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| − | Za: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banate_of_Severin]
| + | #PATRZ [[Szörényi Bánság]] |
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| − | {{Infobox Former Subdivision
| + | [[Kategoria:Przekierowane]] |
| − | |native_name = ''Szörényi bánság''<br>''Banatul Severinului''<br>Северинска бановина
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| − | |conventional_long_name = Banate of Severin
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| − | |common_name = Banate of Severin
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| − | |subdivision = [[Ban (title)|banate]]
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| − | |nation = [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
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| − | |p1 =
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| − | |image_p1 =
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| − | |s1 = Wallachia
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| − | |image_s1 = [[File:Stema Tarii Romanesti II.jpg|x30px|link=Wallachia]]
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| − | |s2 = Banate of Lugoj and Caransebeș
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| − | |image_s2 = [[File:Coat of arms of Transylvania.svg|x30px|link=Banate of Lugoj and Caransebeș]]
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| − | |year_start = 13th century
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| − | |event_end =
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| − | |year_end = 16th century
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| − | |date_end =
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| − | |image_coat =
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| − | |image_map = Hungary 13th cent.png
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| − | |image_map_caption = Banate of Severin, late 13th century
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| − | |capital =
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| − | |stat_area1 =
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| − | |stat_pop1 =
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| − | |stat_year1 =
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| − | |category =
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| − | |today = [[Romania]]
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| − | |footnotes =
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| − | }}
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| − | [[File:Banate of severin.png|right|thumb|250px|Map of the Banate of Severin]]
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| − | The '''Banate of Severin''' or '''Banate of Szörény''' ({{lang-hu|szörényi bánság}}; {{lang-ro|Banatul Severinului}}; {{lang-la|Banatus Zewrinensis}}; {{lang-bg| Северинско банство}}, {{lang|bg-Latn|Severinsko banstvo}}; {{lang-sr|Северинска бановина}}, {{lang|sr-Latn|Severinska banovina}}) was a Hungarian political, military and administrative unit with a special role in initially anti-Bulgarian, latterly anti-Ottoman defensive system of the medieval [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. It was founded by [[Béla IV of Hungary|Prince Béla]] in 1228.
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| − | | |
| − | == Territory ==
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| − | | |
| − | The Banate of Severin was a [[March (territorial entity)|march]] (or a border province) of the medieval [[Kingdom of Hungary]] between the [[Lower Danube]] and the [[Olt River]] (in present-day [[Oltenia]] in Romania).{{sfn|Papacostea|1998|p=230}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=407}}{{sfn|Madgearu|2017|p=207}} A charter of grant, issued on 2 June 1247 for the [[Knights Hospitallers]], mentioned the Olt as its eastern border.{{sfn|Papacostea|1998|p=230}} The Knights received the "Land of Severin" ''(Terra de Zeurino)'',{{sfn|Pop|2013|p=338}} along with the nearby mountains, from [[Béla IV of Hungary]].{{sfn|Papacostea|1998|p=230}}{{sfn|Makkai|1994b|pp=196–197}} The king had described the same region as a "deserted and depopulated" land in a letter to [[Pope Gregory IX]] on 7 June 1238.{{sfn|Madgearu|2017|p=208}} Modern scholars assume that either the Hungarian conquest of the territory or confrontations between Bulgaria and Hungary had forced the local population to flee.{{sfn|Madgearu|2017|p=208}} Historian László Makkai says, the population obviously began to increase by the end of the 1230s, because Béla requested the pope to appoint a bishop to Severin.<ref>{{Citation |last=Makkai |first=László |title=The Cumanian Country and the Province of Severin |publisher=Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungarian Research Institute of Canada, Atlantic Research and Publications |year=2001–2002 |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/74.html |access-date =12 April 2017}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | The 1247 charter of grant also mentioned that "Cumania" bordered the Land of Severin from the east.