Bitwa pod Belgradem: Różnice pomiędzy wersjami

Aktualna wersja na dzień 19:44, 18 lip 2020

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Nándorfehérvári diadal

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-|autorzy = https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bitwa_pod_Belgradem&action=history
-|nota    = polski
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+{{SORTUJ:Bitwa, Belgrad}}
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-'''Bitwa pod Belgradem''' ([[4 lipca|4]]–[[22 lipca]] [[1456]]) – starcie zbrojne wojsk węgierskich dowodzonych przez [[János Hunyady|Jana Hunyadyego]] z wojskami [[Imperium Osmańskie|osmańskimi]] dowodzonymi przez [[Mehmed II Zdobywca|Mehmeda II]].
-[[Plik:Nándorfehérvári_csata_vázlata.jpg|thumb|left]]
-Jednym z przekazów na temat oblężenia jest dokument znany jako ''Pamiętnik Janczara'' dzieła Serba Konstantina Mihailovica, walczącego po stronie [[Turcja|Turków]]. Po przybyciu pod [[Belgrad]], broniony przez [[Szilágyi Mihály|Mihályego Szilágyiego]], sułtan [[Mehmed II Zdobywca|Mehmed II]] zwołał naradę, aby zastanowić się nad sposobem zdobycia miasta. Zdecydowano się na oblężenie. Turcy mieli ze sobą około 300 armat, z czego 22 dużego kalibru bombardy oblężnicze. Dwunastodniowe bombardowanie wyrządziło ogromne wyrwy w murach od strony lądu, nie spowodowało jednakże większych strat w ludziach, którzy w porę ostrzegani o bombardowaniu chronili się w bezpiecznym miejscu. W momencie, gdy mury Belgradu zaczęły przypominać gruzowisko, pojawiła się prowadzona przez [[Hunyady János|Jana Hunyadyego]] odsiecz, która przełamała turecką blokadę na [[Dunaj]]u. [[Węgry|Węgrzy]] wkroczyli wówczas do miasta przynosząc zaopatrzenie. Wtedy to nastąpił szturm [[Janczarzy|janczarów]], którzy wkroczyli do niższej części miasta. W trakcie plądrowania domów stali się oni jednak celem gwałtownego przeciwnatarcia, w wyniku którego Turcy zostali wyparci z zajętych pozycji. Następnego dnia [[Jan Kapistran]] poprowadził obrońców do natarcia na tureckie pozycje oblężnicze, powodując paniczną ucieczkę Turków. W walce ranny w udo został Mehmed, którego odciągnięto w porę z pola walki. Armia turecka rozpoczęła odwrót.
-==Sytuacja==
-Oblężenie Belgradu, bitwa o Belgrad lub oblężenie Nándorfehérvár to wojskowa blokada Belgradu, która miała miejsce w dniach 4–22 lipca 1456 r. Po upadku Konstantynopola w 1453 r. Sułtan osmański Mehmed zgromadził swoje zasoby, aby podbić Królestwo Węgier. Jego bezpośrednim celem był fort graniczny miasta Belgrad (w). John Hunyadi, hrabia Temes i kapitan generalny Węgier, który stoczył wiele bitew przeciwko Turkom w poprzednich dwóch dekadach, przygotował obronę twierdzy.
- <small><small>The '''Siege of Belgrade''', '''Battle of Belgrade''' or '''Siege of Nándorfehérvár''' was a [[military]] [[blockade]] of [[Belgrade]] that occurred from July 4–22, 1456. After the [[fall of Constantinople|fall of Constantinople in 1453]], the [[Ottoman Sultan]] [[Mehmed the Conqueror]] rallied his resources in order to subjugate the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1538)|Kingdom of Hungary]]. His immediate objective was the border [[fort]] of the town of [[Belgrade]] (in {{lang-hu|Nándorfehérvár}}). [[John Hunyadi]], the Count of Temes and captain-general of Hungary, who had fought many battles against the [[Ottoman Turks|Turks]] in the previous two decades, prepared the defenses of the [[Belgrade Fortress|fortress]]. </small></small>
-Oblężenie przerodziło się w wielką bitwę, podczas której Hunyadi poprowadził nagły kontratak, który opanował obóz osmański, w końcu zmuszając rannego Mehmeda II do zniesienia oblężenia i wycofania się. Bitwa miała znaczące konsekwencje, ponieważ stabilizowała południowe granice Węgier na ponad pół wieku, a tym samym znacznie opóźniła postęp Osmańskiego w Europie.
