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| − | |strona = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usora_(region)
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| − | [[Image:Bosnia around 1412.png|thumb|250px|Banate of Usora in the early 15th century]]
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| − | [[File:Bascinet helm and medieval sword.jpg|thumb|Map of medieval Usora with local finds - bascinet helmet and sword (Regional Museum, Doboj)]]
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| − | <small><small>'''Usora''' ({{lang-la|Vozora}}, {{lang-hu|Ózora}}) was a semi-independent duchy (Banate) of the [[Middle Ages|medieval]] [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnian]] state, although it also had some periods outside it, when it was connected with neighbouring Banates of [[Ban of Slavonia|Slavonia]] or [[Mačva]]. The administrative seat of this Banate was [[Srebrenik]], which also served as residence of its rulers for entire period of existence of the medieval Bosnian state.<ref name="Anđelić-1982-Studije-teritori-politi-org-sred-Bosne">{{cite book |last1=Anđelić |first1=Pavao |title=Studije o teritorijalnopolitičkoj organizaciji srednjovjekovne Bosne |date=1982 |publisher="Svjetlost," OOUR Izdavačka djelatnost |location=Sarajevo |pages=237-238 |url=https://books.google.ba/books/about/Studije_o_teritorijalnopoliti%C4%8Dkoj_organ.html?id=v-jKMgEACAAJ&redir_esc=y |accessdate=4 December 2019 |language=sh |chapter=Chapter: Usora i Soli}}</ref> It took its name from the river [[Usora (river)|Usora]]. </small></small>
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| − | == Geografia i historia ==
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| − | <small><small>The region of Usora was first mentioned in a bull (decree) by King [[Bela IV of Hungary]] dated 20 July 1244, in which he assigned some properties to the [[Bishop of Bosnia]], naming the territories: ''quod episeopus (Bosnensis) et capitulum decimas in Vozora, in Sou, in Olfeld et in aliis supis ... habeant et percipiant'' (Vozora meaning Usora, Sou meaning [[Soli (region)|Soli]], and Olfeld meaning [[Donji Kraji]]).<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=75676&lang=en | language = Croatian | title = Topografske sitnice (I) | author = [[Vjekoslav Klaić]] | journal = Journal of the Zagreb Archaeological Museum | page = 68 | volume = 2 | number = 1 |date=March 1880| publisher = [[Archaeological Museum, Zagreb]] | issn = 0350-7165 | accessdate = 2012-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url = http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=115514&lang=en | language = Croatian | title = Usora i Soli u prva dva stoljeća turske prevlasti | authors = Pavo Živković, Marija Brandić | journal = Povijesni zbornik: godišnjak za kulturu i povijesno nasljeđe | volume = 1 | number = 1-2 |date=May 2007 | issn = 1846-3819 | publisher = Faculty of Philosophy, University of Osijek | pages = 58–59 | accessdate = 2012-09-02}}</ref> </small></small>
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| − | <small><small>Its territory stretched roughly from the area of [[Kulaši]] and [[Prnjavor, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Prnjavor]] to its west, to [[Srebrenik]] and [[Lukavac]] to its east, the river [[Sava]] to its north and [[Žepče]] to its south. The [[Banate of Usora]] had many strong fortresses and cities on its territory, the most famous ones being [[Fortress of Doboj|Doboj]] (13th century), [[Srebrenik Fortress|Srebrenik]] (1333), Dobor (1387), Glaz (12th century), Soko (14th century), [[Tešanj Castle|Tešanj]] (14th century), Modrić (13th century), and [[Maglaj Fortress|Maglaj]] (15th century). </small></small>
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| − | <small><small>Also, due to its geographical location (Pannonian plateau) as the northernmost Bosnian land and its richness, Usora was, more often than not, a most common battleground between the [[Hungarian king|Hungarian kings]] who viewed Banate of Bosnia as vassals to them. Although it was nominally a part of the [[Lands of the Hungarian Crown|Hungarian Crown Lands]], the Banate of Bosnia was a de facto independent state for most of its existence,<ref>{{cite book|url=|title=Paul Mojzes. Religion and the war in Bosnia. Oxford University Press, 2000, p 22; "Medieval Bosnia was founded as an independent state (Banate) by Ban Kulin (1180-1204)."}}</ref>{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=44, 148}}{{sfn|Vego|1982|pp=44, 148|p=104}} including Usora, which when under Bosnia always retained great autonomy.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA551&lpg=PA551&dq=Ban+of+Slavonia+usora&source=bl&ots=9iSYUyD8tj&sig=ACfU3U123WjRjSIh4QegAbmPFh1935gixA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO-N7wuofmAhXwy6YKHVgxCtMQ6AEwAnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Usora%20autonomy&f=false|title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest|last=Fine|first=John V. A.|last2=Fine|first2=John Van Antwerp|date=1994|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-08260-5|language=en}}</ref>
