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| − | [[Kategoria:1hi]] | + | #PATRZ [[Țara Bârsei]] |
| − | [[Kategoria:Strony przetłumaczone z angielskiej Wikipedii]]
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| − | {{Uwaga|
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| − | |strona = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burzenland
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| − | |autorzy = https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burzenland&action=history
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| − | |nota = angielski
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| − | [[File:Map of Burzenland, 1959.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Burzenland]]
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| − | [[File:Historical_Burzenland_CoA_1.png|right|thumb|The coat of arms of Burzenland]]
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| − | '''Țara Bârsei''' (pol. ''Burzenland'', węg. ''Barcaság'') to historyczny i etnograficzny obszar w południowo-wschodnim Siedmiogrodzie w Rumunii z mieszaną populacją Rumunów, Niemców i Węgrów.<ref name="vofkori">Vofkori László; Lénárt Anna (1998). "Unităţi administrativ-teritoriale istorice şi regiuni etnografice în sudul şi estul Transilvaniei". ''Acta Hargitensia III, Aluta XX'' (po rumuńsku). '''2''': str. 27–36.. Wprowadzenie dostępne w sieci: [https://web.archive.org/web/20050508084442/http://www.cosys.ro/haromszek/siculica/acta98/ro/documente/vofkori.html "Unităţi administrativ-teritoriale istorice şi regiuni etnografice în sudul şi estul Transilvaniei. Introducere"] (po rumuńsku). Zarchiwizowano z [http://www.cosys.ro/haromszek/siculica/acta98/ro/documente/vofkori.html oryginału] 2005-05-08. [dostęp:2007-02-12].</ref>
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| − | == Geografia ==
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| − | Burzenland leży w górach Karpat Południowych, graniczy w przybliżeniu z Apața na północy, Bran na południowym zachodzie i Prejmer na wschodzie. Najważniejszym miastem jest Brașov. Nazwa Burzenland pochodzi od strumienia Bârsa (Barca, Burzen, 1231: Borza),<ref name="vofkori"/>, który wpada do rzeki Olt.<ref>[http://www.inst.at/berge/perspektiven/viorel.htm Deutsche Bergnamen in Tara Barsei (Burzenland)/Rumänien]. Zarchiwizowano 2006-07-15 na [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine Wayback Machine]. [dostęp:2007-01-22]. (po niemiecku)</ref><ref>[http://www.timediver.de/deutscher_orden_im_burzenland.html Deutscher Orden im Burzenland (1211-1225)]. [dostęp:2007-01-22]. (po niemiecku)</ref> Rumuńskie słowo bârsă jest prawdopodobnie pochodzenia dackiego<ref>W kwestii tego toponimu Nicolae Dragan zgadza się z W. Tomaschekiem, który uważał, że słowo bârsa ma dacko-trackie pochodzenie, które ma znaczenie brzozy. To by tłumaczyło również drewniany element pługa „bârsa”, który wiąże ostrza, podstawę i bruzdy pługów wykonanych z brzozy (Memoria Ethnologica 2004, cytując „Din Vechea Noastră Toponimie” N. Draganu 1920) Zobacz także albański vërz. Wariant bîrță. Słoweński brdce i morawski brdce „wał w kształcie krzyża wozu” (Dicţionarul etimologic român, Alexandru Ciorănescu, Universidad de la Laguna, Teneryfa, 1958-1966 i Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii român, Litera Internațional, Editura Litera Internațional, 2002)</ref> (patrz [List of Romanian words of possible Dacian origin Lista rumuńskich słów możliwego pochodzenia dackiego]).
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| − | == History ==
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| − | === Średniowiecze ===
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| − | Na podstawie dowodów archeologicznych wydaje się, że niemiecka kolonizacja regionu rozpoczęła się w połowie XII wieku za panowania króla Węgier Geza II [5]. Niemieccy koloniści z tego regionu są potwierdzeni w dokumentach już w 1192 r., Kiedy wspomniano, że Terra Bozza jest zamieszkana przez Niemców (Theutonici).