- <small><small>The siege escalated into a major battle, during which Hunyadi led a sudden counterattack that overran the Ottoman camp, ultimately compelling the wounded Mehmed II to lift the siege and retreat. The battle had significant consequences, as it stabilized the southern frontiers of the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1538)|Kingdom of Hungary]] for more than half a century and thus considerably delayed the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Ottoman wars in Europe|advance in Europe]]. </small></small>
-Papież świętował również zwycięstwo, ponieważ wcześniej nakazał wszystkim katolickim królestwom modlić się o zwycięstwo obrońców Belgradu. Doprowadziło to do rytuału dzwonu w południe, który wciąż trwa w kościołach katolickich i starotestanckich. Dzień zwycięstwa, 22 lipca, był na Węgrzech dniem pamięci
- <small><small>The [[Pope]] celebrated the victory as well, as he had previously ordered all [[Western Europe|Catholic kingdoms]] to pray for the victory of the defenders of Belgrade. This led to the noon bell ritual that is still undertaken in [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]] and old [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Church (building)|churches]]. The day of the victory, 22 July, has been a memorial day in Hungary ever since.<ref>[http://www.politics.hu/20110705/anniversary-of-1456-victory-over-ottomans-becomes-memorial-day/ Anniversary of 1456 victory over Ottomans becomes memorial day] politics.hu</ref> </small></small>
-==Preparations==
-At the end of 1455, [[John Hunyadi]] began preparations for the defence of Belgrade. At his own expense, he provisioned and armed the fortress with a strong garrison under the command of his brother-in-law [[Mihály Szilágyi]] and his own eldest son [[Laszlo Hunyadi|László]]. Hunyadi then proceeded to form a relief army and an additional fleet of two hundred [[corvette]]s. The barons feared Hunyadi's growing power more than the Ottoman threat and left him entirely to his own devices.
-An [[Italian people|Italian]] [[Franciscan]] friar allied to Hunyadi, [[Giovanni da Capistrano]], preached a [[crusade]] to attract [[peasantry|peasants]] and local countryside [[gentry|landlords]] to Hunyadi's cause. The recruits were ill-armed, many with only [[sling (weapon)|slings]] and [[scythe]]s, but they were highly motivated. The [[Conscription|recruits]] came under Hunyadi's banner, the core of which consisted of smaller bands of seasoned mercenaries and a few groups of minor knights. All in all, Hunyadi managed to build a force of 25–30,000 men.
-==Siege==
-{{unreferenced section|date=July 2016}}
-Before Hunyadi could assemble his forces, the army of [[Mehmed II]] (160,000 men in early accounts, 60-70,000 according to newer research) arrived at Belgrade. The siege began on July 4, 1456. Szilágyi could rely on a force of only 5,000-7,000 men in the castle. Mehmed set up his siege on the neck of the headland and started heavily bombarding the city's walls on June 29. He arrayed his men in three sections: The [[Rumelia Eyalet|Rumelian]] corps had the majority of his 300 cannons, while his fleet of 200 river war vessels had the rest of them. The Rumelians were arrayed on the right wing and the [[Anatolia]]n corps were arrayed on the left. In the middle were the personal guards of the [[Sultan]], the [[Janissary|Janissaries]], and his command post. The Anatolian corps and the Janissaries were both heavy infantry troops. Mehmed posted his river vessels mainly to the northwest of the city to patrol the marshes and ensure that the fortress was not reinforced. They also kept an eye on the [[Sava|Sava river]] to the southwest to avoid the infantry from being outflanked by Hunyadi's army. The zone from the [[Danube]] eastwards was guarded by the [[Sipahi]], the Sultan's feudal heavy cavalry corps, to avoid being outflanked on the right.
-[[File:Fresco siege of Belgrade 1456 in Olomouc.jpg|left|thumb|Gothic fresco of the Siege of Belgrade from 1468, in a Church in [[Olomouc]] (Czech Republic). Probably the oldest depiction of the battle; shows Giovanni da Capistrano and John Hunyadi.]]