{{sfn|Vásáry|2005|p=146}} The same diploma listed two [[Vlachs|Vlach]] (or Romanian) political units—the ''kenezatus'' of [[John (knez)|John]] and [[Farcaș]]—which were subjected to the Hospitallers on this occasion.{{sfn|Makkai|1994b|p=197}}{{sfn|Papacostea|1998|p=230}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=407}} A third ''kenezatus'', which was ruled by ''[[Voivode]]'' [[Litovoi]], was not included in the grant, but it was left to the Vlachs "as they had held it".{{sfn|Vásáry|2005|p=146}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=407}}{{sfn|Papacostea|1998|p=231}} However, Béla gave the Hospitallers the half of the royal revenues collected in Litovoi's land, with the exception of the revenues from the "Land of Hátszeg" (now [[Țara Hațegului]] in Romania).{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=407–408}}{{sfn|Pop|2013|p=337}} Alexandru Madgearu says, the diploma shows that Litovoi's ''kenezatus'' bordered the Land of Severin to the north, thus the banate must have only included southern Oltenia in the middle of the 13th century.{{sfn|Madgearu|2017|p=207}} The ''kenezatus'' of ''Voivode'' [[Seneslau]], which was located to the east of the Olt, was fully excluded from the grant.{{sfn|Makkai|1994b|p=197}}
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| − | | |
| − | The bans initially had their seat at the fortress of Szörény (now [[Drobeta-Turnu Severin]] in Romania).{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=95}}{{sfn|Makkai|1994a|p=657}} After Szörény was lost in the late 13th century, the fort of Miháld (now [[Mehadia]] in Romania) was the center of the province.{{sfn|Makkai|1994a|p=657}} In addition to Miháld, the banate included Orsova (now [[Orșova]] in Romania) and the [[Romanian district]]s along the upper course of the [[Timiș River|Temes (Timiș) river]].{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=95}}{{sfn|Makkai|1994a|p=657}}
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| − | | |
| − | == History ==
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| − | | |
| − | [[Kaloyan of Bulgaria]] occupied the region between the rivers [[Cerna (Danube)|Cerna]] and the Olt around 1199.{{sfn|Madgearu|2017|p=207}} The Kingdom of Hungary was also expanding over the Carpathian Mountains in the early 13th century, which gave rise to conflicts between the two countries.{{sfn|Makkai|1994a|p=657}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=405–406}} The Cuman tribes dwelling to the east of the Olt as far as the river [[Siret (river)|Siret]] agreed to pay a yearly tribute to the kings of Hungary in early 1227.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=95}} The Hungarians captured the Bulgarian fortress of Severin during a military campaign against Bulgaria in 1231.{{sfn|Madgearu|2017|p=206}}
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| − | | |
| − | After the 1526 [[Battle of Mohács]], the Banate of Severin was divided. South-eastern part (eastwards from Varcsaró - Vârciorova, today part of [[Bolvașnița]]) came under the jurisdiction of Wallachian princes and in the north-western part (westwards from Orsova - present-day [[Orșova]] - inclusive) was gradually reorganized into the [[Banate of Lugos and Karánsebes]].
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| − | | |
| − | == Bans of Severin ==
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| − | | |
| − | {{Empty section|date=January 2018}}
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| − | | |
| − | == List of bans ==
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| − | | |
| − | === Thirteenth century ===
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| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%"
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| − | |-
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| − | ! scope="col" width="9%" | Term
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| − | ! scope="col" width="17%" | Incumbent
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| − | ! scope="col" width="9%" | Monarch
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| − | ! scope="col" width="33%" | Notes
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| − | ! scope="col" width="10%" | Source
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1226–{{circa}} 1232'''
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| − | | [[Buzád Hahót]]
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| − | | [[Andrew II of Hungary|Andrew II]]
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| − | | He styled himself "former ban" in 1233. His close relationship with Andrew II's son, [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla]], [[Duke of Transylvania]], suggests that he was the ban of Severin (instead of being the [[ban of Slavonia]]).