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| − | <small><small><small><small>Based on archaeological evidence, it seems German colonization of the region started in the middle of the 12th century during the reign of King [[Géza II of Hungary]].<ref name="ionita">{{cite book|editor1=Pinter, Zeno Karl |editor2=Țiplic, Ion Marian |editor3=Țiplic, Maria Emilia |title=Biblioteca Septemcastrensis XII. Relații interetnice în Transilvania (secolele VI-XIII)|language=Romanian|year=2005|isbn=973-709-158-2|chapter=Mormintele cu gropi antropomorfe din Transilvania și relația lor cu primul val de colonizare germană|author=Ioniță, Adrian|pages=215–226|chapterurl=http://arheologie.ulbsibiu.ro/publicatii/bibliotheca/relatii%20interetnice%20in%20transilvania/011%20ionita/articol1.htm|accessdate=2007-02-12|publisher=Editura Economică|location=Bucharest}}</ref> The German colonists from this region are attested in documents as early as 1192 when ''terra Bozza'' is mentioned as being settled by Germans (''Theutonici'').<ref name="tiplic">{{cite book|author=Țiplic, Ion Marian|title=Contribuții la istoria spațiului românesc în perioada migrațiilor și evul mediu timpuriu (secolele IV-XIII)|language=Romanian|publisher=Institutul European|year=2005|pages=165–178}}</ref> </small></small></small></small>
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| − | [[File:Burzenland1700.JPG|thumb|left|Map of Burzenland from the first half of the 18th century. Brașov appears as Cronstadt/Brassow]]
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| − | <small><small><small><small>In 1211 the region was given to the [[Teutonic Order|Teutonic Knights]] by King [[Andrew II of Hungary]] in return for guarding the southeastern border of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] against the [[Cumans]]. While the king retained his right to mint currency and claims on gold or silver deposits that would be uncovered, he granted the Teutonic Order the right to establish markets and administer justice. The crusaders were also free from taxes and tolls.<ref name="Urban">{{cite book|last=Urban|first=William|title=The Teutonic Knights: A Military History|year=2003|publisher=Greenhill Books|location=London|isbn=1-85367-535-0|page=290}}</ref> The Teutonic Knights began building wood-and-earth forts in the area and they had constructed five castles (''quinque castra fortia''):<ref name="tiplic"/> [[Feldioara|Marienburg]], [[Codlea|Schwarzenburg]], [[Râșnov|Rosenau]], Kreuzburg, and [[Brașov|Kronstadt]],<ref name="Urban"/> some of which were made of stone.<ref name="Urban"/> The [[Military order (monastic society)|military order]] was successful in reducing the threat of the nomadic Cumans. [[Transylvanian Saxons#Medieval settlements (Ostsiedlung)|Medieval Saxons]] from the [[Holy Roman Empire]] developed farms and villages nearby to support the forts and settle the land.<ref name="Urban"/> The territory was already populated at the time when was disputed. Some medieval sources indicate it was uninhabited,<ref>"''Terram Borza nomine ultra silvas versus Cumanos, licet desertam et inhabitatam''". [[Georg Daniel Teutsch]] and Friedrich Firnhaber. ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte Siebenbürgens''. [[Vienna]], 1857, I, no. 10</ref> a view challenged by some scholars invoking archaeological<ref name="ionita"/><ref name="tiplic"/> and documentary evidence.<ref name="tiplic"/><ref name="brezeanu">{{cite book|author=Brezeanu, Stelian|title=Identităţi şi solidarităţi medievale|year=2002|isbn=973-653-347-6|pages=222–232|publisher=Corint|location=Bucharest}} The diplomas from 1222 speak of native people inhabiting these lands at the time when the donation was made.</ref> Bountiful agricultural yields led to further colonization by German immigrants.<ref name="Urban"/> </small></small></small></small>
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| − | {| class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" width="40%"
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| − | ! style="background:#efefef" colspan="4;"|Burzenland on the Josephine Map of Transylvania, 1769–73
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| − | | align="right"|[[File:Josephinische Landaufnahme pg241.jpg|110px]]
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| − | | align="right"|[[File:Josephinische Landaufnahme pg242.jpg|110px]]
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| − | | align="center"|[[File:Josephinische Landaufnahme pg243.jpg|110px]]
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| − | | align="right"|[[File:Josephinische Landaufnahme pg244.jpg|110px]]
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| − | | align="right"|[[File:Josephinische Landaufnahme pg257.jpg|110px]]
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| − | | align="right"|[[File:Josephinische Landaufnahme pg258.jpg|110px]]
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| − | | align="center"|[[File:Josephinische Landaufnahme pg259.jpg|110px]]