-When Hunyadi was informed of this, he was in the south of Hungary recruiting additional light cavalry troops for the army, with which he would intend to lift the siege. Although relatively few, his fellow nobles were willing to provide manpower, and the peasants were more than willing to do so. Friar John of [[John Capistrano|Capistrano]] had been sent to Hungary by the Vatican both to preach against heretics and to preach a [[crusade]] against the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]]. Capistrano managed to raise a large, albeit poorly trained and equipped, peasant army, with which he advanced towards Belgrade. Capistrano and Hunyadi traveled together though commanding the army separately. Both of them had gathered around 40,000-50,000 troops altogether.
-The outnumbered defenders relied mainly on the strength of the formidable castle of Belgrade, which was at the time one of the best engineered in the Balkans. Belgrade had been designated as the capital of the [[Serbian Despotate]] by [[Stefan Lazarević]] 53 years prior.
-[[File:fortress Belgrade.jpg|thumb|Fortress of Belgrade as it looked in the Middle Ages. The lower and upper town with the palace are visible.]]
-[[File:Dugovics.jpg|thumb|The heroism of [[Titusz Dugovics]] grabbing the Ottoman standard-bearer while both of them plunge to their deaths.]]
-The fortress was designed in an elaborate form with three lines of defense: the inner castle with the palace, a huge upper town with the main military camps, four gates and a double wall, as well as the lower town with the cathedral in the urban center and a port at the Danube. This building endeavor was one of the most elaborate military architecture achievements of the Middle Ages. After the Siege, the Hungarians reinforced the north and eastern side with an additional gate and several towers, one of which, the [[Nebojša Tower]], was designed for artillery purposes.
-On July 14, 1456, Hunyadi arrived to the completely encircled city with his flotilla on the Danube, while the [[Ottoman navy]] lay astride the Danube River. He broke the naval blockade on July 14, sinking three large Ottoman galleys and capturing four large vessels and 20 smaller ones. By destroying the Sultan's fleet, Hunyadi was able to transport his troops and much-needed food into the city. The fort's defense was also reinforced.
-But Mehmed II was not willing to end the siege and after a week of heavy bombardment, the walls of the fortress were breached in several places. On July 21 Mehmed ordered an all-out assault that began at sundown and continued all night. The besieging army flooded the city and then started its assault on the fort. As this was the most crucial moment of the siege, Hunyadi ordered the defenders to throw tarred wood and other flammable material, and then set it afire. Soon a wall of flames separated the Janissaries fighting in the city from their fellow soldiers trying to breach through the gaps into the upper town. The fierce battle between the encircled Janissaries and Szilágyi's soldiers inside the upper town was turning in favour of the Christians, and the Hungarians managed to beat off the fierce assault from outside the walls. The Janissaries remaining inside the city were thus massacred while the Ottoman troops trying to breach the upper town suffered heavy losses.
-==Battle==
-[[File:Severni bedem3.jpg|thumb|left|250px|North wall of the Belgrade Fortress from the 17th century]]
-The next day something unexpected happened. By some accounts, the peasant crusaders started a spontaneous action, and forced Capistrano and Hunyadi to make use of the situation. Despite Hunyadi's orders to the defenders not to try to loot the Ottoman positions, some of the units crept out from demolished ramparts, took up positions across from the Ottoman line, and began harassing enemy soldiers. Ottoman [[Sipahi]]s tried without success to disperse the harassing force. At once, more defenders joined those outside the wall. What began as an isolated incident quickly escalated into a full-scale battle.
-John of Capistrano at first tried to order his men back inside the walls, but soon found himself surrounded by about 2,000 peasant levymen. He then began leading them toward the Ottoman lines, crying, "The Lord who made the beginning will take care of the finish!" Capistrano led his crusaders to the Ottoman rear across the [[Sava]] river. At the same time, Hunyadi started a desperate charge out of the fort to take the cannon positions in the Ottoman encampment.