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|pp=49, 291–292}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1233'''
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| − | | [[Lucas I Péc#Identification|Lucas]]
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| − | | [[Andrew II of Hungary|Andrew II]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=49}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1235'''
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| − | | Pós Csák
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| − | | [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla IV]]
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| − | | Also [[Master of the treasury]] and ''[[ispán]]'' (or head) of [[Bács County]]
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=49}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1240'''
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| − | | Osl Osl
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| − | | [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla IV]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=49}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1243'''
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| − | | Stephen Csák
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| − | | [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla IV]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=49}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1260'''
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| − | | Lawrence, son of Kemény
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| − | | [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla IV]]
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| − | | First rule.
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=49}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1262'''
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| − | | Stephen
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| − | | [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla IV]]
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| − | | He is only mentioned in a non-authentic charter.
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=49}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1263'''
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| − | | Lawrence
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| − | | [[Stephen V of Hungary|Stephen V]] (king junior)
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| − | | Also [[Master of the treasury]] of Stephen V.
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=49}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1268'''
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| − | | Alexander, son of Drug
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| − | | [[Stephen V of Hungary|Stephen V]] (king junior)
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=49}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1268'''
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| − | | [[Ugrin Csák]]
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| − | | [[Stephen V of Hungary|Stephen V]] (king junior)
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| − | | First rule.
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=49}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1270'''
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| − | | Lawrence, son of Kemény
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| − | | [[Stephen V of Hungary|Stephen V]]
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| − | | Second rule. Also ''ispán'' of [[Doboka County]].
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=50}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1270'''
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| − | | Panyit Miskolc
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| − | | [[Stephen V of Hungary|Stephen V]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=50}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1271–1272'''
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| − | | Lawrence, son of Kemény
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| − | | [[Stephen V of Hungary|Stephen V]]
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| − | | Third rule. Also ''ispán'' of [[Doboka County]].
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=50}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1272'''
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| − | | Albert Ákos
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| − | | [[Stephen V of Hungary|Stephen V]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=50}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1272–1274'''
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| − | | [[Paul Gutkeled]]
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| − | | [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary|Ladislaus IV]]
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| − | | First rule. Also ''ispán'' of [[Valkó County|Valkó]] and [[Doboka County|Doboka Counties]].
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|pp=50, 342}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1274–1275'''
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| − | | [[Ugrin Csák]]
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| − | | [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary|Ladislaus IV]]
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| − | | Second rule.
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=50}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1275'''
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| − | | [[Paul Gutkeled]]
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| − | | [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary|Ladislaus IV]]
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| − | | Second rule.
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|pp=50, 342}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1275–1276'''
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| − | | Mikod Kökényesradnót
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| − | | [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary|Ladislaus IV]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=50}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1276'''
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| − | | [[Ugrin Csák]]
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| − | | [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary|Ladislaus IV]]
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| − | | Third rule.
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=50}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1277–1278'''
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| − | | [[Paul Gutkeled]] (?)
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| − | | [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary|Ladislaus IV]]
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| − | | He is only mentioned in non-authentic charters. Third rule.
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|pp=50, 342}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1279'''
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| − | | Lawrence, son of Lawrence
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| − | | [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary|Ladislaus IV]]
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| − | | First rule.
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=50}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1291'''
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| − | | Lawrence, son of Lawrence
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| − | | [[Andrew III of Hungary|Andrew III]]
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| − | | Second rule, but he may have continuously held the office from 1279 to 1291
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=50}}
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| − | |}
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| − | | |
| − | === Fourteenth century ===
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| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%"
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| − | |-
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| − | ! scope="col" width="9%" | Term
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| − | ! scope="col" width="17%" | Incumbent
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| − | ! scope="col" width="9%" | Monarch
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| − | ! scope="col" width="33%" | Notes
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| − | ! scope="col" width="10%" | Source
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1335–1341'''
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| − | | Denis Szécsi
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| − | | [[Charles I of Hungary|Charles I]]
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| − | | Also [[master of the stewards]].
