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| − | [[Kategoria:2]] | + | #PATRZ [[Fekete sereg]] |
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| − | {{Uwaga polska|
| + | [[Kategoria:Przekierowane]] |
| − | |strona = https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99gierska_Czarna_Armia
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| − | |autorzy = https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W%C4%99gierska_Czarna_Armia&action=history
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| − | |nota = polski
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| − | }}
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| − | {{Uwaga|
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| − | |strona = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Army_of_Hungary
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| − | |autorzy = https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Army_of_Hungary&action=history
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| − | |nota = angielski
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| − | [[Plik:Flag of the Black Army of Hungary.svg|thumb|Sztandar Czarnej Armii]]
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| − | '''Czarna Armia''' ([[Język węgierski|węg.]] ''fekete sereg'' – czarny legion) to przyjęta w historiografii nazwa znakomicie wyszkolonych i zróżnicowanych etnicznie oddziałów wojskowych służących w armii [[Węgry|węgierskiej]] za czasów panowania króla [[Maciej Korwin|Macieja Korwina]]. Nazwa wywodzi się od czarnych elementów zbroi używanych przez te wojska.
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| − | Jest ona uważana za jedną z pierwszych europejskich formacji wojskowych od czasów [[Cesarstwo Rzymskie|cesarstwa rzymskiego]], których żołnierze nie pochodzili z [[Pobór (wojsko)|poboru]] i otrzymywali regularny [[żołd]] w zamian za służbę. Mianem Czarnej Armii określa się jednostki istniejące między [[1458]] a [[1490]] rokiem.
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| − | Trzon armii tworzyło od 8 000 do 10 000 najemników (później liczba ta wzrosła nawet do 30 000<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/67614/Black-Army Encyklopedia Britannica].</ref>, a w okresie najazdów podwoiła się). Żołnierze wywodzili się głównie z rejonu [[Święte Cesarstwo Rzymskie|Cesarstwa]], [[Czechy|Czech]], [[Serbia|Serbii]] i [[I Rzeczpospolita|I Rzeczypospolitej]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=PmZmOkfkr9oC&pg=PA12&dq=serbs+black+army+hungary&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=serbs%20black%20army%20hungary&f=false Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe 1000-1568 s.12].</ref>, a od 1480 także z [[Węgry|Węgier]]. Większość z nich służyła w [[Piechota|piechocie]], [[Artyleria|artylerii]] oraz w ciężkiej i lekkiej [[Jazda|konnicy]]. Rola ciężkozbrojnej konnicy została ograniczona do ochrony oddziałów piechoty i artylerii, jazda lekka służyła zaś do wypadów i nękania przeciwników. Jedną z najważniejszych bitew w których brała udział Czarna Armia była zwycięska bitwa przeciwko [[Imperium Osmańskie|Osmańskim Turkom]] rozegrana na [[Bitwa na Chlebowym Polu|Chlebowym Polu]] w [[1479]]. Śmierć Macieja Korwina w 1490 oznaczała koniec tej formacji, gdyż jego następca [[Władysław II Jagiellończyk]] nie zdecydował się na ponoszenie ogromnych kosztów, jakich wymagało utrzymanie Czarnej Armii.
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| − | == Przypisy ==
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| − | {{Przypisy}}
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| − | == Linki zewnętrzne ==
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| − | * [http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/thou/thou05.htm|A A thousand years of the Hungarian art of war]
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| − | {{Infobox military unit
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| − | |unit_name= Black Army
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| − | |image=[[File:Flag of the Black Army of Hungary.svg|Hungary Black Legion standard|200px]]
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| − | |caption=Standard of the Black legion
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| − | |dates= 1458–1494 AD<ref name="ME2008" />
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| − | |country= [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
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| − | |allegiance=Hungarian, Czech (Bohemian, Moravian, Silesian), Polish, Croatian, Serbian, Bavarian, Austrian, Swiss
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| − | |branch= Army, Navy
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| − | |type= Cavalry, infantry, artillery, siege weapons
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| − | |role=
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| − | |size= approx. 28,000
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| − | |command_structure=
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| − | |garrison=
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| − | |garrison_label=
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| − | |nickname=
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| − | |motto=
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| − | |colors=This characteristic flag with a forked tail was reconstructed after a miniature in ''Philostratus Chronicle'', one of the [[Bibliotheca Corviniana|Corvina]]s, representing the 1485 entry of [[János Corvinus]], son of King Matthias, into [[Vienna]]. The black colour of the flag used to be white (argent), but the argent paint oxidized. The reconstruction preserves the original colour.
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| − | |colors_label=Heraldry
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| − | |march=
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| − | |mascot=Raven
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| − | |equipment=
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| − | |equipment_label=
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| − | |battles=[[Black Army of Hungary#Battles and respective captains of the Black Army|Holy Roman Empire, Bohemia, Poland, Serbia, Bosnia, Moldavia, Wallachia, Italy]]
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| − | |anniversaries=
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| − | |decorations=
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| − | |battle_honours=
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| − | |disbanded=1494<ref name="ME2008" /> (due to money shortage and mercenary uprising)
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| − | |flying_hours=
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| − | |website=
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| − | <!-- Commanders -->
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| − | |commander1=Matthias Corvinus
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| − | |commander1_label=King
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| − | |commander2=
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| − | |commander2_label=
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| − | |commander3=
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| − | |commander3_label=
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| − | |commander4=
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| − | |commander4_label=
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| − | |notable_commanders=[[Pál Kinizsi]], Balázs Magyar, Imre Zápolya, John Giskra, John Haugwitz, František Hag, [[Vuk Grgurević]], [[Đorđe Branković]]
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| − | }}
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| − | The '''Black Army''' ({{lang-hu|Fekete sereg}}, pronounced {{IPA-hu|ˈfɛkɛtɛ ˈʃɛrɛɡ|}}), also called the '''Black Legion/Regiment''' – possibly after their black armor panoply – is a common name given to the military forces serving under the reign of King [[Matthias Corvinus]] of [[Hungary]]. The ancestor and core of this early standing mercenary army appeared in the era of his father [[John Hunyadi]] in the early 1440s. The idea of the professional standing mercenary army came from Matthias' juvenile readings about the life of [[Julius Caesar]].<ref>Valery Rees: Hungary's Philosopher King: Matthias Corvinus 1458–90 (Published 1994) [http://www.historytoday.com/valery-rees/hungarys-philosopher-king-matthias-corvinus-1458-90]</ref>
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| − | Hungary's Black Army traditionally encompasses the years from 1458 to 1494.<ref name="ME2008" /> The mercenary soldiers of other countries in the era were conscripted from the general population at times of crisis, and soldiers worked as bakers, farmers, brick-makers, etc. for most of the year. In contrast, the men of the Black Army fought as well-paid, full-time mercenaries and were purely devoted to the arts of warfare. It was a standing mercenary army that conquered large parts of [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]] (including the capital [[Vienna]] in 1485) and more than half of the [[Crown of Bohemia]] ([[Moravia]], [[Silesia]] and both [[Lusatia]]s), the other important victory of the army was won against the Ottomans at the [[Battle of Breadfield]] in 1479.
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| − | Matthias recognized the importance and key role of early [[firearms]] in the infantry, which greatly contributed to his victories.<ref>{{cite book
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| − | | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=RA1-PA306
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| − | | title = The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume I
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| − | | author = Clifford Rogers
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| − | | year = 2010
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| − | | publisher = Oxford University Press
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| − | | location = New York, NY, United States
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| − | | pages = 152
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| − | | accessdate = 10 August 2013
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| − | | isbn = 9780195334036
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| − | }}</ref>
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| − | Every fourth soldier in the Black Army had an [[arquebus]], which was an unusual ratio at the time. The high price of medieval gunpowder prevented them from raising it any further.<ref>{{cite web
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| − | |url = http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/thou/thou05.htm
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| − | |title = A thousand years of the Hungarian art of war
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| − | |author = Anthony Tihamer Komjathy
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| − | |year = 1982
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| − | |publisher = Rakoczi Press
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| − | |location = Toronto, ON, Canada
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| − | |pages = 35–36
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| − | |accessdate = 11 October 2010
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| − | |url-status=dead
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| − | |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110126232820/http://hungarian-history.hu/lib/thou/thou05.htm
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| − | |archivedate = 26 January 2011
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| − | |df = dmy-all
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| − | }}</ref> Even a decade after the disbandment of the Black Army, by the turn of the 16th century, only around 10% of the soldiers of Western European armies used firearms.<ref>Vajna-Naday, Warhistory. p. 40.</ref><ref>Courtlandt Canby: ''A History of Weaponry''. Recontre and Edito Service, London. p. 62.</ref> The main troops of the army were the infantry, artillery and light and heavy cavalry. The function of the heavy cavalry was to protect the light armoured infantry and artillery, while the other corps delivered sporadic, surprise assaults on the enemy.
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| − | In the beginnings, the core of the army consisted of 6–8,000 mercenaries.<ref name="EHH">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://mek.niif.hu/01900/01919/html/index8.html |title=The Hunyadis and the Jagello age (1437–1526) |author=István Tringli |year=1998 |work=Encyclopaedia Humana Hungarica |publisher= Encyclopaedia Humana Association |location=Budapest |chapter-format=CD-ROM |chapter=Military History|accessdate= 25 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
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| − | |author = Clifford Rogers|url=https://books.google.com/?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=RA1-PA9&lpg=RA1-PA9&dq=size++%22black+army%22+hungary#v=onepage&q=size%20%20%22black%20army%22%20hungary&f=false|title= The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|page=9
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| − | |isbn = 9780195334036}}</ref> In the 1480s, the number was between 15,000 and 20,000, however the figures in the great Viennese military parade reached to 28,000 men (20,000 horsemen, 8,000 infantry) in 1485.<ref>{{cite book|authors=William Caferro, Shelley Reid|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology: Mercenaries - Zürich, Siege of : 596 S, Volume 3|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2010|page=306|isbn=978-0-19-533403-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=RA1-PA306}}</ref> The soldiers were mainly Bohemians, Germans, Serbs, Poles<ref>{{cite book
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| − | |author = David Nicolle
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| − | |others = Angus McBride (Illustrator)
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| − | |title = Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe 1000–1568
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| − | |url =https://books.google.com/?id=PmZmOkfkr9oC&pg=PA12&dq=serbs+black+army+hungary#v=onepage&q=serbs%20black%20army%20hungary&f=false
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| − | |accessdate =4 October 2009
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| − | |publisher = Osprey Publishing
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| − | |location = London, England
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| − | |year = 1988
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| − | |isbn = 0-85045-833-1
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| − | |page = 12
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| − | }}</ref> and, from 1480, Hungarians. Thus the Black Army was far larger than the army of [[Louis XI of France]], the only other existing permanent professional European army in the era.<ref>Jean Berenger: A History of the Habsburg Empire 1273-1700 -PAGE: 108 (Routledge, 2014 {{ISBN|1317895703}})</ref>
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| − | The death of Matthias Corvinus meant the end of the Black Army. The noble estate of the parliament succeeded in reducing the tax burden by 70–80 percent, at the expense of the country's ability to defend itself,<ref>{{cite book | last=Fukuyama | first=Francis | title=The origins of political order : from prehuman times to the French Revolution | publisher=Profile Books | location=London | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-84668-256-8}}</ref> thus the newly elected king [[Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary|Vladislaus II]] was not able to cover the cost of the army.<ref name="EHH" /> King Vladislaus II donated most of the royal estates, régales and royalties to the nobility. After the dissolution of the Black Army, the Hungarian magnates also dismantled the national administration systems and bureaucracy throughout the country. The country's defenses sagged as border guards and castle garrisons went unpaid, fortresses fell into disrepair, and initiatives to increase taxes to reinforce defenses were stifled.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geography.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/hutoc.html |title=A Country Study: Hungary |publisher=Geography.about.com |accessdate=2010-08-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120708070759/http://geography.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/hutoc.html |archivedate=8 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
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| − | ==Etymology==
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| − | [[File:Hungarian-Turkish wars.jpg|200px|thumb|Top: Black Army knights fought with Ottoman cavalry. Bottom: training of knights. Engraving from the Thuróczy chronicle (1488)]]
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| − | Several speculations arose about the army's [[cognomen]]. The first recorded accounts using the "black" attribute appear in written memoranda immediately after his death, when the rest of the army was pillaging the Hungarian and later Austrian villages when they received no pay. An idea is that they adopted the adjective from a captain, "Black" John Haugwitz, whose nickname already earned him enough recognition to be identified with the army as a whole.<ref name="EHH" />
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| − | ==Reforms of the draft of traditional feudal and levy armies==
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| − | [[File:Knight of black army.png|thumb|right|200px|A knight from the Black Army]]
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| − | [[File:Kölderer - Gun called Elephant of King Matthias.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Jörg Kölderer]]: A big caliber siege cannon from the "Elephant" series of Matthias Corvinus.]]
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| − | In the first years of Matthias' rule, the structure of enlisting troops was built on the legacy of his ancestor [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund of Luxembourg]]. The majority of his army consisted of noble [[Bandon (Byzantine Empire)|banners]]<ref name="EHH" /> and the soldiers provided and regulated by the ''[[militia portalis]]'' (manor militia),<ref>{{cite web
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| − | | url = http://www.warfareeast.co.uk/main/Hungarian_Armies.htm#TheMilitiaPortal
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| − | | title = The Militia Portalis
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| − | | first = Matthew
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| − | | last = Haywood
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| − | | year = 2002
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| − | | work = Hungarian Armies 1300 to 1492
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| − | | publisher = British Historical Games Society
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| − | | location = [[Southampton]], United Kingdom
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| − | | accessdate = 4 October 2010
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| − | }}
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| − | </ref> which outlined that for every twenty serf-lots (''portae'', literally "gates"), a noble was ordered to raise and lend one archer to the king. Later, that obligation was reconsidered, and the limit was shifted to one archer per 33 manors and three mounted archers per 100 manors. Those who did not have serfs but owned manors as a noble had to join a regional count in state of war. No significant number of mercenaries were present in the Hungarian Army during Matthias' early years. (In the 1463 [[Janus Pannonius]]' report of the siege of [[Jajce Castle]], there is no mention of them.)