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| − | Notable battles include Battle of Srebrenik (1363), Battle of Dobor (1394 and 1408), and the [[Battle of Doboj]] (1415). This banate/duchy had been separated several times from the [[Banate of Bosnia]] and later [[Bosnian Kingdom]] in its history mostly by [[Kingdom of Hungary]] which appointed rulers of this region and sometimes attached it to [[Ban of Slavonia|Slavonian Banate]]. Prominent families, as [[Babonići]] had great estates, while the territories were part of Slavonian Banate.
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| − | Bosnian bans and [[List of Bosnian kings|kings]] starting with [[Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia|Stephen II Kotromanić]] from 1324 (who added Usora and Soli to his title)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest|last=Fine|first=John V. A.|last2=Fine|first2=John Van Antwerp|date=1994|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=|isbn=978-0-472-08260-5|location=|pages=277|language=en}}</ref> have started appointing their rulers or had rulers that supported them, ending with the last Duke of Usora, Tvrtko Stančić who died in May 1463 during [[Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Ottoman conquest of Bosnia]]. </small></small>
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| − | == List of rulers ==
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| − | {{History of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
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| − | *1190s-1220: [[Stefan (ban of Usora)|Stefan]], likely also ban of Soli, first historically documented ban of Usora
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| − | *1220-1241: [[Sibislav]], son of ban Stefan, supporting Hungary in its crusade against Bosnian heretics (members of Bosnian Church)
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| − | *1241–1247: [[Matej Ninoslav]], also ban of Bosnia proper, waged defensive war against Hungary. After the loss of Usora to Hungarians, remained the ban of all other Bosnian lands until his death in 1250
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| − | *1247–1262: [[Rostislav Mikhailovich]], Russian prince from Rurik dynasty, also Duke of Macso, appointed by the king of Hungary
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| − | *1262–1272: [[Bela (Ban of Usora)|Bela]], son of Rostislav, also Duke of Macso, appointed by the king of Hungary
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| − | *1272–1273: [[Henry I Kőszegi]], also ban of Soli, appointed by the king of Hungary
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| − | *1273-1275: [[Ernye Ákos]], also ban of Soli, appointed by the king of Hungary
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| − | *1282-1316: [[Stefan Dragutin]], also king of Syrmia, appointed by the king of Hungary
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| − | *1316-1323: [[Vladislav, King of Syrmia|Vladislav]], also king of Syrmia, son of the preceding
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| − | *1323-1324: [[Stefan Dečanski]], also king of Serbia, conqueror
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| − | *1324-1329: [[Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia|Stjepan]], also ban of Bosnia, grandson of Vladislav
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| − | *1329-1353: [[Vojko]], Duke of Usora (Soli region absorbed into Usora by 1330), appointed by Stephen II Kotromanic, ban of Bosnia
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| − | *1353-1377: [[Tvrtko Ivahnic]], Duke of Usora, supporter of king Tvrtko I Kotromanic, first Bosnian king
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| − | *1377-1395: [[Vlatko Tvrtkovic]], son of Duke Tvrtko of Usora, supporter of Bosnian king Tvrtko I Kotromanic
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| − | *1395-1400: [[Vucihna Vlatkovic]], son of Duke Vlatko of Usora, supporter of Bosnian king Dabisa Kotromanic
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| − | *1400-1424: [[Vukmir Zlatonosovic]], supporter of Bosnian royal Kotromanic family
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| − | *1424-1430: [[Vukasin Zlatonosovic]], Vukmir's brother, supporter of Bosnian king Tvrtko II Kotromanic
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| − | *1430-1435: [[Djuradj Brankovic]], Despot of Serbia, conqueror of eastern Usora and Bosnia
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| − | *1435-1444: [[Matko Talovac]], ban of Usora, supporter of Bosnian king Tvrtko II Kotromanić
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| − | *1444-1463: [[Tvrtko Stancic]], Duke of Usora, supporter of Bosnian kings Tomas Kotromanić and Stefan Tomasević, died in May 1463 while defending Bosnia from the Ottoman conquest