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=32}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1342–1349'''
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| − | | Stephen Losonci
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| − | | [[Charles I of Hungary|Charles I]], [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=32}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1350–1355'''
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| − | | [[Nicholas Szécsi]]
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| − | | [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]]
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| − | | Also ''ispán'' of [[Keve County|Keve]] and [[Krassó County|Krassó Counties]].
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=32}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1355–1359'''
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| − | | Denis Lackfi
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| − | | [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]]
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| − | | Also [[Master of the horse (Kingdom of Hungary)|master of the horse]], and ''ispán'' of [[Keve County|Keve]] and [[Krassó County|Krassó Counties]].
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=32}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1359–1379'''
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| − | | ''Vacant.''
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| − | |
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=32}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1375–1376'''
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| − | | John Treutel
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| − | | [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=32}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1376–1387'''
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| − | | ''Vacant.''
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| − | |
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=32}}
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| − | |}
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| − | | |
| − | {{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
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| − | #1299–1307 András Tárnok
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| − | #1308–1313 András Tárnok and Márton Tárnok
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| − | #1314–1318 Domokos Csornai
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| − | #1319–1323 László Rátholti
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| − | #1323–1329 Dénes Szécsi
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| − | #1324 Pál
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| − | #1330–1341 Dénes Szécsi
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| − | #1342–1349 István Losonci
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| − | #1350–1355 Miklós Szécsi
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| − | #1355–1359 Dénes Lackfi
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| − | #1359–1375 vacant
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| − | #1376 János Treutel
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| − | #1376–1387 vacant
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| − | #1387 László Losonci Jr.
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| − | #1387–1388 István Losonci
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| − | #1388–1390 János Kaplai-Serkei
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| − | #1390–1391 Miklós Perényi
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| − | #1392 Szemere Gerebenci
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| − | #1392–1393 Bebek Detre
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| − | #1393 Frank Szécsi
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| − | #1393–1397 vacant
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| − | #1397 Lukács of Oszkola
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| − | #1393–1408 vacant
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| − | #1408–1409 [[Pipo of Ozora]]
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| − | #1409 vacant
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| − | #1410 Lőrinc, son of Majos
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| − | #1410–1428 vacant
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| − | #1428 Imre Marcali
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| − | #1430–1435 Miklós Redwitz
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| − | #1429–1435 vacant
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| − | #1435 László Hagymás of Beregszó and János Dancs of Macedonia
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| − | #1436–1439 Frank Tallóczi
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| − | #1439–1446 [[John Hunyadi, Ban of Severin]]
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| − | #1445–1446 Miklós Újlaki
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| − | #1447–1454 Mihály Csornai
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| − | #1449 Balázs Csornai
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| − | #1452–1454 Péter Dancs of Sebes
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| − | #1455-57 vacant
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| − | #1458 Vlad and Gergely Bethlen
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| − | #1459–1460 vacant
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| − | #1460 László Dóczi
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| − | #1462–1463 Miklós Újlaki
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| − | #1464–1466 vacant
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| − | #1466 János Pongrácz of Dengeleg
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| − | #1467 vacant
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| − | #1467 István and Mihály de Muthnoki
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| − | #1468–1471 vacant
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| − | #1471–1478 Imre Hédervári
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| − | #1478 János Erdő and Domokos Bethlen
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| − | #1478 vacant
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| − | #1479 Ambrus Török and György Szenthelsebethi
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| − | #1479 Bertalan Pathócsy