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| − | In case of emergency, a last chance existed for the actual king in power to mobilize the population suddenly. Every noble, no matter his social class, had to participate in person with his weaponry and all of his personal guards made available. These were the estate armies.<ref name="EHH" /> Whenever they were called upon, they were not allowed to fight for longer than 15 days, and their field of operations was restricted to within the borders of Hungary. The so-called ''insurrectio'' (noble "insurrection") was nothing more than an obsolete form of drafting, but it was valid until the [[Battle of Raab]] in 1809, mainly because it relieved the participating nobles of paying their taxes; but generally, these enlisted armada played a minor role in the Black Army, since Matthias decreased their participation gradually and called them up in large numbers early in his reign.<ref name="EKP">{{cite book
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| − | |author = Péter E. Kovács
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| − | |title = Mátyás, a reneszánsz király
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| − | |trans-title = Matthias, the renaissance king
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| − | |url = http://static.polc.hu/previews/pdf/00/10/51/105111.pdf
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| − | |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090920123556/http://static.polc.hu/previews/pdf/00/10/51/105111.pdf
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| − | |url-status=dead
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| − | |archive-date = 20 September 2009
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| − | |accessdate = 1 October 2010
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| − | |publisher = Officina Kiadó
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| − | |location = [[Budapest]], Hungary
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| − | |language = Hungarian
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| − | |year = 2008
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| − | |isbn = 978-963-9705-43-2
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| − | |pages = 67–94
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| − | }}</ref>
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| − | In the laws of 1459 of [[Szeged]], he restored the basis of 20 serfs to induct an archer (this time it was based on the number of persons). The barons' ''militia portalis'' no longer counted in the local noble's banner but into the army of the country (led by a captain appointed by the king) and could have been sent abroad as well. He also increased the ''insurrectio's'' time of service from 15 days to three months.<ref name="Heath">{{cite book
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| − | |author = Ian Heath
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| − | |title = Armies of the Middle Ages, Volume 2
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| − | |publisher = Wargames research group
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| − | |location = Cambridge, England
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| − | |chapter-url = https://www.scribd.com/doc/29856399/Armies-of-the-Middle-Ages-2
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| − | |year = 1984
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| − | |asin = B001B3PZTG
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| − | |pages = 58–62
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| − | |chapter = Hungary
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| − | |access-date = 28 December 2017
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| − | |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140302175049/http://www.scribd.com/doc/29856399/Armies-of-the-Middle-Ages-2
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| − | |archive-date = 2 March 2014
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| − | |url-status=dead
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| − | |df = dmy-all
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| − | }}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | ==From mercenaries to regularly paid soldiers==
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| − | Though these efforts were sound, the way they were carried out was not in any way supervised. In 1458, Matthias borrowed as many as 500 heavy cavalry from Bohemian king, [[George of Poděbrady]], to strengthen his situation at home against his rival landlords. This marks the turning point away from obsolete noble banners to skilled soldiers of fortune (in this case, they were remnants of the [[Hussites]], whose battle tactics were later adapted by the Black Army).<ref name="EKP"/> He needed more seasoned veterans, so he chose to settle a group of rogue Czech Army deserters led by [[John Jiskra]] who were already plundering the northern countryside seeking daily loot. Jiskra was promised a royal pardon and two castles, Solymos and Lippa (now Şoimuş and Lipova), in the [[Peace Treaty of Wiener Neustadt]] of 1463, and his soldiers received a payment of 25,000 [[ducats]]. He was stationed in Bosnia to fight the Ottomans the next year.<ref>{{Cite journal
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| − | | last = Oslansky
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| − | | first = František
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| − | | author2 = Stanislav Skorvanek
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| − | | title = The role of John Jiskra in the history of Slovakia
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| − | | journal = Human Affairs, A Postdisciplinary Journal for Humanities & Social Sciences
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| − | | volume = I
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| − | | pages = 19–33
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| − | | issue = 6
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| − | | publisher = Institute of Historical Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences
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| − | | year = 1996
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| − | | url = http://www.humanaffairs.sk/full/hum196c.pdf
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| − | | issn = 1210-3055
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| − | | accessdate = 1 October 2010
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| − | | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110728010938/http://www.humanaffairs.sk/full/hum196c.pdf
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| − | | archive-date = 28 July 2011
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| − | | url-status=dead
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| − | }}</ref>
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| − | Previously, in 1462, the King sent word to his equerry that he should hire 8,000 cavalry to start a holy war against the Ottoman Empire only if the [[Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia|Venetians]] – according to their promise – covered the expenses (unfortunately for the Hungarians, this financial aid was postponed from time to time). The first major and mass conscription of mercenaries appeared during the Bohemian Wars (1468–78), whereas the core of his royal infantry, a force of 6,000–8,000 armed men, were incorporated into the Black Army (the origins of the moniker could also come from this era).<ref name="Engel">{{cite book
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| − | |author = Pál Engel
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| − | |author2=Andrew Ayton|author3=Tamás Pálosfalvi
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| − | |title = The realm of St. Stephen: a history of medieval Hungary, 895–1526
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| − | |url =https://books.google.com/?id=vEJNBqanT_8C&pg=PA310&lpg=PA310&dq=%22Franti%C5%A1ek+Hag%22#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| − | |accessdate =1 October 2010
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| − | |publisher = I. B. Tauris
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| − | |location = London, United Kingdom
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| − | |year = 2005
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| − | |isbn = 1-85043-977-X
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| − | |page = 310
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| − | }}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | ===Funding===
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| − | After Matthias's income increased periodically, simultaneously, the number of mercenaries increased as well. Historical records vary when it comes to numbers, mainly because it changed from battle to battle and most soldiers were only employed for the duration of combat or a longer conflict.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} Reckoning the nobility's banners, the mercenaries, the soldiers of conquered Moravia and Silesia, and the troops of allied [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]], the King could have gathered an army of 90,000 men.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} The nobility's participation in the battlefield were ignored by the time their support could have been redeemed in gold later on. The cities were also relieved of paying war levies if they supplied the craftsmanship and weapon production to equip the military.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
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| − | King Matthias increased the serf's taxes; he switched the basis of taxing from the ''portae'' to the households, and occasionally, they collected the royal dues twice a year during wartime. Counting the vassals' tribute, the western contributions, the local nobility's war payment, the tithes, and the urban taxes, Matthias's annual income reached 650,000 florins; for comparison, the Ottoman Empire had 1,800,000 per year.<ref name="Engel" /> In contrast to popular belief, historians have speculated for decades that the actual sum altogether could circle around 800,000 florins in a good year at the peak of Matthias's reign, but never surpassed the financial threshold of one million florins, a previously commonly accepted number.<ref>{{cite book
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| − | |last=Drakóczy
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| − | |first=István
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| − | |editor=Farbaky Péter |editor2=Spekner Enikő |editor3=Szende Katalin |editor4=Végh András
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| − | |title=Hunyadi Mátyás, a király. Hagyomány és megújulás a királyi udvarban 1458–1490
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| − | |trans-title=Matthias Huniades, the king. Tradition and renewal in the royal court 1458–1490
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| − | |year=2008
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| − | |publisher=Budapesti Történeti Múzeum
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| − | |location=Budapest, Hungary
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| − | |language=Hungarian
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| − | |isbn=978-963-9340-68-8
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| − | |chapter="Mátyás bevételei és a kincstár"
| |
| − | |trans-chapter=The incomes of Matthias and the treasury
| |
| − | }}</ref> In 1467, Matthias Corvinus reformed the coin system for easier accumulation of taxes and manageable disbursements and introduced an improved dinar, which had a finer silver content (500‰) and weighed half a gram. He also re-established its ratio, where one florin of gold equaled 100 dinars of silver, which was so stable that it remained in place until the mid-16th century.<ref>{{cite book
| |
| − | |last=Iliescu
| |
| − | |first= Octavian
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| − | |title=The history of coins in Romania (cca. 1500 BC – 2000 AD)
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| − | |year=2002
| |
| − | |chapter-url=http://monederomanesti.cimec.ro/art/Iliescu2002.doc
| |
| − | |publisher=Editura Enciclopedică
| |
| − | |location=Bucharest, Romania
| |
| − | |accessdate=4 October 2010
| |
| − | |series=NBR Library Series
| |
| − | |chapter=C. Transylvania (including Banat, Crişana and Maramureş)
| |
| − | }}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | The army was divided into three parts: the cavalry, paid three florins per horse; the [[Pavise|pavisors]], who received double the money; and the archers, light infantry and arquebusiers, with the latter consisting of mostly Czechs, Germans and Poles (all paid differently). Medieval gunpowder was quite expensive, so the King preferred adapting Hussite tactics to mounted warfare (based on defense, placing infantry behind wagon blockades or tall pavises, while the cavalry constantly harassed the enemy and guarded the "middle") and placed archery in favor of fusiliers, with the latter being engaged at the very start of the battle. With firearm production being made available by local marksmen in Transylvania, especially in [[Braşov]],<ref name="EKP"/><ref>{{cite web
| |
| − | | url = http://www.kakanien.ac.at/beitr/fallstudie/MBeham1.pdf
| |
| − | | title = Braşov (Kronstadt) in the Defence against the Turks (1438–1479)
| |
| − | | first = Markus Peter
| |
| − | | last = Beham
| |
| − | | date = 23 July 2009
| |
| − | | publisher = Kakanien revisited
| |
| − | | location = [[Vienna]], Austria
| |
| − | | accessdate = 11 October 2010
| |
| − | }}</ref>
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| − | <ref>{{cite web
| |
| − | | url = http://www.warfareeast.co.uk/main/Hungarian_Composition.htm#MercenaryInfantryoftheHunyadiera
| |
| − | | title = Wargaming and Warfare in Eastern Europe (1350 AD to 1500 AD )
| |
| − | | first = Matthew
| |
| − | | last = Haywood
| |
| − | | year = 2002
| |
| − | | work = Mercenary Infantry of the Hunyadi era
| |
| − | | publisher = British Historical Games Society
| |
| − | | location = [[Southampton]], United Kingdom
| |
| − | | accessdate = 4 October 2010
| |
| − | }}</ref> these type of ranged infantry became cheaper to handle for the Hungarians.<ref name="Heath"/>
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| − | | |
| − | ===Improving the river fleet===
| |
| − | The river fleet ({{lang-hu|flottila or naszád}}) was composed of wooden galleys, rowboats (later upgraded to gunboats) and smaller ships, which were capable of sailing up the rivers [[Danube]], [[Tisza]] and [[Sava]]. The [[Siege of Belgrade (1456)|victory at the Belgrade]] (Nándorfehérvár) in 1456, where the fleet played a significant role in breaking through the Turkish river blockade to bring relief to the besieged city, showed its importance and signaled the beginning of a recognition of its significance. It also encouraged King Matthias to build a larger and better-equipped navy. Since they were manned by South Slavs, mainly Serbs and Croats, the two major ports of operations were Belgrade and Szabács ([[Šabac]]). In 1475, concomitantly with the introduction of field guns, he ordered the installation of artillery onto the river barges as well as bombards able to shoot cannonballs ranging from 100–200 lb. In 1479, he had a mixed fleet of 360 vessels, a crew of 2600 sailors, and a capacity of 10,000 soldiers on board.<ref name="Heath"/><ref>{{EB1911|wstitle=Matthias I., Hunyadi|inline=1|volume=17|pages=900–901|first=Robert Nisbet|last=Bain|authorlink=Robert Nisbet Bain}}</ref> Matthias also secured an exit to the [[Adriatic Sea]], the city-port of [[Zengg]] from which Balázs Matthias could embark for his maritime campaigns.<ref name="Zrinyi"/> Matthias could also monitor the trade going through the Danube Delta to the [[Black Sea]] from the City of [[Kiliya, Ukraine|Kilia]], but during his reign, it was seized by the Moldavian Army supported by the Ottoman Fleet.<ref name="Kilia"/>
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| − | | |
| − | == Branches, tactics, equipments ==
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Tactics===
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| − | | |
| − | {{Quotation|" …we regard the armored heavy infantry as a wall, who never give up their place, even if they are slaughtered to the last one of them, on the very spot they are standing. Light soldiers perform breakouts depending on the occasion, and when they are already tired or sense severe danger, they return back behind the armoured soldiers, organizing their lines and collecting power, and stay there until, on occasion, they may break forth again. In the end, all of the infantry and shooters are surrounded by armoured and shielded soldiers, just as those were standing behind a rampart. Since, the greater pavieses, put next to each other in a circle, show the picture of a fortress, and are similar to a wall, in the protection whereof the infantry and all the ones standing in the middle, fight like from behind tower-walls or rampart, and they occasionally break out of there."|Matthias Corvinus: in this case from a letter to his father-in-law king [[Ferdinand I of Naples]] in the 1480s<ref>http://mek.oszk.hu/07100/07105/pdf/matyaslev1.pdf</ref><ref>http://mek.oszk.hu/07100/07105/pdf/matyaslev2.pdf</ref>}}
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| − | | |
| − | ===Heavy cavalry===
| |
| − | [[File:The wars of Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (1458-1490).png|right|thumb|200px|Military movements of Matthias Corvinus and the Black Army<ref name="Zrinyi">{{cite book
| |
| − | |last=Fenyvesi
| |
| − | |first=László
| |
| − | |title=Mátyás Király fekete serege
| |
| − | |trans-title=The Black Army of King Matthias
| |
| − | |series=Hadtörténelem fiataknak
| |
| − | |year=1990
| |
| − | |publisher=Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó
| |
| − | |location=Budapest, Hungary
| |
| − | |language=Hungarian
| |
| − | |isbn=963-327-017-0
| |
| − | }}</ref>
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| − | <ref>{{cite map
| |
| − | |publisher = Kartográfiai Vállalat
| |
| − | |title = Történelmi világatlasz
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| − | |trans-title= Historical Worldmaps
| |
| − | |year = 1991
| |
| − | |scale = 1 : 10.000.000
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| − | |page = 112
| |
| − | |section = V
| |
| − | |isbn = 978-963-351-696-6
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | ]]
| |
| − | At the height of the century, the heavy cavalry was already at its peak, although it showed signs of declining tendencies. The striking power and the ability to charge without backup made them capable of forcing a decisive outcome in most battles. Although they were rarely deployed on their own, if they were, they would take square formations. Such turning points occurred at the Battle of Breadfield (1479). Usually, they made up one-sixth of the army and, with mercenary knights, were in the majority. Their armament was well prepared and of high quality except for the noble banners. This stands for proprietary arms, not the ones provided by the king.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Weaponry====
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| − | [[File:Saint George and Saint Florian, Black army.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Saint George and Saint Florian, depicted in the armour suits of Black Army knights. Fresco of the Roman Catholic church of Pónik (Now Póniky Slovakia), 1478<ref>{{cite web |last=Master Mihály |url=http://www.warfare.meximas.com/15/St-Ladislaus-Poniky.htm |title=Frescoes in the Póniky (Pónik) Roman Catholic Church, Slovakia |date=1478 |access-date=4 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104130003/http://www.warfare.meximas.com/15/St-Ladislaus-Poniky.htm |archive-date=4 November 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>]]
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| − | | |
| − | *[[Lance]]s: the lance was the principal assault weapon of the tilting heavy cavalry. They were up to four metres long, ranging from the classical lance type with a lengthened spearhead (often decorated with animal tails, flags or other ornaments) to the short conical spearheaded, one designed for piercing heavy armour. A [[buckler]]-like vamplate protected the hand and arm. Its stability was increased with a fastening hook (''lance-arret'') on the side of the horseman's cuirass.
| |
| − | *[[Sword]]s: the most common swords of the era originated from southern Europe.<ref name="Zarnocki" /> They were one metre long, designed to cut rather than thrust, with an ''S''-shaped crossguard. As in many medieval swords, the heavy pommel balanced the blade and could be used for striking in close combat. The other version, which became popular in the second half of the century. was of similar design except for the quillon, which was curved towards the blade for the purpose of breaking or clinching the enemy's blade. The 130–140 cm long [[bastardsword]]s also came into use. As a [[companion weapon]], daggers of saw-toothed and flame-form type were applied (both with ring-guard) and a [[Misericorde (weapon)|misericordia]].
| |
| − | *Apart from these, they carried auxiliary weapons, such as Gothic maces, [[mace (bludgeon)|flanged maces]], axes, crossbows (''balistrero ad cavallo'') and short shields similar in design to the [[pavise]] (''petit pavois'') for defense.<ref name="Zarnocki"/>
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| − | | |
| − | ===Light cavalry===
| |
| − | The traditional [[hussar]]s were introduced by Matthias; henceforth, the light cavalry is called ''huszár'', a name derived from the word ''húsz'' ("twenty" in English), which refers to the drafting scheme where for every twenty serfs a noble owned, he had to equip a mounted soldier. After the Diet of Temesvár (Timişoara) of 1397, the light cavalry was institutionalized as an army division. They were the second ranked in order within an army and generally considered an elite force. They assembled from the ''militia portalis'', a significant number of them ''insurrectios'', the [[Moldavia]]ns and [[Transylvania]]ns with the first having serfs with lesser accoutrement and the latter generally regarded as good horsearchers. They were divided into groups of 25 (''turma'') led by a captain (''capitaneus gentium levis armature''). Their field of operation was scouting, securing, prowling, cutting enemy supply lines, and disarraying them in battle. They also served as an additional maneuverable flank (for swooping advance attacks) to strong centers of heavy cavalry.