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| − | | align="right"|[[File:Josephinische Landaufnahme pg260.jpg|110px]]
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| − | | align="right"|[[File:Josephinische Landaufnahme pg267.jpg|110px]]
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| − | | align="right"|[[File:Josephinische Lanaufnahme pg268.jpg|110px]]
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| − | | align="center"|[[File:Josephinische Landaufnahme pg269.jpg|110px]]
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| − | | align="right"|[[File:Josephinische Landaufnahme pg270.jpg|110px]]
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| − | | align="right" colspan="2"|[[File:Josephinische Landaufnahme pg273.jpg|170px]]
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| − | | align="right" rowspan="2"|[[File:Josephinische Landaufnahme pg274.jpg|110px]]
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| − | | align="right" colspan="2"|[[File:Josephinische Landaufnahme pg278.jpg|170px]]
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| − | | align="right"|[[File:Josephinische Lansaufnahme pg279.jpg|110px]]
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| − | <small><small><small><small>The Teutonic Knights disregarded the rights of the local bishopric, however, and angered Hungarian nobility which already had settlers in the region. Led by [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla]], the heir to the throne, the nobility pressed the need to expel the knights upon King Andrew II after his return from the [[Fifth Crusade]]. [[Grand Master of the Teutonic Order|Grand Master]] [[Hermann von Salza]] attempted to loosen the Order's ties to the Hungarian crown by drawing closer to the [[Pope|Papacy]].<ref name="Urban"/> Andrew subsequently evicted the Order with his army in 1225, although [[Pope Honorius III]] protested to no effect.<ref name="Christiansen">{{cite book|last=Christiansen|first=Erik|title=The Northern Crusades|year=1997|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=0-14-026653-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/northerncrusades00eric/page/287 287]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/northerncrusades00eric/page/287}}</ref> The confusing status of the Teutonic Knights within the Kingdom of Hungary led Hermann von Salza to insist upon autonomy before committing the military order to [[Prussia (region)|Prussia]].<ref name="Christiansen"/> </small></small></small></small>
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| − | <small><small><small><small>Along with Germans, the kings of Hungary also settled [[Székelys|Szeklers]] and [[Pechenegs]] in the region during the 12th and 13th centuries.<ref name="tiplic"/> Archaeological evidence for the same period also suggests a strong Romanian population inhabiting the villages later known as [[Șcheii Brașovului]], [[Satulung]], [[Baciu]], [[Cernatu]], and [[Turcheș]] (the former is today part of Brașov, while the latter four are today part of the adjacent town of [[Săcele]]).<ref name="tiplic"/> In the second half of the 13th century the Romanian population is attested in two documents: in the region of Bran (1252) and [[Tohani]] (1294),<ref name="pascu">{{cite book|author=Pascu, Ştefan|title=Voievodatul Transilvaniei, vol. II|year=1979|pages=441–494|language=Romanian}}</ref> while in the second half of the 15th century out of nine villages from the domain of [[Bran Castle|Bran]] seven were Romanian (''villae valachicales, Bleschdörfer'') and only two German.<ref name="pascu"/> </small></small></small></small>
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| − | <small><small><small><small>At the [[Congress of Lutsk|Conference of Lutsk]] in 1429, [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]], [[Holy Roman Emperor]] and King of Hungary, suggested that the Teutonic Knights defend the region during the [[Ottoman wars in Europe]]. Led by Claus von Redewitz, a detachment of knights from [[Prussia (region)|Prussia]] was stationed in the Burzenland until half were killed during an Ottoman campaign in 1432.<ref name="Christiansen"/> </small></small></small></small>
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| − | === 20th century ===
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| − | Transylvanian Saxons remained in the Burzenland until the 20th century. Beginning in 1976, most of these Germans began to immigrate to [[West Germany]] with the approval of the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Communist Romanian regime]].<ref name="vofkori" />
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| − | ==Towns==
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| − | [[File:Schuler10.JPG|300px|thumb|View of part of the Burzenland from the peak of [[Postăvaru]]. [[Ghimbav]] is on the right, while [[Codlea]] can be seen in the distance on [[Măgura Codlei]].]]