-[[File:Siege of Nándorfehérvár.jpg|thumb|Siege of Belgrade (in Hungarian: Nándorfehérvár) 1456. Hünername 1584]]
-Taken by surprise at this strange turn of events and, as some chroniclers say, seemingly paralyzed by some inexplicable fear, the Ottomans took flight.<ref name = "Brie">{{cite book|author = Friedrich W.D. Brie|title = The Brut; Or, the Chronicles of England|isbn= 978-1407773421|year = 2012|page = 524}}</ref> The Sultan's bodyguard of about 5,000 Janissaries tried desperately to stop the panic and recapture the camp, but by that time Hunyadi's army had also joined the unplanned battle, and the Ottoman efforts became hopeless. The Sultan himself advanced into the fight and killed a knight in single combat, but then took an arrow in the thigh and was rendered unconscious. After the battle, the Hungarian raiders were ordered to spend the night behind the walls of the fortress and to be on the alert for a possible renewal of the battle, but the Ottoman counterattack never came.
-Under cover of darkness the Ottomans retreated in haste, bearing their wounded in 140 wagons. They withdrew to  [[Istanbul|Constantinople]].
-==Aftermath==
-However, the Hungarians paid dearly for this victory. Plague broke out in the camp, from which [[John Hunyadi]] himself died three weeks later (August 11, 1456). He was buried in the Cathedral of ''Gyulafehérvár'' (now [[Alba Iulia]]), the capital of [[Transylvania]].
-As the design of the fortress had proved its merits during the siege, some additional reinforcements were made by the Hungarians. The weaker eastern walls, where the Ottomans broke through into the upper town were reinforced by the Zindan gate and the heavy Nebojša tower. This was the last of the great modifications to the fortress until 1521, when Mehmed's great-grandson [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman]] [[Siege of Belgrade (1521)|eventually captured it]].
-==Noon Bell==
-[[Pope Callixtus III]] ordered the bells of every European church to be rung every day at noon, as a call for believers to pray for the defenders of the city.<ref>{{cite book|title=The history of modern Europe: From the fall of Constantinople|author=Thomas Henry Dyer|page=85|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBAMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA85&dq=Noon+bell+belgrade&cd=5#v=onepage&q=Noon%20bell%20belgrade&f=false | year=1861 | publisher=J. Murray}}</ref><ref name="history-6">[http://www.mek.oszk.hu/02000/02085/02085.htm István Lázár: Hungary: A Brief History] (see in Chapter 6)</ref> The practice of the noon bell is traditionally attributed to the international commemoration of the victory at Belgrade and to the order of Pope [[Callixtus III]], since in many countries (like England and the Spanish Kingdoms) news of the victory arrived before the order, and the ringing of the church bells at noon was thus transformed into a commemoration of the victory.<ref>{{cite book | author = Kerny, Terézia | authorlink = | editor = | others = | title = The Hungarian Quarterly|chapter=The Renaissance - Four Times Over. Exhibitions Commemorating Matthias's Accession to the Throne | issue=190/2008|edition = | publisher = Society of the Hungarian Quarterly | location = [[Budapest]], Hungary | year = 2008 | pages = 79–90 | quote = On July 22, 1456, John Hunyadi won a decisive victory at Belgrade over the armies of Sultan Mehmed II. Hunyadi's feat—carried out with a small standing army combined with peasants rallied to fight the infidel by the Franciscan friar St John of Capistrano— had the effect of putting an end to Ottoman attempts on Hungary and Western Europe for the next seventy years. The bells ringing at noon throughout Christendom are, to this day, a daily commemoration of John Hunyadi's victory. | isbn = | oclc = | doi = | chapter-url = http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=36917033-77c7-4622-8f76-dae90f531363&articleId=ca7d4a8b-cee0-4d8b-beab-fb1536ba3597 | accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="hu01">http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/hunyadi/hu01.htm</ref><ref name="oxford">http://nq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/CLXVII/sep08/171-d</ref> The Pope didn't withdraw the order, and [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] and the older Protestant churches still ring the noon bell to this day.<ref name="history-6" /><ref name="hu01" /><ref name="oxford" /><ref>{{cite book | author = Kerny, Terézia | authorlink = | editor = | others = | title = The Hungarian Quarterly|chapter=The Renaissance - Four Times Over. Exhibitions Commemorating Matthias’s Accession to the Throne | issue=190/2008|edition = | publisher = Society of the Hungarian Quarterly | location = [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]] | year = 2008 | origyear = | pages = 79–90 | quote = On July 22, 1456, John Hunyadi won a decisive victory at Belgrade over the armies of Sultan Mehmed II. Hunyadi’s feat—carried out with a small standing army combined with peasants rallied to fight the infidel by the Franciscan friar St John of Capistrano— had the effect of putting an end to Ottoman attempts on Hungary and Western Europe for the next seventy years, and is considered to have been one of the most momentous victories in Hungarian military history. The bells ringing at noon throughout Christendom are, to this day, a daily commemoration of John Hunyadi’s victory. | isbn = | oclc = | doi = | chapter-url = http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=36917033-77c7-4622-8f76-dae90f531363&articleId=ca7d4a8b-cee0-4d8b-beab-fb1536ba3597 | accessdate = }}</ref>
-This custom still exists also among Protestant and Orthodox congregations. In the history of [[Oxford university]], the victory was welcomed with the ringing of bells and great celebrations in England. Hunyadi sent a special courier, Erasmus Fullar, among others to Oxford with the news of the victory.<ref>Imre Lukinich: A History of Hungary in Biographical Sketches (page: 109.)</ref>
-==Legacy==
-[[File:Kalemegdanska tvrđava IMG 1941.JPG|thumb|Part of Belgrade Fortress from the 17th century]]
-[[File:Battle of Nandorfehervar.jpg|thumb|Battle of Nándorfehérvár, Hungarian painting from the 19th century. In the middle [[Giovanni da Capistrano]] with the cross in his hand.]]