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| − | | |
| − | ====Weaponry====
| |
| − | [[File:Rabenwappen.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Medieval coat of arms of Matthias Corvinus, guarded by Black Army heavy infantry officers. Matthias Church, Budapest. The damaged art relic was renovated in 1893.]]
| |
| − | Helmet, mail shirt, sabre, targe, spear and, in some cases, throwing axes and topors.
| |
| − | *[[Sabre]]s (''szablya''): one type followed the tradition of southern European longswords (''S''-shaped crossguard), while gradually transforming into an Eastern-style blended (Turkish) sabre. The other type was the so-called ''huszarszablya'' (hussarsabre), a 40 mm thick multi-layered sabre stuck with 3–6 rivets.
| |
| − | *[[Mounted archery|Bows]]: the traditional Magyar composite bow and, due to heavy Eastern influence, the more powerful Turkish-Tatar bow came into play.
| |
| − | *[[Throwing axe|Axes]]: throwing axes could also have had some role in light-cavalry tactics. It was made from one piece of metal, with a short engraved haft. If the arc of the blade is almost flat or slightly curved, it is called the "Hungarian-type axe". A subsidiary to the aforementioned beaked pickaxe was also favoured: it had a beak-like, protruding edge, resulting in a stronger piercing effect.<ref name="Zarnocki"/>
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| − | | |
| − | ===Infantry===
| |
| − | [[File:Garamszentbenedek.png|thumb|right|200px|The ancient "Roman guards" of the tomb of Jesus Christ were depicted as contemporary infantrymen of the Kingdom of Hungary. Church of Hronský Beňadik (built around the 1470s, then called Garamszentbenedek).]]
| |
| − | [[File:Armoured Hungarian infantry in a castle.jpg|thumb|200px|Black Army infantry in a castle 1480s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Anonymous |url=http://www.warfare.meximas.com/15/Graduale-132r.htm |title=The Gradual of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary |date=1480–1488 |work=Cod. Lat. 424 |access-date=4 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104125811/http://www.warfare.meximas.com/15/Graduale-132r.htm |archive-date=4 November 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>]]
| |
| − | Infantry was less important but formed a stable basis in the integrity of an army. They were organized from mixed ethnicities and were composed of heavy infantry, shielded soldiers, light infantry and fusiliers. Their characteristics include the combination of plate and mail armour and the use of the pavises (these painted willow-wood large shields were often ornamented and covered with leather and linen). The latter served multiple purposes: to hold off enemy attacks, to cover ranged infantry shooting from behind (fusiliers engage first, the archers fire constantly), and moveable hussite-style ''[[Laager|tabor]]'' (with a restricted deployment of [[war wagons]] in number). The infantry contained [[Swiss pikemen]], who were held in high honour by the king.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aregmultajelenben.shp.hu/hpc/web.php?a=aregmultajelenben&o=a_fekete_sereg_eloadas_6Tj|title=A Fekete Sereg előadás|website=aregmultajelenben.shp.hu}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | In 1481, the Black Army's infantry was described as:
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| − | | |
| − | {{Quotation|"The third form of the army is the infantry, which divides into various orders: the common infantry, the armoured infantry, and the shield bearers.... The armored infantry and shield bearers cannot carry their armor and shields without pages and servants, and since it is necessary to provide them with pages, each of them requires one page per armor and shield and double bounty. Then there are the handguners... These are very practical, set behind the shield-bearers at the start of the battle, before the armies engage, and in defense. Nearly all of the infantry and arbusiers are surrounded by armored soldiers and shield-bearers, as if they were standing behind a bastion. The large shields set together in a circle present the appearance of a fort and similar to a wall in whose defense the infantry and all those among them fight almost as if from behind bastion walls or ramparts and at the given moment break out from it."|Matthias Corvinus's letter to Gabriele Rangoni, [[Bishop of Eger]]<ref>Clifford Rogers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, 2010, p. 152</ref>}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Weaponry====
| |
| − | [[Ranged weapons|Various long-range weapons]] including bows, crossbows, and arquebuses; all sorts of [[melee weapon]]s, halberds, pikes, and awl-pikes; hussite/peasant weapons such as slings and flails; hand weapons such as [[Morning star (weapon)|morgensterns]] and war-hammers; and classical swords and sabres.
| |
| − | *Melee weapons: [[Corseque]]s, [[glaive]]s, [[Partisan (weapon)|partisans]], [[Friaul|Friulian]] spears, and [[halberd]]s were all adapted depending on the social class and nationality of the infantrymen. The 15th-century type of halberd was a transition that mixed the hatchet with the awl-pike, sometimes affixed with a "beak" that was used to pull a knight off his horse and to increase its piercing impact. They were covered with metal langlets on the side to prevent being cut in two.
| |
| − | *Archery: The most valuable archers were the crossbowmen. Their number in Matthias' service reached 4,000 in the 1470s. They used sabres as a secondary weapon (which was unusual for infantry in those ages). Their primary advantage was the ability to shoot heavy armour, while the disadvantages were that they required defense to protect them while moving slowly in a standing position.
| |
| − | *Arquebusiers: These gunpowder troops charged in the early stages of battle. Their aiming ability, price and the danger of primitive handcannons (self-exploding) prevented them from being highly effective, especially against smaller groups of people or hand-to-hand combat. A distinctive Hungarian feature was that they did not use a fork to stabilize their guns but put it on top of the pavese instead (or in some cases, on the parapet of a wagon). Two types were simultaneously brought to practice, the ''schioppi'' (handgun) in the beginning, and later the ''arquebus à croc'' (not to be confused with cannons). Three classes of handguns were distinguished: the "bearded" light guns; forked guns; the first primitive muskets (irontube compounded with wooden grip to be pushed against the shoulder). Their calibers varied from 16 to 24 mm.<ref name="Zarnocki"/>
| |
| − | <gallery caption="Arsenal" widths="120px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
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| − | File:Corsèque 23.jpg|[[Corseque]]
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| − | File:Maces.jpg|[[Mace (bludgeon)|Flanged maces]]
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| − | File:Dreschflegel.jpg|[[Flail|Peasant flail]]
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| − | File:Ussita pavese shield Prag Museum 1429.jpg|[[Pavise|Pavise shield]]
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| − | File:Bastardschwert.jpg|[[Bastard sword]]
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| − | File:Musee-de-lArmee-IMG 1099.jpg|Blended crossguarded sword
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| − | File:Exibition area in the Galerija-Muzej Lendava, Lendava Castle, 2013-08-11-2.jpg|Pavise and halberds
| |
| − | File:Crossbow Photo.jpg|Crossbow and accessories
| |
| − | </gallery>
| |
| − | | |
| − | == Mutinies ==
| |
| − | The disadvantage of having periodically or occasionally paid recruits was that if their money had not arrived on time, they simply left the battlefield, or – in a worse scenario – they revolted, as has happened in several instances. Since they were the same skilled men-at-arms led by the same leaders previously fighting under the Hungarian flag, they were as difficult to eliminate as the Black Army was to its enemies.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} However, they could be outnumbered, since it was always a flank or division which quit the campaign. An easier solution was to have the captain accept some lands and castles to be mortgaged in return of service (in one occasion the forts of Ricsó (Hričovský hrad) and Nagybiccse (Bytča) to František Hag).{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} An example of mass desertion occurred in 1481 when a group of 300 horsemen joined the opposing [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman]] forces.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} One of these recorded insurrections was conducted by Jan Švehla, who accompanied Corvinus to [[Slavonia]] in 1465 to beat the Ottomans; but when they were approaching [[Zagreb]], Švehla asked for royal permission to officially quit the offensive with his mercenaries due to financial difficulty.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} His request was denied, and as a consequence, he and two of his vice-captains left the royal banner along with their regiments.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | Following their breakaway, George of Poděbrady secretly supported their invasion into the [[Comitatus (Kingdom of Hungary)|Comitatus]] of [[Nitra]] and their occupation of the fort of [[Veľké Kostoľany|Kosztolány]], as the army was composed of Bohemian-Moravian professionals previously in service for George and [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]]. Apart from the militia, there were religious outcasts (considered heretics) looking for shelter, including Hussite ''[[Bratriks]]'' ("Brothers" – Hussites in Slovakia/[[Upper Hungary]]) and rogue ''Žebraks''{{#tag:ref|Žebrák (in Hungarian:Zsebrák) is a distinctive historical and military term deriving from the same Czech word meaning ''beggar''. It refers to Czech booty-hunters ravaging the northern regions of Hungary in the 15th century (but would submit themselves to any service for proper pay)<ref name="Gero">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Gerő Lajos
| |
| − | |title = Pallas Nagylexikon
| |
| − | |trans-title=Grand Lexicon of Pallas
| |
| − | |publisher = Pallas Irodalmi és Nyomdai Rt
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest, Hungary]]
| |
| − | |url = http://mek.niif.hu/00000/00060/html/109/pc010931.html
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| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |accessdate = 6 October 2010
| |
| − | |year = 1897
| |
| − | }}</ref>|group="nb"}} who favoured pillaging instead of payment. Svehla established an ad-hoc fort, and he appointed Jorig Lichtenburger and Vöttau as ''comeses'' for the county. The fort and its looting inhabitants had a surrounding sphere of influence ranging from the valleys of [[Váh]] and [[Nitra]] to the eastern provinces of Austria. Matthias realized the threat and ordered two of his "upper-land" captains to besiege Kosztolany, namely Stephen Zápolya and Ladislaus Podmaniczky. After returning from Slavonia, the king joined the siege. It is worth mentioning that here, among few occasions, Matthias cooperated with Frederick. He sent a strong-armoured mounted troop led by commander Ulrich von Grafeneck to help wipe out these brigades. When he reached [[Bratislava|Pozsony]] ([[Bratislava]]), he was reinforced by Knight Georg Pottendorfer with his 600 crusader cavalry. This totaled 8–10 thousand people ready to besiege, who began an assault after taking some minor fortifications on 1 January 1467. The vanguards of the Black Army officers were all present against their former ally. They included the [[Palatine (Kingdom of Hungary)|Palatine]] [[Michael Ország]], Jan Jiskra, Jan Haugwitz, Balázs Magyar, Pál Kinizsi, Nicholaus Ujlaki [[Ban of Macsó]] (Mačva), and Peter Sobi Ban of Bosnia-Croatia-Dalmatia, with the latter-most dying in the assault. Before the siege began, Matthias offered Švehla the chance to return to his service in exchange for an unconditional surrender on all grounds. After a refusal, he immediately began the siege and the cannon firing despite the harsh winter conditions. Švehla and his 2,500 men (and additional citizens) resisted the superior besiegers, but food storages reached extremely low levels and all the efforts to break out were unsuccessful, so he decided to capitulate twice to Matthias with the aforementioned taking his revenge in rejecting it. After three weeks, Švehla feigned a breakout attempt in the front while getting out from the rear through a water channel. Though his physically weak and exhausted entourage of 2,000 infantry tried to elude the besieging forces, they were not fast enough to escape safely. Balázs Magyar and Pál Kinizsi rode down to the fort of [[Csejte]] ([[Čachtice]]), where they clashed. Almost all of the rioters fell, only 250 taken as prisoners. Svehla evaded capture again but was put in custody by peasants by the time he was too debilitated to fight.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Matthias doomed him to be hanged up along with the remaining couple of hundred prisoners. This was a rather violent act regarding the campaigns of King Matthias Corvin. On the very next day, 31 January 1467, witnessing the executions, the garrison asked for mercy, and it was granted; and after taking Kosztolány, he also offered František Hag – officer member of the resistance group – captainship in the Black Army, since he found him skilled enough. In another case in 1474, František Hag revolted due to lack of pay, but the conflict ended without violence, and he remained Matthias' subject until his death.<ref name="EKP"/><ref name="Zrinyi 2">{{cite book|pages=19–24|chapter=Miért került bitófára Svehla?|trans-chapter=Why does Swehla happened to be hung?}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| |
| − | |last=Bartl
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| − | |first=Július
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| − | |author2=Dusan Skvarna
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| − | |title=Slovak history: chronology & lexicon
| |
| − | |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=3orG2yZ9mBkC&pg=PA196&lpg=PA196&dq=%22standing+army+of+Matthias%22#v=onepage&q=%22standing%20army%20of%20Matthias%22&f=false
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| − | |accessdate=5 October 2010
| |
| − | |year=2002
| |
| − | |publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers
| |
| − | |location=Mundelein, Illinois, USA
| |
| − | |isbn=0-86516-444-4
| |
| − | |page=196
| |
| − | |chapter=Black Army
| |
| − | }}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | == Dissolution ==
| |
| − | [[File:Hungarian post-Matthias succession wars (1490-94).jpg|right|200px|thumb|Actions of the Black Army after the death of King Matthias]]
| |
| − | Before his death on 6 April 1490, King Matthias asked his captains and barons to pledge an oath to his son [[John Corvinus]] and secure his succession to the throne. Though John was the biggest estate holder in Hungary and had the command over the Black Army, his stepmother, Queen [[Beatrice of Naples]], invited two heirs, the Holy Roman Emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] and Polish prince [[John I Albert]], for an assembly to be held at [[Buda]] to discuss who would inherit the throne. The first based his claim on the [[Peace Treaty of Wiener Neustadt]], while the latter on his family ties. Furthermore, the Hungarian barons invited a third pretender, the King of Bohemia and brother of John Albert, [[Vladislaus II of Hungary|Vladislaus II]]. After the barons double-crossed John Corvinus, he escaped from the capital and was moving to [[Pécs]], when he was attacked midway at Szabaton village and suffered a defeat from which he could retreat. No parts of the Black Army were – yet – involved, as their core was stuck in [[Silesia]] and [[Styria]]. Their famed captains [[Blaise Magyar]] and Paul Kinizsi joined the pretenders' side, John Albert and Vladislaus, respectively; the latter subsequently became the legitime king.<ref name="Bánlaky1">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = József Bánlaky
| |
| − | |title = A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
| |
| − | |trans-title=Military history of the Hungarian nation
| |
| − | |url =http://mek.oszk.hu/09400/09477/html/0012/885.html
| |
| − | |accessdate = 16 June 2011
| |
| − | |publisher = Grill Károly Könyvkiadó vállalata
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest]], Hungary
| |
| − | |year = 1929
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |isbn = 963-86118-7-1
| |
| − | |chapter = Trónöröklési és királyválasztási viszályok Mátyás halála után. A csonthegyi ütközet 1490 július 4-én. Ulászló királlyá választása.
| |
| − | |trans-chapter=Feud over the succession and king election after the death of Matthias. The battle of Csonthegy on 4 July 1490. Vladislas elected King of Hungary.