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| − | [[File:Burzenland 01.jpg|300px|thumb|Same view in winter.]]
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| − | In each case, the modern [[Romanian language|Romanian]] name is given first, followed by the historic [[German language|German]] and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] names.
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| − | * [[Apața]] (''Geist'', ''Apáca'')
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| − | * [[Bod, Brașov|Bod]] (''Brenndorf'', ''Botfalva'')
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| − | * [[Bran, Brașov|Bran]] (''Törzburg'', ''Törcsvár'')
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| − | * [[Brașov]] (''Kronstadt'', ''Brassó'')
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| − | * [[Codlea]] (''Zeiden'', ''Feketehalom'')
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| − | * [[Cristian, Brașov|Cristian]] (''Neustadt'', ''Keresztényfalva'')
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| − | * [[Crizbav]] (''Krebsbach'', ''Krizba'')
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| − | * [[Dumbrăvița, Brașov|Dumbrăviţa]] (''Schnakendorf'', ''Szunyogszek'')
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| − | * [[Feldioara]] (''Marienburg'', ''Földvár'')
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| − | * [[Ghimbav]] (''Weidenbach'', ''Vidombák'')
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| − | * [[Hălchiu]] (''Heldsdorf'', ''Höltövény'')
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| − | * [[Hărman]] (''Honigberg'', ''Szászhermány'')
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| − | * [[Măieruș]] (''Nußbach'', ''Szászmagyarós'')
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| − | * [[Nemsa]] (''Nympz'', '' Nimesch'', ''Nemes'')
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| − | * [[Prejmer]] (''Tartlau'', ''Prázsmar'')
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| − | * [[Râșnov]] (''Rosenau'', ''Barcarozsnyó'')
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| − | * [[Rotbav]] (''Rotbach'', ''Szászveresmart'')
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| − | * [[Săcele]] (''Siebendörfer'', ''Szecseleváros / Négyfalu'')
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| − | * [[Sânpetru]] (''Petersberg'', ''Barcaszentpéter'')
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| − | * [[Șercaia|Şercaia]] (''Schirkanyen'', ''Sárkány'')
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| − | * [[Vulcan, Brașov|Vulcan]] (''Wolkendorf'', '' Szászvolkány'')
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| − | * [[Zărnești]] (''Zernescht'', ''Zernest'')
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| − | == See also ==
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| − | * [[Nösnerland]]
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| − | * [[Teutonic Order|Teutonic Knights]]
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| − | * [[Transylvanian Saxons]]
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| − | == Przypisy ==
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| − | {{izvori}}
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | * [http://www.karpatenwilli.com/komi7808.htm Peasants and castles of the Burzenland] {{in lang|de}}
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| − | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040703203401/http://www.siebenbuerger-sachsen-bw.de/buch/anhang/wappen/wappen/burzenla.jpg Former coat of arms of the Burzenland]
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| − | * [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~bgwiehle/siebenburgen/index.htm#1 Map showing German settlements in Transylvania]
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| − | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060715105900/http://www.inst.at/berge/perspektiven/viorel.htm German mountain names in Burzenland] {{in lang|de}}
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| − | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070227035856/http://www.eliznik.org.uk/RomaniaEthno/ Romanian ethnographical areas]
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| − | * [http://www.brasovtourism.com/index.php?task=event&event=shooting_the_rooster&lg=en Shooting the rooster - traditions of the Hungarian community from Țara Bârsei]
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| − | * http://www.brasovtravelguide.ro/en/brasov/events/junii-feast.php
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| − | [[Category:Burzenland| ]]
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| − | [[Category:Transylvanian Saxon communities]]
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| − | [[Category:Historical regions of Transylvania]]
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| − | [[Category:Brașov County]]
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| − | [[Category:Teutonic Order]] | |
