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| − | * Engel, Pál (2001). ''The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526''. I.B. Tauris Publishers. {{ISBN|1-86064-061-3}}.
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| − | * {{hu icon}} Fügedi, Erik (1986). ''Ispánok, bárók, kiskirályok '' ("Ispáns, Barons, Oligarchs"). Nemzet és emlékezet, Magvető Könyvkiadó. Budapest. {{ISBN|963-14-0582-6}}
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| − | * {{hu icon}} Kádár, Tamás (2013). "Egy érdekes bárói életpálya a 13–14. század fordulójáról: Pok nembeli Móric fia „Meggyesi” Miklós erdélyi vajda". In Bárány, Attila; Papp, Klára. ''[https://www.academia.edu/7233133/Egy_%C3%A9rdekes_b%C3%A1r%C3%B3i_%C3%A9letp%C3%A1lya_a_13-14._sz%C3%A1zad_fordul%C3%B3j%C3%A1n_Pok_nembeli_M%C3%B3ric_fia_Meggyesi_Mikl%C3%B3s_erd%C3%A9lyi_vajda ACTA UNIVERSITATIS DEBRECENIENSIS SERIES HISTORICA LXV]''. Debreceni Egyetem. Történelmi Intézet. pp. 133–155.
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| − | * {{hu icon}} Karácsonyi, János (1901). ''A magyar nemzetségek a XIV. század közepéig'' ("The Hungarian genera until the middle of the 14th century"). Vol. 3., [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]. Budapest.
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| − | * {{hu icon}} Markó, László (2006). ''A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig – Életrajzi Lexikon'' ("The High Officers of the Hungarian State from Saint Stephen to the Present Days – A Biographical Encyclopedia") (2nd edition); Helikon Kiadó Kft., Budapest; {{ISBN|963-547-085-1}}.
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| − | * Treptow, Kurt W. & Popa, Marcel (1996). ''Historical Dictionary of Romania''. Scarecrow Press, Inc. {{ISBN|0-8108-3179-1}}.
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| − | * {{hu icon}} Zsoldos, Attila (2011). ''Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301'' ("Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301"). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. Budapest. {{ISBN|978-963-9627-38-3}}
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| − | ==Przypisy==
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| − | {{SORTUJ:Pok, Miklós}}
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| − | [[Category:Oligarchs of the Kingdom of Hungary]]
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| − | [[Category:13th-century Hungarian people]]
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| − | [[Category:14th-century Hungarian people]]
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| − | [[Kategoria:Rody]]
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| − | [[Kategoria:Ród Pok]]
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| − | [[Kategoria:Urzędnicy Królestwa Węgier]]
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| − | [[Kategoria:Węgierscy dygnitarze historyczni]]
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| − | [[Kategoria:Węgierscy szlachcice]]
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| − | [[Kategoria:Węgierscy urzędnicy królewscy]]
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| − | [[Kategoria:Węgierscy urzędnicy królewscy]]
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| − | [[Kategoria:Wojewodowie Siedmiogrodu]]
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| − | [[Kategoria:Krótkie]] | |