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Maximilian immediately attacked the conquested territories in Austria in 1490. The Black Army fortified itself in the occupied forts on the western border. Most of them were captured by trick, bribery, or citizen revolt in a few weeks without any major battles. The trenchline along the river [[Enns (river)|Enns]], which was built by mercenary captain Wilhelm Tettauer, resisted quite successfully for a month. Due to the lack of payment, some of the Black Army mercenaries, mostly Czechs, switched sides and joined the Holy Roman army of 20,000 men in invading Hungary. They advanced in the heart of Hungary and managed to capture the city of [[Székesfehérvár]], which he sacked, as well as the tomb of King Matthias, which was kept there. His [[Landsknecht]]s were still unsatisfied with the plunder and refused to go for taking Buda. He returned to the Empire in late December but left garrisons of a few hundred soldiers in those Hungarian cities and castles he occupied.<ref name="Bánlaky2">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = József Bánlaky
| |
| − | |title = A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
| |
| − | |trans-title=Military history of the Hungarian nation
| |
| − | |url = http://mek.oszk.hu/09400/09477/html/0012/887.html
| |
| − | |accessdate = 16 June 2011
| |
| − | |publisher = Grill Károly Könyvkiadó vállalata
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest]], Hungary
| |
| − | |year = 1929
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |isbn = 963-86118-7-1
| |
| − | |chapter = Ulászló küzdelmei János Albert lengyel herceggel és Miksa római királlyal. Az 1492. évi budai országgyűlés főbb határozatai.
| |
| − | |trans-chapter=Struggle of Vladislas against prince John Albert and Holy Roman Emperor Maxinmilan. The assembly of Buda in 1492 and its sanctions.
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | The National Council of the barons decided to recuperate the cities lost, especially Székesfehérvár. The Black Army was put on reserve at [[Eger]], but their payment of 46,000 forints was late again, so they robbed the neighboring monasteries, churches, peasantries and lorddoms. After their dues were paid, appointed captain Steven Báthory gathered an army of 40,000 soldiers and began the siege in June 1491, which lasted for a month. More minor cities were regained, and without further support from the German nobility, Maximilian agreed to negotiate, and in the end, he signed the [[Peace of Pressburg (1491)|Peace of Pressburg]] in 1491, which included ceding the Silesian lands to him.<ref name="Bánlaky2" /> John Haugwitz never recognized this treaty and held their possessions in Silesia afterwards.<ref name="Haugwitz" />
| |
| − | | |
| − | Meanwhile, disappointed John Albert gathered an army at the eastern border of Hungary and attacked the vicinity of Kassa ([[Košice]]) and [[Tokaj]], also in 1490. John Corvinus accepted Vladislaus as his feudal lord and helped him in his coronation (he personally handed the crown to him). Vladislaus married widowed Queen Beatrice in order to acquire her assets of 500,000 forints. This would have allowed him to cover the expenses of the Black Army stationed in [[Moravia]] and upper Silesia and the cost of transporting them home to Upper Hungary to defend it from the Polish army of John Albert.<ref name="Bánlaky2" /> [[John Filipec]], on the behalf of the new king, helped to convince Silesian Black Army leader John Haugwitz to return to duty in exchange for 100,000 forints. The Hungarian-Czech army of 18,000 met the Polish troops in December 1491 in the Battle of Eperjes ([[Prešov]]), which was a decisive victory for the Black Army.<ref name="Haugwitz">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Ágnes Kenyeres
| |
| − | |title = Magyar életrajzi lexikon 1000–1990
| |
| − | |trans-title=Hungarian Lexicon of Biographies
| |
| − | |url =http://mek.niif.hu/00300/00355/html/ABC05727/06061.htm
| |
| − | |accessdate =16 June 2011
| |
| − | |publisher = Akadémiai Kiadó
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest]], Hungary
| |
| − | |year = 1994
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |isbn = 963-9374-13-X
| |
| − | |chapter = Haugwitz János (15. sz.): zsoldosvezér
| |
| − | |trans-chapter=John Haugwitz (15th century): mercenary captain
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | John Albert withdrew to Poland and promised that he had no further claims to the throne.
| |
| − | | |
| − | The Black Army was sent to the south region to fight the Ottoman invasions. While waiting for their wages, they sought plunder in the nearby villages. The National Council ordered Paul Kinizsi to stop the plundering at all costs. He arrived in Szegednic-Halászfalu in late August 1492, where he dispersed the Black Army led by Haugwitz. Of the 8,000 members, 2,000 were able to escape to western [[Styria]], where they continued to pillage the countryside.<ref name="Haugwitz" /> The prisoners were escorted to Buda, where the Black Army was officially disbanded and they were allowed to leave abroad under the condition never to come back and claim their payment. They joined the forces already in Austria.<ref name="ME2008" /> They confronted Count Georg Eynczinger on 7 May 1493, at [[Thaya, Austria|Thaya]], where they were all killed or captured and tortured to death. The last remaining mercenaries were integrated into local garrisons, such as the one in [[Nándorfehérvár]] ([[Belgrade]]) under the leadership of Balthasar Tettauer, brother of Wilhelm Tettauer. They were so frustrated about their financial status that they allied with Ottoman [[Mihaloğlu Ali Bey]] to handle secretly the fort to his Sultan, [[Bayezid II]]. When their plan surfaced, Paul Kinizsi intervened in May 1494 before their act could take place. He arrested the captain and his crew for treason and starved them to death.<ref name="ME2008" />
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Battles and respective captains of the Black Army==
| |
| − | {| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%"
| |
| − | ! List of Battles and respective captains of the Black Army
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | [[File:Adolf Liebscher - Jiří z Poděbrad nad obklíčenými vojsky.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Adolf Liebscher]]: George of Podjebrady observes the encircling army of Matthias.]]
| |
| − | [[File:Jindrich-podebradsky-proti-uherskemu-vojsku.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Věnceslav Černý: Henry Podebrady's victory over the Hungarians at Uherský Brod in 1469]]
| |
| − | [[File:Ales.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Mikoláš Aleš: Meeting of George of Podebrady with Matthias Corvinus]]
| |
| − | [[File:Matia Corvin Statue nov 2010.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Statue of King Matthias and his generals in [[Cluj-Napoca]]. From left to right: Pál Kinizsi, Balázs Magyar, King Matthias, István Szapolyai and Stephen Báthory.]]
| |
| − | [[File:Magyar Balázs.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Portrait of Balázs Magyar]]
| |
| − | [[File:Kenyérmezői csata.jpg|right|thumb|150px|The Battle of Breadfield]]
| |
| − | [[File:Battlbaia.png|right|thumb|150px|Battleplan at Baia depicting a typical wagon-fort formation, characteristic of Hungarian defense (and siege) strategy. Matthias was wounded in the back by arrows.]]
| |
| − | [[File:Vaslui Battle map.png|right|thumb|150px|Battleplan at Vaslui]]
| |
| − | [[File:Salgovar 03.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Castle of Salgó. Occupied by – then enemy – Jan Jiskra in 1450, it was retaken by Matthias in 1460. According to tradition, Matthias was cut on his face, and the scar angered him to the point where he launched an assault on the nearby Zagyvafő and destroyed the two castles to the ground.<ref name="várak" />]]
| |
| − | [[File:Oostr1477.png|right|thumb|150px|Austrian lands in 1477]]
| |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+ Campaign color codes
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! style="background:#f9da00;" | ||Against the Czechs
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! style="background:#6facbf;" | ||Against the Holy Roman Empire
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! style="background:#cffcff;" | ||Against the Ottomans
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! style="background:#af7291;" | ||Against the Moldavians
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! style="background:#119c94;" | ||Against the Papal State
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! style="background:#7cf97c;" | ||Against Saxony
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! style="background:#e9ddaf;" | ||Against Venice
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! style="background:#ec9d3d;" | ||Against the Kingdom of Poland
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! style="background:#bed731;" | ||Against the Hussites
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | {| class="sortable wikitable"
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | !class="unsortable" style="width:5px; border-right:#f0f0f0 solid 0px" |
| |
| − | !style="width:20px; border-left:#f0f0f0 solid 0px" |War/
| |
| − | !style="width:20px"|Type
| |
| − | !style="width:20px"|Size
| |
| − | !style="width:40px"|Date
| |
| − | !style="width:300px"|Location
| |
| − | !style="width:180px"|Captain(s) commissioned
| |
| − | !style="width:75px|Outcome
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#f9da00;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Cz.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1488
| |
| − | | ۩ [[Głogów]], [[Duchy of Silesia]]
| |
| − | | [[File:POL Głogów flag.svg|22x20px|border]] John Haugwitz<ref name="Toth">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Tóth Zoltán
| |
| − | |title = Mátyás király idegen zsoldosserege
| |
| − | |trans-title=The foreign mercenary army of Matthias
| |
| − | |publisher = Stádium Sajtóvállalat Rt.
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest, Hungary]]
| |
| − | |url = http://mek.niif.hu/00300/00355/html/ABC05727/06061.htm
| |
| − | |accessdate = 2 October 2010
| |
| − | |year = 1925
| |
| − | }}</ref><br/>[[File:Flag of Austria (state).svg|border|link=|22x20px]]Wilhelm Tettauer<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Francis Haraszthy<ref name="Zarnocki">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Zarnócki Attila
| |
| − | |title = Mátyás király katonai
| |
| − | |trans-title=Soldiers of King Matthias
| |
| − | |publisher = Libra Kiadó
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest, Hungary]]
| |
| − | |year = 1992
| |
| − | |isbn = 963-7663-03-7
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1484
| |
| − | | [[Leitzersdorf]], [[Archduchy of Austria]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Stephen Dávidházy<br/>[[File:Small coat of arms of the Czech Republic.svg|22x20px]] [[File:Flag of Bohemia.svg|22x20px|border]] Tobias von Boskowitz und Černahora<ref name="Zrinyi"/>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory<br/>([[Battle of Leitzersdorf|Details]])
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1484
| |
| − | | [[Korneuburg]], [[Archduchy of Austria]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Stephen Dávidházy<sup>†</sup><ref name="csendes" /><br/>[[File:Small coat of arms of the Czech Republic.svg|22x20px]] [[File:Flag of Bohemia.svg|22x20px|border]] Tobiáš of Boskovice and Černá Hora<ref name="Zrinyi" />
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#f9da00;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Cz.<br />Pl.<!-- Polish contingents were auxiliary troops of those Bohemian -->
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1474
| |
| − | | [[Wrocław]], [[Duchy of Silesia]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<ref>{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Lynn White, jr.