-[[File:Hunyadi kalemegdan.jpg|thumb|Stone in the Kalemegdan park, in Belgrade, with engraved inscription on the place where Christian forces under command of John Hunyadi won the battle against the Ottomans in 1456.]]
-The victory stopped the Ottoman advance towards [[Europe]] for 70 years, though they made other incursions such as the taking of [[Otranto]] between 1480 and 1481; and the raid of [[Croatia in the union with Hungary|Croatia]] and [[Styria (duchy)|Styria]] in 1493.  Belgrade would continue to protect Hungary from Ottoman attacks until the fort [[Siege of Belgrade (1521)|fell to the Ottomans in 1521]].
-After the Siege of Belgrade stopped the advance of Mehmed II towards Central Europe; Serbia and Bosnia were absorbed into the Empire. [[Principality of Wallachia|Wallachia]], the [[Crimean Khanate]], and eventually [[Principality of Moldavia|Moldavia]] were merely converted into vassal states due to the strong military resistance to Mehmed's attempts of conquest. There were several reasons of why the Sultan did not directly attack Hungary and why he gave up the idea of advancing in that direction after his unsuccessful siege of Belgrade. The mishap at Belgrade indicated that the Empire could not expand further until Serbia and Bosnia were transformed into a secure base of operations. Furthermore, the significant political and military power of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)|Hungary]] under [[Matthias Corvinus]] in the [[Balkans|region]] surely influenced this hesitation too. Moreover, Mehmed was also distracted in his attempts to suppress insubordination from his [[Principality of Moldova|Moldovan]] and [[Principality of Wallachia|Wallachian]] vassals.
-With Hunyadi's victory at Belgrade, both [[Vlad III the Impaler]] and [[Stephen III of Moldavia]] came to power in their own domains, and Hunyadi himself went to great lengths to have his son [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias]] placed on the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)|Hungarian throne]].
-While fierce resistance and Hunyadi's effective leadership ensured that the daring and ambitious Sultan Mehmed would only get as far into Europe as the Balkans, the Sultan had already managed to transform the Ottoman Empire into what would become one of the most feared powers in Europe (as well as in Asia) for centuries.  Most of Hungary was eventually conquered in 1526 at the [[Battle of Mohács]]. Ottoman [[Sunni Islam|Muslim]] [[Ottoman wars in Europe|expansion into Europe]] continued with menacing success until the [[Siege of Vienna]] in 1529, although Ottoman power in Europe remained strong and still threatening to Central Europe at times until the [[Battle of Vienna|Battle of Vienna in 1683]].
-==Literature==
-It is claimed that, after the defeat and while he and his army were retreating into [[Ottoman Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], this sound defeat as well as the ensuing loss of no less than 24.000 of his best soldiers, angered Mehmed in such a manner that, in an uncontrollable fit of fury, he wounded a number of his generals with his own sword, just before getting them executed.<ref>{{cite book|author = Radu R Florescu|author2 = Raymond T. McNally|title = Dracula, Prince of Many Faces: His Life and His Times|isbn = 978-0316286558|year = 1989|page = [https://archive.org/details/draculaprinceofm00flor/page/80 80]|url = https://archive.org/details/draculaprinceofm00flor/page/80}}</ref> The Sultan later came into conflict with [[Stephen III of Moldavia]], resulting in an even worse defeat at [[Battle of Vaslui]] and later a [[pyrrhic victory]] at the [[Battle of Valea Albă]].