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| − | <small><small>'''Last Usora rulers after Ottoman conquest of Bosnia in 1463:''' </small></small>
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| − | *1464-1477: [[Nicholas of Ilok]], Duke of Usora, Macso, Slavonia and Dalmatia 1464-1471, and king of Bosnia 1471-1477, appointed by the king of Hungary as a ruler of buffer state against Ottomans
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| − | *1465-1476: [[Matija Sabancic Radivojevic]], son of Radivoj Ostojić (younger brother of Bosnian king Tomas Kotromanić), puppet Bosnian king installed by Ottomans as a counter measure to Nicholas of Ilok
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| − | *1476-1476: [[Matija Vojsalic]], second and last puppet king in Bosnia installed by Ottomans, ruled only 6 fortresses in central and south Usora (Doboj, Maglaj, Tešanj, Žepče, Vranduk and Travnik)
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| − | From 1322, when Stephen II Kotromanic became a ruler in Bosnia, Usora was part of his realm and included in the titles of all subsequent Bans and kings in Bosnia.
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| − | <!-- [[File:Bascinet up close.jpg|thumb|Medieval Usora weaponry, museum in Doboj|alt=]]
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| − | ==Sources==
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| − | {{Refbegin|2}}
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| − | * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C|title=The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp Jr.|date=1991|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=|isbn=|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|pages=|ref=harv|authorlink=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.|orig-year=1983}}
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| − | * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC|title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp Jr.|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=1994|isbn=|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|pages=|ref=harv|authorlink=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.|origyear=1987}}
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| − | * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fm5pAAAAMAAJ|title=Srednjovjekovna Bosna: Politički položaj bosanskih vladara do Tvrtkove krunidbe (1377. g.)|last=Klaić|first=Nada|publisher=Grafički zavod Hrvatske|year=1989|isbn=|location=Zagreb|pages=|ref=harv|authorlink=Nada Klaić}}
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| − | * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZH9pAAAAMAAJ|title=Bosnia: A Short History|last=Malcolm|first=Noel|publisher=NYU Press|year=1994|isbn=|location=New York|pages=|ref=harv|authorlink=Noel Malcolm}}
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| − | * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7sFpAAAAMAAJ|title=Postanak srednjovjekovne bosanske države|last=Vego|first=Marko|publisher=Svjetlost|year=1982|isbn=|location=Sarajevo|pages=|ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{Cite journal|last=Ćirković|first=Sima|authorlink=Sima Ćirković|title=The Double Wreath: A Contribution to the History of Kingship in Bosnia|journal=Balcanica|year=2014|orig-year=1964|volume=45|pages=107–143|url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76531445107C}}
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| − | * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Ćirković|first=Sima|authorlink=Sima Ćirković|year=2004|title=The Serbs|location=Malden|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC}}
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| − | * {{Cite book|ref=harv|editor-last=Moravcsik|editor-first=Gyula|editorlink=Gyula Moravcsik|title=Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio|year=1967|orig-year=1949|edition=2nd revised|location=Washington D.C.|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC}}
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| − | {{refend}}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{Reflist|2}}
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| − | {{Regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
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| − | {{coord missing|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
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| − | [[Category:Historical regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
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| − | [[Category:Historical regions in the Kingdom of Hungary]]
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| − | [[Category:Banates of the Kingdom of Hungary]]
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| − | [[Category:Medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina]] | |