| |
| − | |title = Viator: Mediaeval and Renaissance Studies Volume 4
| |
| − | |publisher = University of California Press
| |
| − | |location = Los Angeles
| |
| − | |url = https://books.google.com/?id=PYv9kbfdPNoC&pg=PA293&lpg=PA293&dq=Wroc%C5%82aw+1474#v=onepage&q&f=false
| |
| − | |accessdate = 2 October 2010
| |
| − | |year = 1973
| |
| − | |isbn = 0-520-02392-7
| |
| − | }}</ref><br/>[[File:Flag of Austria (state).svg|border|22x20px]] Melchior Löbel<br/>[[File:POL województwo dolnośląskie flag 1.svg|22x20px]] [[Jan II the Mad]]<ref>{{cite web
| |
| − | |url = http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/artikelADB_014-402-02.html
| |
| − | |title = Johann II., Herzog in Schlesien
| |
| − | |trans-title = John II, Duke of Silesia
| |
| − | |author = Hermann Markgraf
| |
| − | |year = 1881
| |
| − | |work = Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 14
| |
| − | |language = German
| |
| − | |accessdate = 13 October 2010
| |
| − | |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722005928/http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/artikelADB_014-402-02.html
| |
| − | |archive-date = 22 July 2011
| |
| − | |url-status=dead
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#f9da00;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Cz.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1468
| |
| − | | [[Olomouc]], [[Margravate of Moravia]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<ref name="Corvin">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Kenneth M. Setton
| |
| − | |title = The papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571, volume 2
| |
| − | |publisher = American Philosophical Society
| |
| − | |location = [[Philadelphia, PA]]
| |
| − | |url = https://books.google.com/?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC&pg=PA295&lpg=PA295&dq=%22George+of+Pod%C4%9Bbrady%22+1468#v=onepage&q&f=false
| |
| − | |accessdate = 2 October 2010
| |
| − | |year = 1978
| |
| − | |isbn = 0-87169-127-2
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#f9da00;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Cz.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1469
| |
| − | | Hradiště, [[Margravate of Moravia]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<ref name="Corvin"/>
| |
| − | | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Defeat
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1485
| |
| − | | [[Vienna]], [[Archduchy of Austria]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<ref name="Zrinyi"/>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory ([[Siege of Vienna (1485)|Details]])
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1487
| |
| − | | [[Wiener-Neustadt]], [[Archduchy of Austria]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] [[Emeric Zápolya]]<ref>{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Komlovszki Tibor
| |
| − | |title = Irodalomtörténeti Közlemények
| |
| − | |trans-title=Literary history announcements
| |
| − | |series = 69
| |
| − | |volume = 3
| |
| − | |publisher = Országos Széchényi Könyvtár
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest, Hungary]]
| |
| − | |url = http://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00001/00242/pdf/itkEPA00001_1965_03_323-336.pdf
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |accessdate = 2 October 2010
| |
| − | |year = 1965
| |
| − | }}</ref><br/>[[File:Flag of Austria (state).svg|border|link=|22x20px]]Wilhelm Tettauer<ref name="Jókai"/><br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] [[File:POL COA Sas I.svg|22x20px]] Bartholomew Drágffy of Beltiug<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Jacob Szekler<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] [[File:Kanizsay blason.PNG|22x20px|border]] Ladislaus Kanizsay<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Peter Geréb of Vingard<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Geréb of Vingard<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Family Báthory.svg|22x20px]] [[File:TransilvaniaSigilium1550.png|22x20px|border]] [[Stephen V Báthory]]<br/><ref name="Bonfini2" />
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory ([[Siege of Wiener Neustadt|Details]])
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1480
| |
| − | | [[Radkersburg]], [[Duchy of Styria]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Stephen Zápolya<ref name="Gero 2">{{cite book|url = http://www.kislexikon.hu/szapolyai.html|accessdate = 2 October 2010}}</ref><br/>[[File:TransilvaniaSigilium1550.png|22x20px]] Jacob Szekler<ref name="szeklers"/>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1482
| |
| − | | [[Hainburg an der Donau|Hainburg]], [[Archduchy of Austria]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Stephen Zápolya<br/>[[File:Flag of Austria (state).svg|border|link=|22x20px]] Wilhelm Tettauer<ref name="csendes">{{cite web
| |
| − | |url=http://www.napkut.hu/naput_2004/2004_02/051.htm#lj284
| |
| − | |title=Hunyadi Mátyás nyugati politikája és hadjáratai
| |
| − | |trans-title=The western policy and campaigns of Matthias Hunedoara
| |
| − | |first=László
| |
| − | |last=Csendes
| |
| − | |year=2004
| |
| − | |work=Játszmák az országért
| |
| − | |publisher=Napkút Kiadó
| |
| − | |location=[[Budapest, Hungary]]
| |
| − | |language=Hungarian
| |
| − | |accessdate=25 October 2010
| |
| − | |url-status=dead
| |
| − | |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721112150/http://www.napkut.hu/naput_2004/2004_02/051.htm
| |
| − | |archivedate=21 July 2011
| |
| − | |df=dmy
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Defeat <br/>([[Siege of Hainburg#First siege|Details]])
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1482
| |
| − | | [[Hainburg an der Donau|Hainburg]], [[Archduchy of Austria]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] [[Matthias Corvinus]]<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Stephen Zápolya<ref name="Gero"/>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory<br/>([[Second siege of Hainburg|Details]])
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#cffcff;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Ott.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1479
| |
| − | | [[Breadfield]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] [[Paul Kinizsi]]<br/>
| |
| − | [[File:Coa Hungary Family Báthory.svg|22x20px]] [[File:TransilvaniaSigilium1550.png|22x20px|border]] [[Stephen V Báthory]]<br/>
| |
| − | [[File:CoatOfArmsOfJovanStefanovicBrankovic.png|22x20px|border]] [[Vuk Grgurević]]<br/>
| |
| − | [[File:Flag of Wallachia.svg|22x20px|border]] [[Basarab Laiotă cel Bătrân]]
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory<br/>([[Battle of Breadfield|Details]])
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#af7291;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Mld
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1467
| |
| − | | [[Baia]], [[Principality of Moldavia]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] [[Matthias Corvinus]]<br/>
| |
| − | [[File:Coa Hungary Family Báthory.svg|22x20px]] [[File:TransilvaniaSigilium1550.png|22x20px]] [[Stephen V Báthory]]
| |
| − | | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Defeat<br/>([[Battle of Baia|Details]])
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#cffcff;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Ott.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1475
| |
| − | | [[Vaslui]], [[Principality of Moldavia]]
| |
| − | | [[File:TransilvaniaSigilium1550.png|22x20px]] Michael Fants<ref name="szeklers">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Ferencz Kállay
| |
| − | |title = Historiai értekezés a' nemes székely nemzet' eredetéről: hadi és polgári intézeteiről a régi időkben
| |
| − | |trans-title=Historical discourse about the origin of the 'magnanimous szekler nation' : military and civil institutes in the past times.
| |
| − | |publisher = Fiedler Gottfried
| |
| − | |location = [[Nagyenyed]], Hungary
| |
| − | |url = https://books.google.com/?id=tDo-AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |accessdate = 9 October 2010
| |
| − | |year = 1829
| |
| − | |page = 247
| |
| − | }}</ref><br/> (modest armed support for <br/>the main Moldavian core)
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory<br/>([[Battle of Vaslui|Details]])
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#cffcff;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Ott.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1463
| |
| − | | [[Jajce]], [[Bosnia]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] John Kállay V.<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] George Parlagi<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Paul Kállay I.<ref>{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Iván Nagy
| |
| − | |author2= Stephen Friebeisz
| |
| − | |title = Magyarország családai czimerekkel és nemzékrendi táblákkal, volume 2.
| |
| − | |trans-title=Heraldry of the (noble) families of Hungary with genealogical tables, 2. book
| |
| − | |publisher = Ráth Mór, Helikon Kiadó (reprint)
| |
| − | |location = [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]], Hungary
| |
| − | |url = https://books.google.com/?id=VOwGAAAAQAAJ&q=Magyarorsz%C3%A1g+csal%C3%A1dai+czimerekkel+%C3%A9s+nemz%C3%A9krendi+t%C3%A1bl%C3%A1kkal&dq=Magyarorsz%C3%A1g+csal%C3%A1dai+czimerekkel+%C3%A9s+nemz%C3%A9krendi+t%C3%A1bl%C3%A1kkal#v=onepage&q=Magyarorsz%C3%A1g%20csal%C3%A1dai%20czimerekkel%20%C3%A9s%20nemz%C3%A9krendi%20t%C3%A1bl%C3%A1kkal&f=false
| |
| − | |archiveurl=https://archive.org/stream/magyarorszgcsal02friegoog/magyarorszgcsal02friegoog_djvu.txt
| |
| − | |archivedate= 9 March 2007
| |
| − | |accessdate = 3 October 2010
| |
| − | |year = 1857–1868
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |edition = 7th
| |
| − | |isbn = 963-207-774-1
| |
| − | }}</ref><br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] [[Provost (religion)|Provost]] Gaspar Bak of Berend<ref name="Bánlaky3">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = József Bánlaky
| |
| − | |title = A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
| |
| − | |trans-title=Military history of the Hungarian nation
| |
| − | |url = http://mek.oszk.hu/09400/09477/html/0011/831.html
| |
| − | |accessdate = 27 June 2011
| |
| − | |publisher = Grill Károly Könyvkiadó vállalata
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest]], Hungary
| |
| − | |year = 1929
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |isbn = 963-86118-7-1
| |
| − | |chapter = Megjegyzések. Elmélkedések.
| |
| − | |trans-chapter=Notes. Contemplations.
| |
| − | }}</ref><br/>Matthias Geréb of Vingard<ref name="Bánlaky8">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = József Bánlaky
| |
| − | |title = A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
| |
| − | |trans-title=Military history of the Hungarian nation
| |
| − | |url = http://mek.oszk.hu/09400/09477/html/0011/830.html
| |
| − | |accessdate = 27 June 2011
| |
| − | |publisher = Grill Károly Könyvkiadó vállalata
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest]], Hungary
| |
| − | |year = 1929
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |isbn = 963-86118-7-1
| |
| − | |chapter = 11. Az 1463. évi délvidéki és boszniai hadjárat. Az ugyanezen évi tolnai országgyűlés határozatai.
| |
| − | |trans-chapter=The campaign of 1463 in Bosnia. The measures of the diet of Tolna in the same year.
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory <br/>([[Siege of Jajce|Details]])
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#cffcff;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Ott.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1464
| |
| − | | [[Jajce]], [[Bosnia]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Emeric Zápolya<ref>{{cite book
| |
| − | |first = Tony
| |
| − | |last = Jaques
| |
| − | |title = Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century, Volume 2, F–O
| |
| − | |publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group
| |
| − | |location = [[Santa Barbara, CA]] United States
| |
| − | |url = https://books.google.com/?id=Dh6jydKXikoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
| |
| − | |accessdate = 21 October 2010
| |
| − | |year = 2006
| |
| − | |page = 484
| |
| − | |isbn = 0-313-33538-9
| |
| − | }}</ref><br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Jacob Szekler
| |
| − | <ref name="Bánlaky7">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = József Bánlaky
| |
| − | |title = A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
| |
| − | |trans-title=Military history of the Hungarian nation
| |
| − | |url = http://mek.oszk.hu/09400/09477/html/0011/832.html
| |
| − | |accessdate = 30 June 2011
| |
| − | |publisher = Grill Károly Könyvkiadó vállalata
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest]], Hungary
| |
| − | |year = 1929
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |isbn = 963-86118-7-1
| |
| − | |chapter = 12. Az 1464. évi boszniai hadjárat.
| |
| − | |trans-chapter=12. The Bosnian campaign of 1464
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#cffcff;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Ott.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1464
| |
| − | | [[Srebrenik]], [[Bosnia]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Emeric Zápolya<ref name="Jajce">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Thallóczy Lajos
| |
| − | |title = Jajcza (bánság, vár és város) története 1450–1527
| |
| − | |trans-title=Jajce (Banate, fort and city) history 1450–1527
| |
| − | |publisher = Hornyánszky Viktor cs. és kir. udv. könyvnyomdája., Históriaantik Könyvesház Kiadó (reprint)
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest]], Hungary
| |
| − | |url = https://archive.org/details/jajczabnsgv00thal
| |
| − | |archiveurl=https://archive.org/stream/jajczabnsgv00thal
| |
| − | |archivedate= 24 July 2010
| |
| − | |accessdate = 3 October 2010
| |
| − | |year = 1915
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |isbn = 978-2-253-05575-4
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#cffcff;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Ott.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1464
| |
| − | | [[Zvornik]], [[Bosnia]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Emeric Zápolya<br/>
| |
| − | [[File:TransilvaniaSigilium1550.png|22x20px|border]] [[Szentgyörgyi|Count Sigismund Szentgyörgyi]]
| |
| − | <br/>[[File:TransilvaniaSigilium1550.png|22x20px|border]] Berthold Elderbach Monyorókeréki<br/>[[File:TransilvaniaSigilium1550.png|22x20px|border]] [[Szentgyörgyi|Nicholas Székely Szentgyörgyi]]
| |
| − | <br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] [[File:Kanizsay blason.PNG|22x20px|border]] Ladislaus Kanizsay
| |
| − | <ref name="Jajce"/>
| |
| − | | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Defeat
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#cffcff;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Ott.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1476
| |
| − | | [[Šabac]], [[Ban (title)|Ban]]ate [[Bosnia|of Bosnia]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] George Matucsinai<br/> [[File:Coa Hungary Family Báthory.svg|22x20px|border]] [[File:TransilvaniaSigilium1550.png|22x20px|border]] [[Stephen V Báthory]]<br/>[[File:Small coat of arms of the Czech Republic.svg|22x20px|border]] [[File:Flag of Bohemia.svg|22x20px|border]]František Hag<sup>†</sup><ref name="Jajce"/><br/>[[File:CoatOfArmsOfJovanStefanovicBrankovic.png|22x20px|border]] [[Vuk Grgurević]]<br/>[[File:Flag of England.svg|22x20px|border]]Sir Richard Champleyn<ref name="ME2008">{{cite web
| |
| − | |work = matyaseve.hu
| |
| − | |title = Mátyás király idegen zsoldos serege
| |
| − | |trans-title = King Matthias' multinational mercenary army
| |
| − | |publisher = Municipality of [[Buda Castle|Budavár]]
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest, Hungary]]
| |
| − | |url = http://www.matyaseve.hu/Cikk.aspx?NewsID=153a850c-a82f-4f3a-8beb-9ff89596dc7f&Id=cc20b576-b7dd-4cdf-a441-29773fdc1070
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |accessdate = 15 June 2011
| |
| − | |year = 2008
| |
| − | }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
| |
| − | </ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#cffcff;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Ott.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ≠
| |
| − | | 1481 ≠
| |
| − | | [[Otranto]], [[Kingdom of Napoli]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Blaise Magyar<ref name="Szilagyi"/>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory<br/>([[Ottoman invasion of Otranto|Details]])
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#119c94;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Pope
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ≠
| |
| − | | 1488
| |
| − | | [[Naples]], [[Kingdom of Napoli]]
| |
| − | | Relief troops for his father-in-law<br/>the Neapolitan King<ref name="Szilagyi">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Sándor Szilágyi
| |
| − | |title = A magyar nemzet története, 5. kötet
| |
| − | |trans-title=The history of the Hungarian nation, volume 5.
| |
| − | |publisher = Athenaeum Irod. és Nyomdai Rt
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest, Hungary]]
| |
| − | |chapter-url = http://mek.niif.hu/00800/00893/html/doc/c400292.htm
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |accessdate = 4 October 2010
| |
| − | |year = 1896
| |
| − | |chapter = 7, Mátyás hadserege és diplomatiája
| |
| − | |isbn = 1-144-24218-5
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#7cf97c;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Sax.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ≠
| |
| − | | 1487
| |
| − | | [[Sankt Pölten]], [[Archduchy of Austria]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<ref>{{EB1911|wstitle=Albert III. (duke of Saxony)|display=Albert III. |inline=1 |volume=1|page=497}}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory ([[Siege of Wiener Neustadt|Details]])
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1459
| |
| − | | [[Körmend]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Simon Nagy Szentmártoni<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Michael Rozgonyi<sup>†</sup><ref name="vas">{{cite web
| |
| − | |url = http://www.vasnepe.hu/hetvege/20080830_holloszarnyak_a_raba_folott_uj_sorozat_la
| |
| − | |title = Hollószárnyak a Rába fölött
| |
| − | |trans-title = Raven wings above the Rába
| |
| − | |author = Mórocz Zsolt
| |
| − | |date = 30 August 2008
| |
| − | |publisher = Vas Népe Kiadói Kft.