-A fictional account from the viewpoint of a Christian mercenary is Christian Cameron, ''Tom Swan and the Siege of Belgrade'' (Orion,2014-2016).
-==Przypisy==
-{{izvori}}
-==Bibliografia==
-* Kenneth M. Setton (1984). ''The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571, Vol. 3: The Sixteenth Century to the Reign of Julius III''. ISBN 978-0871691613.
-* Stanford J. Shaw (1976). ''[https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280-1808]''. ISBN 978-0521291637.
-* Andrew Ayton; Leslie Price (1998). ''[http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/ayton1.htm The Medieval Military Revolution: State, Society and Military Change in Medieval and Early Modern Society]''. London, England: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-353-1. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
-* John Julius Norwich (1982). ''A History of Venice''. Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1358. New York, United States: Alfred B. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-72197-5.
-* Norman Housley (1992). ''The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: From Lyons to Alcazar'' (First ed.). ISBN 978-0198221364.
-* Thomas Henry Dyer (1861). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jBAMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA85&dq=Noon+bell+belgrade&cd=5#v=onepage&q=Noon%20bell%20belgrade&f=false The history of modern Europe: From the fall of Constantinople]''. J. Murray. str. 85.
-* Andrić, Stanko (2016). "[https://www.academia.edu/34480630 Saint John Capistran and Despot George Branković: An Impossible Compromise]". ''Byzantinoslavica''. 74 (1–2): 202–227.
-* Stephen Turnbull: ''Wojny złotego wieku. Od upadku Konstantynopola do wojny trzydziestoletniej'', Wydawnictwo Bellona, Warszawa 2007.
-|
-{{Wojna infobox
- |nazwa        = Bitwa pod Belgradem
- |epoka        = średniowiecze
- |konflikt     = Podboje Turcji Osmańskiej
- |grafika      = Battle of Nandorfehervar.jpg
- |opis grafiki = Bitwa pod Belgradem
- |czas         = 4–22 lipca [[1456]]
- |miejsce      = [[Belgrad]]
- |terytorium   = [[Serbia]]
- |przyczyna    =
- |wynik        = zwycięstwo wojsk węgierskich
- |strona1      =
-[[Plik:Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg|25px]]&nbsp;[[Królestwo Węgier]]<br>[[Serbia]]
- |strona2      = [[Imperium Osmańskie]]
- |dowódca1     =
-&nbsp;[[Plik:Coa_Hungary_Family_Hunyadi_János_(extended)_big.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Hunyadi János]]&nbsp;†<br />&nbsp;[[Plik:COA Valjevo.gif|22px]]&nbsp;[[Kórógyi János]]<br />&nbsp;[[Plik:Szilagyi Mihaly cimere.jpg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Szilágyi Mihály]]<br />&nbsp;[[Plik:Christian cross.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Kapisztrán János]]&nbsp;†
- |dowódca2     =
-&nbsp;[[Plik:Flag of the Kayihan Khanate (c. 1326).svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Mehmed II]] Sułtan<br />&nbsp;[[Plik:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1453-1517).svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Veli Mehmed]] Wezyr
- |siły1        = 75 tys.
- |siły2        = 70 tys.
- |straty1      = 10 tys.
- |straty2      = 20 tys.
- |kod mapy     =
- |współrzędne  =
- |commons      = Category:Siege of Belgrade (1456)
-}}
-{{Podboje Turcji Osmańskiej}}
-{{Wojny węgiersko-tureckie}}
-|}
-{{SORTUJ:Belgrad}}
-[[Kategoria:Bitwy Imperium Osmańskiego]]
-[[Kategoria:Średniowieczne bitwy w historii Turcji]]
-[[Kategoria:Średniowieczne bitwy w historii Węgier]]
-[[Kategoria:Wydarzenia 1456|Bitwa pod Belgradem]]
-[[Kategoria:Historia Belgradu]]

Bitwa pod Belgradem: Różnice pomiędzy wersjami

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