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| − | #1480–1483 Bertalan Pathócsy and Ferenc Haraszti
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| − | #1483–1489 Ferenc Haraszti and András Szokoly
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| − | #1490 Imre Ozorai
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| − | #1491 Imre Ozorai and Dánfy András of Doboz
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| − | #1491–1492 Ferenc Haraszti and Dánfy András of Doboz
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| − | #1492 Móré Fülöp Csulai
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| − | #1492–1494 Móré György Csulai and Ferenc Balassa
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| − | #1495–1501 Tárnok Péter Macskási and Jakab Gerlisthey
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| − | #1501 Jakab Gerlisthey and Bélai Barnabás
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| − | #1502 Jakab Gerlisthey and Tárnok Péter Macskási
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| − | #1503 Bélai Barnabás
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| − | #1503 Jakab Gerlisthey
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| − | #1504–1508 Jakab Gerlisthey and Barnabás Bélai
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| − | #1508–1513 Mihály Paksi and Barnabás Bélai
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| − | #1514 Barnabás Bélai and [[János Szapolyai]]
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| − | #1515–1516 Miklós Hagymási of Berekszó
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| − | #1517–1518 vacant
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| − | #1519 Bélai Barnabás
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| − | #1520–1521 Miklós Gerlisthey
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| − | #1522–1523 János Vitéz Kállay
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| − | #1524–1526 János Vitéz Kállay and [[János Szapolyai]]
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| − | #1526–1540 Under the rule of Lugos and Karánsebes Bans
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| − | #1526–1860 Under Ottoman occupation
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| − | {{Div col end}}
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| − | | |
| − | == References ==
| |
| − | {{Reflist}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | == Sources ==
| |
| − | {{Refbegin}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |authorlink=Florin Curta |year=2006 |title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89452-4 |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Engel |first=Pál |authorlink=Pál Engel |year=1996 |title=Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1301–1457, I. ''[Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1301–1457, Volume I]'' |publisher=História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete |isbn=963-8312-44-0 |language=hu |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Madgearu |first=Alexandru |year=2017 |title=The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire, 1185–1280 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9-004-32501-2 |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | *{{cite book |last=Makkai |first=László |editor1-last=Kristó |editor1-first=Gyula |editor2-last=Engel |editor2-first=Pál |editor3-last=Makk |editor3-first=Ferenc | title=Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század) ''[Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th centuries)]'' |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994a |page=657 |chapter=szörényi bánság [Banate of Severin] |language=hu |isbn=963-05-6722-9 |ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Makkai |first=László |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit | title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994b |pages=178–243 |chapter=The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526) |isbn=963-05-6703-2 |ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Papacostea |first=Șerban |year=1998 |title=Between the Crusade and the Mongol Empire |publisher=Center for Transylvanian Studies, Romanian Cultural Foundation |isbn=973-577-186-1 |ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Pop |first=Ioan-Aurel |year=2013 |title="De manibus Valachorum scismaticorum...": Romanians and Power in the Mediaeval Kingdom of Hungary, The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries |publisher=Peter Land Edition |isbn=978-3-631-64866-7 |ref=harv}}
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| − | *{{Cite book |last=Vásáry |first=István |year=2005 |title=Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-83756-1 |ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Zsoldos |first=Attila |year=2011 |title=Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 ''[Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301]'' |publisher=História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete |isbn=978-963-9627-38-3 |language=hu |ref=harv}}
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| − | {{Refend}}
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| − | | |
| − | == References ==
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| − | *Hațegan I., ''Cavalerii teutoni în Banatul Severinului'' (1429–1435), "Tibiscus-istorie" V, Muzeul Banatului, Timișoara, 1978, pp. 191–196.
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| − | *http://mek.niif.hu/02100/02114/html/316.html Histoire de la Transylvanie
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| − | | |
| − | ==External links==
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| − | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120330212119/http://genealogy.vanyi.org/hu/images/4/44/Szorenyi_bansag.jpg Map]
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| − | | |
| − | {{Provinces of medieval Kingdom of Hungary}}
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| − | | |
| − | {{coord missing|Romania}}
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| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Banates of the Kingdom of Hungary]]
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| − | [[Category:Medieval Romania]]
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| − | [[Category:History of Banat]]
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| − | [[Category:Territorial evolution of Hungary]]
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| − | [[Category:Oltenia]]
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