| |
| − | |location = Szombathely
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |accessdate = 4 October 2010
| |
| − | |url-status=dead
| |
| − | |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721113818/http://www.vasnepe.hu/hetvege/20080830_holloszarnyak_a_raba_folott_uj_sorozat_la
| |
| − | |archivedate = 21 July 2011
| |
| − | |df = dmy-all
| |
| − | }}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Matthias I was proclaimed king by the Estates, but he had to wage war against [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor]] who claimed the throne for himself.<ref name='Chronology I'>{{cite book | last = Benda | first = Kálmán | title = Magyarország történeti kronológiája I /A kezdetektől 1526-ig/ |trans-title=The Chronology of the History of Hungary /From the beginnings until 1526/| publisher = Akadémiai Kiadó | year = 1981 | location = Budapest | language = Hungarian | page = 276| isbn = 963-05-2661-1}}</ref> Several magnates, such as the Újlaki family, the Garai family and the Szentgyörgy family, supported the emperor's claim and proclaimed him king against King Matthias; the emperor rewarded the brothers [[Szentgyörgyi|Sigismund and John of Szentgyörgy and Bazin]] with the hereditary noble title "count of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]" in 1459 and they thus were entitled to use red [[sealing wax]].<ref name="Chronology I"/><ref name='Counts'>{{cite book | last = Fügedi | first = Erik | title = Ispánok, bárók, kiskirályok |trans-title=Counts, Barons and Petty Kings| publisher = Magvető Könyvkiadó | language = Hungarian | year = 1986 | location = Budapest | page = 381| isbn = 963-14-0582-6}}</ref> Although the Counts Szentgyörgyi commenced using their title in their deeds, in the Kingdom of Hungary, public law did not distinguish them from other nobles. The tide turned when they were pleased by Matthias' promises, changed their affiliation and joined forces with him. The second battle thus was successful in defending the Hungarian crown and the integrity of the nobility. The precise location of the battle is unknown since the historical records only guess where it could have situated.|group="nb"|name="ex02"}}
| |
| − | | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Defeat
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1459
| |
| − | | [[Pannonia|Upper Pannonia]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Simon Nagy Szentmártoni<ref name="vas"/><ref group="nb" name="ex02"/>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1484
| |
| − | | [[Bruck an der Leitha|Bruck]], [[Archduchy of Austria]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Stephen Dávidházy<ref name="Jókai">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Jókai Mór
| |
| − | |authorlink = Mór Jókai
| |
| − | |title = A magyar nemzet története regényes rajzokban
| |
| − | |trans-title=The history of the Hungarian nation depicted in romantic drawings
| |
| − | |publisher = Tóth Könyvkereskedés és Kiadó
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest, Hungary]]
| |
| − | |url = http://mek.niif.hu/00800/00840/html/jokai85.htm
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |accessdate = 4 October 2010
| |
| − | |year = 1860
| |
| − | |chapter = Mátyás Bécsben
| |
| − | |trans-chapter=Matthias in Vienna
| |
| − | |isbn = 978-963-596-542-7
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | </ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#cffcff;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Ott.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1484
| |
| − | | [[Temesvár]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] [[Paul Kinizsi]]<ref>{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Kenneth M. Setton
| |
| − | |title = The papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571, volume 1
| |
| − | |publisher = American Philosophical Society
| |
| − | |location = [[Philadelphia, PA]]
| |
| − | |url = https://books.google.com/?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC&pg=PA399&lpg=PA399&dq=1484+Kilia+Akkerman
| |
| − | |accessdate = 4 October 2010
| |
| − | |year = 1978
| |
| − | |page = 400
| |
| − | |isbn = 0-87169-127-2
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#cffcff;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Ott.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1463
| |
| − | | [[Temesvár]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Ladislaus Pongrácz<ref name="stklaray"/>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#cffcff;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Ott.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1476
| |
| − | | [[Pančevo]], [[Serbian Despotate#Despotate in Hungarian exile|Despotate of Serbia]]
| |
| − | |{{Col-begin}}
| |
| − | {{col-2}}
| |
| − | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Béla Nagy<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Ambrus Nagy<br/>
| |
| − | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Peter Dóczy<br/>
| |
| − | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Ladislaus Dóczy<br/>
| |
| − | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Francis Dóczy<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Emeric Nifor<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Jan Chepely<br/>[[File:CoatOfArmsOfJovanStefanovicBrankovic.png|22x20px|border]] [[Vuk Grgurević]]<ref name="stklaray"/><ref>{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Franz Babinger
| |
| − | |author2=Ralph Manheim|author3=William C. Hickman
| |
| − | |title = Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time
| |
| − | |publisher = Princeton University Press
| |
| − | |location = [[Princeton, New Jersey]], USA
| |
| − | |url = https://books.google.com/?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
| |
| − | |accessdate = 21 October 2010
| |
| − | |date = 19 October 1992
| |
| − | |page = 349
| |
| − | |chapter = Mehmed in Wallachia and Moldavia
| |
| − | |isbn = 0-691-01078-1
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | {{col-2}}
| |
| − | [[File:CoatOfArmsOfJovanStefanovicBrankovic.png|22x20px]] Demeter Jaksics<br/>
| |
| − | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Francis Arifti<br/>
| |
| − | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Jan Adei<br/>
| |
| − | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Sebastian Abraham<br/>
| |
| − | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Michael Pétsei<br/>
| |
| − | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Markus Henei<br/>
| |
| − | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Ladislaus Henei<ref>{{cite book
| |
| − | |last=Heltai
| |
| − | |first=Gáspár
| |
| − | |authorlink=Gáspár Heltai
| |
| − | |title=Magyar krónika, 2. kötet
| |
| − | |trans-title=Chronicles of Hungarians, vol.2
| |
| − | |url=https://books.google.com/?id=80tDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
| |
| − | |accessdate=21 October 2010
| |
| − | |year=2009
| |
| − | |origyear=1574
| |
| − | |publisher=ICON Group International (reprint)
| |
| − | |location=Kolozsvár, Hungary
| |
| − | |language=Hungarian
| |
| − | |pages=145–146
| |
| − | |isbn=978-0-546-87357-3
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | {{col-end}}
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#cffcff;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Ott.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1482
| |
| − | | [[Zrenjanin]], [[Serbian Despotate#Despotate in Hungarian exile|Despotate of Serbia]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] [[Paul Kinizsi]]<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Peter Dóczy <br/>[[File:CoatOfArmsOfJovanStefanovicBrankovic.png|22x20px|border]] [[Vuk Grgurević]]<ref name="stklaray">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Szentkláray Jenő
| |
| − | |title = Az Osztrák-Magyar Monarchia Irásban és Képben
| |
| − | |trans-title=The Monarchy of Austro-Hungary (presented) in text and pictures
| |
| − | |publisher = Kempelen Farkas Digitális Tankönyvtár
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest]], Hungary
| |
| − | |url = http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/konyvek/osztrak-magyar/osztrak-magyar-081204-561
| |
| − | |accessdate = 4 October 2010
| |
| − | |year = 2008
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |chapter = Temesvár és vidéke
| |
| − | |trans-chapter=Timisoara and its surroundings
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#f9da00;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Cz.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1469
| |
| − | | [[Vilémov (Havlíčkův Brod District)|Vilémov]], [[Kingdom of Bohemia]]<!-- The clash took place near the village of Vilémov in eastern Bohemia -->
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus (surrender){{#tag:ref|Matthias' attack followed a papal call for crusade against the heretic Bohemian king. He was promised that Frederick III would join, but it remained oral aid. The defeat at Vilémov happened to be a surrender by Matthias without actual battle due to him wrongly choosing the battleground. He was easily encircled by George of Poděbrady and was left with no option but to set an agreement. They met in a cottage in Ouhrov where they settled the conflict under the terms by which Matthias would help George's coronation be acknowledged by [[Pope Paul II]]. Furthermore, the succession of the Bohemian crown was set between the two kings with George ruling until his death and Matthias inheriting the throne afterwards. Matthias was set free in the counterpart though he abrogated the deal by crowning himself [[King of Bohemia]] shortly after.<ref name="stklaray 2">{{cite book|url = http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/konyvek/osztrak-magyar/osztrak-magyar-081204-685|chapter = Csehország története|trans-chapter=History of the Czechy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| |
| − | | url = http://icv.vlada.cz/en/tema/george-of-podebrady--71162/tmplid-676
| |
| − | | title = George of Podebrady
| |
| − | | date = 26 April 2010
| |
| − | | publisher = Government Information Center of the CR
| |
| − | | location = [[Prague]], Czech Republic
| |
| − | | accessdate = 6 October 2010
| |
| − | }}</ref>|group="nb"}}
| |
| − | | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Defeat
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#f9da00;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Cz.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1469
| |
| − | | [[Uherský Brod]], [[Margravate of Moravia]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<ref>{{cite book
| |
| − | |last=Bartl
| |
| − | |first=Július
| |
| − | |author2=Dusan Skvarna
| |
| − | |title=Slovak history: chronology & lexicon
| |
| − | |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=3orG2yZ9mBkC&pg=PA52&lpg=PA52&dq=%22battle+of+Uhersk%C3%BD+Brod%22#v=onepage&q=Uhersky%20Brod&f=false
| |
| − | |accessdate=6 October 2010
| |
| − | |year=2002
| |
| − | |publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers
| |
| − | |location=Mundelein, Illinois, USA
| |
| − | |isbn=0-86516-444-4
| |
| − | |page=52
| |
| − | |chapter=1463
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Defeat
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#f9da00;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Cz.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1469
| |
| − | | [[Špilberk Castle]], [[Margravate of Moravia]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<ref>{{cite web
| |
| − | | url = http://www.spilberk.cz/?lang=en&pg=zobraz&co=spilberk-castle
| |
| − | | title = Spilberk Castle
| |
| − | | date = 26 April 2010
| |
| − | | publisher = Muzeum města Brna
| |
| − | | location = [[Brno]], Czech Republic
| |
| − | | accessdate = 6 October 2010
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#cffcff;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Ott.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1481
| |
| − | | [[Sarajevo|Bosnasaray]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<ref>{{cite book
| |
| − | |last=Kristó
| |
| − | |first=Gyula
| |
| − | |title=Magyarország története 895–1301
| |
| − | |trans-title=History of Hungary 895–1301
| |
| − | |url=http://lexikon.katolikus.hu/B/balk%C3%A1ni%20magyar%20hadj%C3%A1ratok.html
| |
| − | |accessdate=8 October 2010
| |
| − | |year=1988
| |
| − | |publisher=Osiris Kiadó
| |
| − | |location=Budapest, Hungary
| |
| − | |language=Hungarian
| |
| − | |series=1984/I
| |
| − | |volume=74
| |
| − | |pages=118; 126
| |
| − | |isbn=978-963-389-970-0
| |
| − | }}</ref><br/>[[File:CoatOfArmsOfJovanStefanovicBrankovic.png|22x20px|border]] [[Vuk Grgurević]]
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#e9ddaf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Ven.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1479
| |
| − | | [[Veglia]], [[Principality of Krk]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Blaise Magyar<ref name="Veglia">{{cite web
| |
| − | | url = http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/CROATIA.htm
| |
| − | | title = Medieval Lands Project: Croatia
| |
| − | | date = 12 February 2009
| |
| − | | publisher = Foundation for Medieval Genealogy
| |
| − | | location = England
| |
| − | | accessdate = 8 October 2010
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Defeat
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#ec9d3d;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Pl.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1471
| |
| − | | [[Nitra]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Emeric Zápolya{{#tag:ref|Several sources differ whether a siege, sparse fightings, or retreat caused by famine occurred during the Polish-Hungarian conflict. Caused and followed by an internal revolt of [[Upper nobility (Kingdom of Hungary)|Hungarian nobles]] and religious leaders led by [[Janus Pannonius]], [[János Vitéz (archbishop)|János Vitéz]], and Emeric Zápolya. Casimir IV of Poland was invited and supported by the rebelling nobles so he stepped in and sent his son [[Saint Casimir|Casimir]] as a pretender to the Hungarian throne. He was promised Hungarian reinforcement as the nobles were to join him when he crossed the border. He led his army of 12,000 men towards [[Košice|Kassa]] where he was about to take the city without resistance. Meanwhile, Matthias was able to settle his dispute with the rebelling factions and convinced them to take his side. The parties agreed and so did Zápolya along with Nicolaus Chiupor de Monoszló who stopped the approaching Polish invasion from attempting to besiege Kassa by taking the city before him and fortifying themselves in. The prince turned to Nitra instead and occupied it. Matthias arrived there to liberate the city with his army of 16,000 mercenaries and banderias (banners). From this point on, the events are unclear; what is sure is that Casimir retreated with an escort cavalry and the rest of the Polish main forces were released shortly after. Finally the conflict was settled in the [[Treaty of Ófalu]]<ref>{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Csukovits Enikő
| |
| − | |title = Mátyás és a humanizmus
| |
| − | |trans-title=Matthias and the humanism
| |
| − | |publisher = Osiris Kiadó
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest, Hungary]]
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |series = Nemzet és emlékezet
| |
| − | |year = 2008
| |
| − | |pages = 92–105
| |
| − | |isbn =978-963-389-981-6
| |
| − | }}</ref> Contemporary historians' presentations differ on the causes of the outcome. Italian historian [[Antonio Bonfini]] commissioned by Matthias refers to it as being a siege, which resulted in heavy loss for the besieged due to famine for the first wave. He states that the second wave of Poles was slaughtered by peasants and citizents while marching home, while the prince fled days before, after meeting Matthias and had been spared by him.<ref name="Bonfini">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Antonio Bonfini
| |
| − | |title = Rerum Hungaricum Decades
| |
| − | |trans-title = Ten Volumes of Hungarian Matters
| |
| − | |publisher = Balassi Kiadó (reprint)
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest, Hungary]]
| |
| − | |url = http://www.bkiado.hu/doku/html/bonfini.html
| |
| − | |accessdate = 9 October 2010
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |origyear = 1568
| |
| − | |year = 1995
| |
| − | |isbn = 963-506-040-8
| |
| − | |url-status=dead
| |
| − | |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100605155216/http://www.bkiado.hu/doku/html/bonfini.html
| |
| − | |archivedate = 5 June 2010
| |
| − | |df = dmy-all
| |
| − | }}</ref> Hungarian [[Johannes de Thurocz]] agrees while adding that a counterattack followed the events where Hungarians attacked the counties of [[Zemplén County|Zemplén]] and [[Sáros County|Sáros]] still under Polish possession and drove them out and intruded into Poland as well for prowling (it is worth noting that these events show remarkable similarities to those that took place two years later).<ref>{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Thuróczy János
| |
| − | |title = A magyarok krónikája és Siralmas ének (Rogerius mester)
| |
| − | |trans-title=Chronicle of the Hungarians
| |
| − | |publisher = Osiris Kiadó (reprint)
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest, Hungary]]
| |
| − | |url = http://mek.oszk.hu/03000/03094/#
| |
| − | |type = spoken word (mp3)
| |
| − | |accessdate = 9 October 2010
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |origyear = 1488
| |
| − | |year = 2001
| |
| − | |isbn =963-389-129-9
| |
| − | }}</ref> While Polish historian [[Jan Długosz]] argues that the incursion happened upon invitation and that no state of war came into existence. He recalls the nobility's actions as betrayal and Casimir's steps as aid or some sort of help for the counts of Hungary. He also questions the circumstances of the retreat claiming it was a peaceful return after Casimir IV met with the Pope [[Sixtus IV]]'s emissary in [[Kraków]] who intervened and urged the maintenance of peace.<ref>{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Jan Długosz
| |
| − | |title = Historiae Polonicae liber XIII.et ultimus
| |
| − | |language = Latin
| |
| − | |year = 1712
| |
| − | |pages = 470–473
| |
| − | |asin = B001C6WHOI
| |
| − | }}</ref> Based upon the aforementioned, the causes of retreat might be (any or multiple):
| |
| − | *Famine caused by siege
| |
| − | *Casimir's disappointment with his former Hungarian allies and frustration that the project became more difficult to carry out
| |
| − | *Agreement of military matters with Matthias on diplomatic grounds (''status quo'')
| |
| − | *Mediation of the pope and his calling for peace
| |
| − | *Casimir's fear of being captured and Matthias' fear of triggering a possible "official" war with Casimir IV (reason for letting them retreat)
| |
| − | *Intrigue of the [[Upper nobility (Kingdom of Hungary)|nobility]] to both sides|group="nb"}}
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#ec9d3d;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Pl.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1473
| |
| − | | [[Michalovce]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<br/>[[File:CoatOfArmsOfJovanStefanovicBrankovic.png|22x20px]] Demeter Jaksics<br/>[[File:TransilvaniaSigilium1550.png|22x20px]] Michael Csupor<sup>†</sup>
| |
| − | <ref name="Heltai">{{cite book
| |
| − | |last=Heltai
| |
| − | |first=Gáspár
| |
| − | |authorlink=Gáspár Heltai
| |
| − | |title=Krónika az magyaroknak dolgairól
| |
| − | |trans-title=Chronicles about the matters of Hungarians
| |
| − | |url=http://osbuda.hu/core/dok/heltai_kronikaja.pdf
| |
| − | |accessdate=9 October 2010
| |
| − | |year=1981
| |
| − | |publisher=Magyar Helikon (reprint)
| |
| − | |location=Budapest, Hungary
| |
| − | |language=Hungarian
| |
| − | |pages=360–362
| |
| − | |chapter=XXXV. Rész
| |
| − | |trans-chapter=part XXXV.
| |
| − | |isbn=963-207-840-3
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#ec9d3d;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Pl.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1473
| |
| − | | [[Humenné]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus
| |
| − | <ref name="Heltai"/>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#bed731;" | || style="text-align:center;"| hss
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1460
| |
| − | | [[Salgótarján|Salgó Castle]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<ref name="várak">{{cite web
| |
| − | | url = http://jupiter.elte.hu/salgotarjansalgovar/salgotortenet.htm
| |
| − | | title = Salgótarján, Salgóvár
| |
| − | | author = Tibor Szabó
| |
| − | | date = 11 September 2010
| |
| − | | publisher = [[ELTE]]
| |
| − | | location = [[Budapest]], Hungary
| |
| − | | language = Hungarian
| |
| − | | accessdate = 10 October 2010
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#bed731;" | || style="text-align:center;"| hss
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1460
| |
| − | | [[Salgótarján|Zagyvafő Castle]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<ref name="várak" />
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#bed731;" | || style="text-align:center;"| hss
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1459
| |
| − | | [[Sajónémeti]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<ref name="várak 2">{{cite web|url=http://jupiter.elte.hu/sajonemeti/sajonemetitortenet.htm|title=Kezdőlap|website=jupiter.elte.hu}}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#bed731;" | || style="text-align:center;"| hss
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ≠
| |
| − | | 1459
| |
| − | | [[Hlohovec]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Sebastian Rozgonyi<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] [[File:Coa Hungary Clan Héderváry.svg|22x20px|border]] bishop Ladislaus Héderváry<ref name="Bonfini"/>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#bed731;" | || style="text-align:center;"| hss
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ≠
| |
| − | | 1458
| |
| − | | [[Vadna]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Sebastian Rozgonyi<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] [[File:Coa Hungary Clan Héderváry.svg|22x20px|border]] bishop Ladislaus Héderváry<ref name="várak 2" />
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#bed731;" | || style="text-align:center;"| hss
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1459
| |
| − | | [[Sárospatak]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Sebastian Rozgonyi<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] [[File:Coa Hungary Clan Héderváry.svg|22x20px|border]] bishop Ladislaus Héderváry<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Blaise Magyar<ref name="várak 2" />
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#bed731;" | || style="text-align:center;"| hss
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ≠
| |
| − | | 1460
| |
| − | | [[Gyöngyöspata]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Sebastian Rozgonyi<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] [[File:Coa Hungary Clan Héderváry.svg|22x20px|border]] bishop Ladislaus Héderváry<ref name="várak 2" />
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#bed731;" | || style="text-align:center;"| hss
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ≠
| |
| − | | 1458
| |
| − | | [[Jasov]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Sebastian Rozgonyi<ref>{{cite web
| |
| − | |url = http://www.jasov.sk/!old/village/fortress-hu.html
| |
| − | |title = A jászói vár
| |
| − | |trans-title = The fortress of Jasov
| |
| − | |location = [[Jasov]], Slovakia
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |accessdate = 21 October 2010
| |
| − | |url-status=dead
| |
| − | |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110726051303/http://www.jasov.sk/%21old/village/fortress-hu.html
| |
| − | |archivedate = 26 July 2011
| |
| − | |df = dmy-all
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#bed731;" | || style="text-align:center;"| hss
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ≠
| |
| − | | 1458
| |
| − | | [[Nižná Myšľa]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Sebastian Rozgonyi<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] [[File:Coa Hungary Clan Héderváry.svg|22x20px|border]] bishop Ladislaus Héderváry<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Blaise Magyar<ref name="Karl">{{cite web
| |
| − | | url = http://www.epa.oszk.hu/01500/01536/00005/pdf/UJ_1973_050-065.pdf
| |
| − | | title = Vita del re Mattio Corvino
| |
| − | |trans-title=Life of Matthias Corvinus
| |
| − | | author = Karl Nehring
| |
| − | | year = 1973
| |
| − | | publisher = von Hase & Koehler Verlag
| |
| − | | location = [[Mainz]], Germany
| |
| − | | language = Italian
| |
| − | | accessdate = 26 October 2010
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#bed731;" | || style="text-align:center;"| hss
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1462
| |
| − | | [[Kežmarok|Kežmarok Castle]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Stephen Zápolya<ref name="várak 2" />
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#bed731;" | || style="text-align:center;"| hss
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ≠
| |
| − | | 1458
| |
| − | | [[Sečovce]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Sebastian Rozgonyi<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Blaise Magyar<ref name="Karl"/>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#bed731;" | || style="text-align:center;"| hss
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1458
| |
| − | | [[Rimavská Seč]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Sebastian Rozgonyi<ref name="várak 2" />
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#af7291;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Mld
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1462
| |
| − | | [[Kiliya, Ukraine|Kiliya]], [[Voivodate]] of [[Wallachia]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Flag of Wallachia.svg|22x20px|border]] [[Vlad III the Impaler|Vlad Tepes]]<ref>{{cite web
| |
| − | | url = http://www.exploringromania.com/vlad-the-impaler.html
| |
| − | | title = Vlad the Impaler, the second reign – Part 4
| |
| − | | author = Delia Grigorescu
| |
| − | | date = 11 January 2010
| |
| − | | accessdate = 18 October 2010
| |
| − | }}</ref> <br/>(Hungarian garrison)
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#af7291;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Mld
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ≠
| |
| − | | 1465
| |
| − | | [[Kiliya, Ukraine|Kiliya]], [[Voivodate]] of [[Wallachia]]
| |
| − | | (Hungarian garrison)<ref name="Kilia">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Halil İnalcık
| |
| − | |author2=Suraiya Faroqhi|author3=Bruce McGowan|author4=Donald Quataert|author5= Sevket Pamuk
| |
| − | |title = An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914
| |
| − | |publisher = Cambridge University Press
| |
| − | |location = [[Cambridge]], United Kingdom
| |
| − | |url = https://books.google.com/?id=MWUlNdskNfIC&pg=PA289&lpg=PA289&dq=1465+kilia+stephen#v=onepage&q=1465%20kilia%20stephen&f=false
| |
| − | |accessdate = 12 October 2010
| |
| − | |page = 290
| |
| − | |date = 27 January 1995
| |
| − | |isbn = 0-521-34315-1
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Defeat
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#cffcff;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Ott.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ≠
| |
| − | |1474
| |
| − | |[[Oradea|Várad]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | |unknown, bishopric castle personnel{{#tag:ref|On 7 February 1474, [[Mihaloğlu Ali Bey]]'s unexpected attack took the town by storm. Ahead of his 7,000 horsemen, he broke through its wooden fences and pillaged the town, burned the houses and took the population as prisoners. Their goal was to rob the treasury of the episcopate, but were resisted by the refugees and clergy in the bishop's castle (at the time the bishop's rank was absent, and no records mention the identity of a possible captain). The town fell but the castle stood, forcing the Turks to give up the fight after one day of siege. While retreating, they devastated the surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Bunyitay Vincze
| |
| − | |title = A váradi püspökség története (''Epistolario di Pier Paolo Vergerio'')
| |
| − | |trans-title=History of the episcopate of Várad
| |
| − | |publisher = Episcopate of Várad
| |
| − | |location = [[Nagyvárad]], Hungary
| |
| − | |url = http://mek.niif.hu/04700/04735/html/57.html
| |
| − | |accessdate = 20 October 2010
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |year = 1883–1884
| |
| − | }}</ref>|group="nb"}}
| |
| − | |{{Col-begin}}
| |
| − | | style="background:#ffa07a;"| <span style="color:black;"> Def. </span>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"| <span style="color:black;"> Vic. </span>
| |
| − | {{Col-end}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#f9da00;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Cz.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1488
| |
| − | | [[Boxberg, Saxony|Thomaswalde]], [[Duchy of Silesia]]
| |
| − | | [[File:POL Głogów flag.svg|22x20px|border]] John Haugwitz<ref name="Bánlaky4">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = József Bánlaky
| |
| − | |title = A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
| |
| − | |trans-title = Military history of the Hungarian nation
| |
| − | |url = http://www.mek.sk/09400/09477/html/0011/878.html
| |
| − | |accessdate = 27 June 2011
| |
| − | |publisher = Grill Károly Könyvkiadó vállalata
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest]], Hungary
| |
| − | |year = 1929
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |isbn = 963-86118-7-1
| |
| − | |chapter = b) Az 1483–1489. évi hadjárat Frigyes császár és egyes birodalmi rendek ellen. Mátyás erőlködései Corvin János trónigényeinek biztosítása érdekében. A király halála.
| |
| − | |trans-chapter = B. The campaign of 1483–1489 against Frederick and some imperial estates. Struggle of Matthias to secure the throne for John Corvin. The death of the King.
| |
| − | |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110705125917/http://www.mek.sk/09400/09477/html/0011/878.html
| |
| − | |archive-date = 5 July 2011
| |
| − | |url-status=dead
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#bed731;" | || style="text-align:center;"| hss
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ≠
| |
| − | | 1458
| |
| − | | [[Plaveč, Stará Ľubovňa District|Plaveč]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Emeric Zápolya<ref name="várak 3">{{cite web
| |
| − | | url = http://jupiter.elte.hu/palocsa/palocsatortenet.htm
| |
| − | | title = Palocsa – vár Sáros vármegye
| |
| − | | author = Tamás Szatmári
| |
| − | | year = 2011
| |
| − | | publisher = [[ELTE]]
| |
| − | | location = [[Budapest]], Hungary
| |
| − | | language = Hungarian
| |
| − | | accessdate = 27 June 2011
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#ec9d3d;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Pl.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ≠
| |
| − | | 1474
| |
| − | | [[Árva]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<ref name="Bánlaky5">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = József Bánlaky
| |
| − | |title = A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
| |
| − | |trans-title=Military history of the Hungarian nation
| |
| − | |url = http://mek.oszk.hu/09400/09477/html/0011/851.html
| |
| − | |accessdate = 27 June 2011
| |
| − | |publisher = Grill Károly Könyvkiadó vállalata
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest]], Hungary
| |
| − | |year = 1929
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |isbn = 963-86118-7-1
| |
| − | |chapter = Az 1472–1474. évi főbb események. Béketárgyalások Kázmérral és Frigyes császárral.
| |
| − | |trans-chapter=Main events of 1472–1474. Peace talks with Casimir and Emperor Frederick.
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory{{#tag:ref|In March 1474, Polish booty-hunter mercenary captain Peter Komorovszki had already penetrated into the upper border region of Hungary and held several forts. He supported Prince Casimir in his attempt to acquire the Hungarian throne. Fed up with his presence King Matthias launched a campaign to regain his fortresses. The castles of [[Ružomberok]], Hrádek, [[Sklabiňa]], [[Olováry]] and [[Chynadiyovo]] surrendered without resistance. The remaining stronghold of Árva had been fortified and Komorovszki defended it himself. The standoff resulted in Matthias' offer of 8,000 gold florins in exchange for the castles, which Komorovszki accepted. He even agreed to let his mercenaries join the Black Army.<ref name="Bánlaky5" />|group="nb"}}
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#ec9d3d;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Pl.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ≠
| |
| − | | 1474
| |
| − | | [[Likavka]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Crovinus<ref name="Bánlaky5" />
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1480
| |
| − | | [[Maribor]], [[Duchy of Styria]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Stephen Zápolya<br/>[[File:Flag of Austria (state).svg|border|link=|22x20px]] Wilhelm Tettauer<ref name="Bánlaky6">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = József Bánlaky
| |
| − | |title = A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
| |
| − | |trans-title=Military history of the Hungarian nation
| |
| − | |url = http://mek.oszk.hu/09400/09477/html/0011/873.html
| |
| − | |accessdate = 28 June 2011
| |
| − | |publisher = Grill Károly Könyvkiadó vállalata
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest]], Hungary
| |
| − | |year = 1929
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |isbn = 963-86118-7-1
| |
| − | |chapter = 31. Az alkudozások és a kis háborúskodás folytatása Frigyes császárral. Kinizsi 1481–1482. évi délvidéki hadjáratai. Békekötés Bajezid szultánnal.
| |
| − | |trans-chapter=31. The bargaining and hostility continues with Emperor Frederick. Kinizsi's campaign of 1481–1482 to south. Peace treaty with Bayezid II.
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Defeat
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#cffcff;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Ott.<br/>HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ≠<br/>{{#tag:ref|In 1480, Ottomans sought an option to plunder [[Syria]]. The Austro-Hungarian wars mobilized the Christian troops out of the area thus the Ottomans chose to interfere. Had being informed of the Ottoman approach Matthias sent John Haugwitz and his 1500 mercenaries to face the Ottomans. After their arrival Haugwitz realized that the several thousand [[spahi]]s outnumbered them and chose to occupy the near fort of [[Neumarkt in Steiermark]], which was still in the hands of the Holy Roman Emperor. The inhabitants sought protection against the Ottomans and so let Haugwitz's army into the city, successfully repelled the siege. After the relief of the beleaguerment, the Hungarians continued to hold the city until the death of Matthias in 1490<ref name="Bánhegyi">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Ferenc Bánhegyi
| |
| − | |title = A Hunyadiak Dicsősége
| |
| − | |trans-title=Triumph of the Hunyadis
| |
| − | |url = https://www.scribd.com/doc/8830495/Banhegyi-Ferenc-A-Hunyadiak-Dicsosege
| |
| − | |accessdate = 30 June 2011
| |
| − | |publisher = Apáczai Kiadó
| |
| − | |location = [[Celldömölk]], Hungary
| |
| − | |year = 2008
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |isbn = 978-963-465-183-3
| |
| − | |chapter = Az osztrák háborúk kezdete
| |
| − | |trans-chapter=beginning of the Austrian wars
| |
| − | }}</ref>|group="nb"}}
| |
| − | | 1480
| |
| − | | [[Neumarkt in Steiermark]], [[Archduchy of Austria]]
| |
| − | | [[File:POL Głogów flag.svg|22x20px|border]] John Haugwitz<ref>{{cite web
| |
| − | | url = http://www.marktgemeinde-neumarkt.at/Sehenswertes.html
| |
| − | | title = Schloss Forchtenstein
| |
| − | |trans-title=Forchtenstein Castle
| |
| − | | author = Elke Feichtinger
| |
| − | | year = 2010
| |
| − | | publisher = Marktgemeinde Neumarkt
| |
| − | | work = marktgemeinde-neumarkt.at
| |
| − | | location = [[Neumarkt in Steiermark]], Austria
| |
| − | | language = German
| |
| − | | accessdate = 30 June 2011
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ≠
| |
| − | | 1477
| |
| − | | [[Krems an der Donau|Stein]], [[Archduchy of Austria]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Silesia Inferior COA.svg|22x20px]] Johann Zeleny of Schonau<ref name="Zeleny">{{cite web
| |
| − | |url = http://regesten.regesta-imperii.de/register/f_all.php?rpk=13000000&i=45129
| |
| − | |title = Zeleny (Selene), ungarischer Hauptmann
| |
| − | |trans-title = Zeleny (Selene), Hungarian captain
| |
| − | |publisher = Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur
| |
| − | |work = Regesta Imperii
| |
| − | |location = [[Mainz]], Austria
| |
| − | |language = German
| |
| − | |accessdate = 30 June 2011
| |
| − | |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111008012021/http://regesten.regesta-imperii.de/register/f_all.php?rpk=13000000&i=45129
| |
| − | |archive-date = 8 October 2011
| |
| − | |url-status=dead
| |
| − | |df = dmy-all
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Defeat
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ≠
| |
| − | | 1477
| |
| − | | [[Krems an der Donau|Gozzoburg]], [[Archduchy of Austria]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Silesia Inferior COA.svg|22x20px]] Johann Zeleny of Schonau<ref name="Zeleny" />
| |
| − | | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Defeat
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1486
| |
| − | | [[Eggenburg]], [[Archduchy of Austria]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<br/>[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] [[File:POL COA Sas I.svg|22x20px]] Bartholomew Drágffy of Beltiug<ref name="Bonfini2">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Antonio Bonfini
| |
| − | |title = Rerum Hungaricum Decades
| |
| − | |trans-title = Ten Volumes of Hungarian Matters
| |
| − | |publisher = Balassi Kiadó (reprint)
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest]], Hungary
| |
| − | |url = http://tortenelmunk.multiply.com/journal?&page_start=120
| |
| − | |access-date = 30 June 2011
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |origyear = 1568
| |
| − | |chapter = Negyedik tized – Nyolcadik könyv
| |
| − | |trans-chapter = fourth decade – eighth book
| |
| − | |year = 1995
| |
| − | |isbn = 963-506-040-8
| |
| − | |url-status = dead
| |
| − | |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120326104931/http://tortenelmunk.multiply.com/journal?&page_start=120
| |
| − | |archive-date = 26 March 2012
| |
| − | |df = dmy-all
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1486
| |
| − | | [[Laa an der Thaya]], [[Archduchy of Austria]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<ref name="AUT-HUN">{{cite web
| |
| − | | url = http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/15cen/austhun14791491.html
| |
| − | | title = Austro-Hungarian War, 1479–1491
| |
| − | | author = Alexander Ganse
| |
| − | | publisher = [[Korean Minjok Leadership Academy]]
| |
| − | | work = World History at KMLA
| |
| − | | location = [[Hoengseong]], South Korea
| |
| − | | accessdate = 30 June 2011
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1486
| |
| − | | [[Retz]], [[Archduchy of Austria]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<ref name="AUT-HUN" />
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory<br/>([[Siege of Retz|Details]])
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1485
| |
| − | | [[Simmering (Vienna)|Kaiserebersdorf]], [[Archduchy of Austria]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<br/>[[File:Small coat of arms of the Czech Republic.svg|22x20px]] [[File:Flag of Bohemia.svg|22x20px|border]] Tobias von Boskowitz und Černahora<ref name="Bánlaky4" />
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory <br/>([[Siege of Vienna (1485)|Details]])
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1485
| |
| − | | [[Pitten]], [[Archduchy of Austria]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22x20px]] Matthias Corvinus<ref name="Egg">{{cite web
| |
| − | | url = http://www.baderlach.gv.at/system/web/zusatzseite.aspx?menuonr=218771601&detailonr=217415117
| |
| − | | title = Geschichte Chronik 987–2009
| |
| − | |trans-title=History Chronicles 987–2009
| |
| − | | publisher = Marktgemeinde Bad Erlach
| |
| − | | work = baderlach.gv.at
| |
| − | | location = [[Bad Erlach]], Austria
| |
| − | | language = German
| |
| − | | accessdate = 30 June 2011
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | '''Key'''<br/>
| |
| − | {{Col-begin}}
| |
| − | {{col-2}}
| |
| − | <small>
| |
| − | :<sup>†</sup> : Denotes captain deceased in battle
| |
| − | :۩ : Denotes a siege (the dates at sieges concerns to the end of siege)
| |
| − | :ỗ← : Denotes an open field battle
| |
| − | :≠ : Denotes a minor conflict involving less than 5,000 Hungarian units
| |
| − | :Cz. : Czechs
| |
| − | :HRE : Holy Roman Empire
| |
| − | :Ott. : Ottomans
| |
| − | </small>
| |
| − | {{col-2}}
| |
| − | <small>
| |
| − | :Mld : Moldavians
| |
| − | :Pope : Papal State
| |
| − | :Sax. : Saxony
| |
| − | :Ven. : Venice
| |
| − | :Pl. : Kingdom of Poland
| |
| − | :hss : Hussites
| |
| − | :HUN : Hungary
| |
| − | </small>
| |
| − | {{col-end}}
| |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+ Post-Matthias
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | !Against Hungary
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | {| class="sortable wikitable"
| |
| − | !class="unsortable" style="width:5px; border-right:#f0f0f0 solid 0px" |
| |
| − | !style="width:20px; border-left:#f0f0f0 solid 0px" |War/
| |
| − | !style="width:20px"|Type
| |
| − | !style="width:20px"|Size
| |
| − | !style="width:40px"|Date
| |
| − | !style="width:300px"|Location
| |
| − | !style="width:180px"|Captain(s) commissioned
| |
| − | !style="width:75px|Outcome
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ≠
| |
| − | | 1490
| |
| − | | [[Ernsthofen]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | [[File:Flag of Austria (state).svg|border|link=|22x20px]] Wilhelm Tettauer<ref name="Bánlaky2" />
| |
| − | | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Defeat
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1491
| |
| − | | [[Székesfehérvár]], Kingdom of Hungary
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Family Báthory.svg|22x20px]] [[File:TransilvaniaSigilium1550.png|22x20px]] Stephen V Báthory<ref name="Bánlaky2" /><br/> (supporting army)
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#ec9d3d;" | || style="text-align:center;"| Pl.
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1491
| |
| − | | [[Prešov]], Hungary
| |
| − | | [[File:Coa Hungary Country History (15th century).svg|22x20px]] Stephen Zápolya<br/>[[File:POL Głogów flag.svg|22x20px|border]] John Haugwitz<ref name="Haugwitz" /><br/> (supporting army)
| |
| − | | style="background:#98fb98;"|Victory
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || style="text-align:center;"| HUN
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"|
| |
| − | | 1492
| |
| − | | Szegednic, Halászfalu; Kingdom of Hungary
| |
| − | | [[File:POL Głogów flag.svg|22x20px|border]] John Haugwitz<ref name="Haugwitz" />
| |
| − | | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Defeat
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | style="background:#6facbf;" | || style="text-align:center;"| HRE
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ỗ←
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ≠
| |
| − | | 1493
| |
| − | | [[Thaya, Austria|Thaya]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| |
| − | | [[File:POL Głogów flag.svg|22x20px|border]] John Haugwitz<sup>†</sup><ref name="Haugwitz" />
| |
| − | | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Defeat
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | || style="text-align:center;"| HUN
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ۩
| |
| − | | style="text-align:center;"| ≠
| |
| − | | 1494
| |
| − | | [[Belgrade]], Kingdom of Hungary
| |
| − | | [[File:Flag of Austria (state).svg|border|link=|22x20px]] Balthasar Tettauer<sup>†</sup><ref name="ME2008" />
| |
| − | | style="background:#ffa07a;"|Defeat
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | == Notes ==
| |
| − | | |
| − | <references group="nb" />
| |
| − | | |
| − | === Name variations ===
| |
| − | <center>
| |
| − | {| class="wikitable collapsible uncollapsed"
| |
| − | |+International usage of historical names
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | ! Hungarian (surname, given name)
| |
| − | ! English (given name, surname)
| |
| − | ! Ethnolect (given name, surname)
| |
| − | |- align=left
| |
| − | | Korvin Mátyás (Mátyás király)
| |
| − | | Mat(t)hias Rex, Mat(t)hias Corvin, Mat(t)hias Corvinus, Mat(t)hias Hunyadi, Mat(t)hias Korwin
| |
| − | | Czech: Matyáš Korvín, Croatian: Matijaš Korvin, German: Matthias Corvinus, Medieval Latin: Mattias Corvinus, Polish: Maciej Korwin, Romanian: Matia/Matei/Mateiaş Corvin, Serbian: Матија Корвин/Matija Korvin, Slovak: Matej Korvín, Slovene: Matija Korvin, Russian: Матьяш Корвин/Matyash Corvin
| |
| − | |- align=left
| |
| − | | Magyar Balázs
| |
| − | | Balázs/Balazs Magyar, Blaž the Magyar
| |
| − | | Croatian:Blaž Mađar, Spanish:Blas Magyar, German:Blasius Magyar, Italian:Biagio Magiaro
| |
| − | |- align=left
| |
| − | | Kinizsi Pál
| |
| − | | Paul/Pál Kinizsi
| |
| − | | Romanian:Pavel Chinezul, Spanish:Pablo Kinizsi
| |
| − | |- align=left
| |
| − | | (S)Zápolya(i) Imre, S)Zapolya(i) Imre, Szipolyai Imre
| |
| − | | Emeric Zapolya, Emeric Zapolyai, Emeric Szapolya, Emeric Szapolyai, Emrich of Zapolya
| |
| − | | Polish: Emeryk Zápolya, Slovak: Imrich Zápoľský, Spanish: Emérico Szapolyai (de Szepes), German: Stefan von Zips
| |
| − | |- align=left
| |
| − | | Gis(z)kra János
| |
| − | | John Giskra, John Jiskra
| |
| − | | Czech: Jan Jiskra z Brandýsa, German: Johann Giskra von Brandeis, Italian:Giovanni Gressa
| |
| − | |- align=left
| |
| − | | Löbl Menyhért
| |
| − | | Melchior Löbel, Melchior Loebel, Melchior Löbl, Melchior Loebl
| |
| − | | German: Melchior Löbel
| |
| − | |- align=left
| |
| − | | Haugwitz János
| |
| − | | John Haugwitz
| |
| − | | German: Johann Haugwitz, Czech: Hanuš Haugvic z Biskupic
| |
| − | |- align=left
| |
| − | | Báthory István, Báthori István
| |
| − | | Stephen V Báthory, Stephen Báthory of Ecsed
| |
| − | | Romanian: Ștefan Báthory, German: Stephan Báthory von Ecsed, Italian: Stefano Batore
| |
| − | |- align=left
| |
| − | | Csupor Miklós
| |
| − | | Nicolaus Chiupor, Nicolaus Csupor
| |
| − | | Romanian: Nicolae Ciupor
| |
| − | |- align=left
| |
| − | | Jaksics Demeter
| |
| − | | Demetrius Jaksic
| |
| − | | Serbian: Dmitar Jakšić
| |
| − | |- align=left
| |
| − | | Újlaki Miklós
| |
| − | | Nicholaus of Ujlak, Nicholaus Iločki
| |
| − | | Croatian: Nikola Iločki
| |
| − | |- align=left
| |
| − | | Hag Ferenc
| |
| − | | František Hag
| |
| − | | Czech: František z Háje, German: Franz von Hag
| |
| − | |- align=left
| |
| − | | Tettauer Vilmos
| |
| − | | Wilhelm Tettauer
| |
| − | | Czech: Vilém Tetour z Tetova
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | </center>
| |
| − | | |
| − | == See also ==
| |
| − | {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
| |
| − | * [[Austrian–Hungarian War (1477–88)]]
| |
| − | * [[Bohemian–Hungarian War (1468–78)]]
| |
| − | * [[Hussite Wars]]
| |
| − | * [[Growth of the Ottoman Empire]]
| |
| − | * [[Siege of Hainburg]]
| |
| − | * [[Second siege of Hainburg]]
| |
| − | * [[Battle of Leitzersdorf]]
| |
| − | * [[Siege of Vienna (1485)]]
| |
| − | * [[Siege of Kaiserebersdorf]]
| |
| − | * [[Siege of Retz]]
| |
| − | * [[Siege of Wiener Neustadt]]
| |
| − | * [[Wagon fort]]
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | | |
| − | == References ==
| |
| − | {{Reflist|30em}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | == External links ==
| |
| − | {{Commons category|Black Army of Hungary}}
| |
| − | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110126232820/http://hungarian-history.hu/lib/thou/thou05.htm Tactics and structure of the Black Army]
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Black Army of Hungary}}
| |
| − | [[Category:Armies by country|Hungary]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Military units and formations of Hungary]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Military history of Hungary]]
| |
| − | [[Category:1458 establishments]]
| |
| − | [[Category:1494 disestablishments]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Hunyadi family]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | [[Kategoria:Historia Węgier]]
| |
| − | [[Kategoria:Historia wojskowości]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | [[Kategoria:Importowane]] | |
