|
|
| (Nie pokazano 2 pośrednich wersji utworzonych przez tego samego użytkownika) |
| Linia 1: |
Linia 1: |
| − | [[Kategoria:2]] | + | #PATRZ [[Bécs ostroma]] |
| − | [[Kategoria:Strony przetłumaczone z angielskiej Wikipedii]]
| |
| − | {{Uwaga|
| |
| − | |strona = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1485)
| |
| − | |autorzy = https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Vienna_(1485)&action=history
| |
| − | |nota = angielski
| |
| − | }}
| |
| | | | |
| − | {|
| + | [[Kategoria:Przekierowane]] |
| − | |
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {|
| |
| − | |-style="vertical-align:top;"
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{about||the battle of Vienna in 1945|Vienna Offensive|the battle of Vienna in 1683 that marked the beginning of the political hegemony of the [[Habsburg dynasty]]|Battle of Vienna|the 1529 Ottoman invasion|Siege of Vienna}}
| |
| − | {{Lead too short|date=August 2011}}
| |
| − | {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
| |
| − | {{Infobox military conflict
| |
| − | | conflict = Siege of Vienna
| |
| − | | partof = [[Austrian-Hungarian War (1477-1488)]]
| |
| − | | image = Philostratus kódex Corvin János.jpg
| |
| − | | image_size = 200
| |
| − | | caption = Matthias marching into Vienna
| |
| − | | date = 29 January 1485 – 1 June 1485
| |
| − | | place = [[Vienna]], [[Lower Austria]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| |
| − | | result = City surrender, Hungarian Victory
| |
| − | | combatant1 = {{Coat of arms|Holy Roman Empire}}
| |
| − | | combatant2 = [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) big.svg|22px]] [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | combatant3 =
| |
| − | | commander1 = Hanns von Wulfestorff<ref name="Katlex">{{cite web
| |
| − | |author = István Diós
| |
| − | |author2=János Viczián
| |
| − | |title = Magyar Katolikus Lexikon
| |
| − | |trans-title=Hungarian Catholic Lexicon
| |
| − | |url = http://lexikon.katolikus.hu/B/B%C3%A9cs%20ostroma.html
| |
| − | |accessdate = 1 July 2011
| |
| − | |publisher = Szent István Társulat
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest]], Hungary
| |
| − | |year = 1993
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |work = lexikon.katolikus.hu
| |
| − | }}</ref><br>Caspar von Lamberg{{Ref label|Geissau|c|c}}<br>Bartholomeus von Starhemberg{{Ref label|Geissau|c|c}}<br>Andreas Gall{{Ref label|Geissau|c|c}}<br>Ladislaus Prager{{Ref label|Geissau|c|c}}<br>Alexander Schiffer{{Ref label|Geissau|c|c}}<br>Tiburtius von Linzendorf{{Ref label|Geissau|c|c}}<br>Leonhard Fruhmann{{Ref label|Geissau|c|c}}<br>Johann Karrer{{Ref label|Geissau|c|c}}
| |
| − | | commander2 = [[Matthias Corvinus]]{{Ref label|Geissau|d|d}}<br>Peter Geréb de Vingard {{Ref label|Geissau|d|d}}<br>[[Stephen Zápolya]]{{Ref label|Geissau|d|d}}<br>[[Stephen V Báthory]]<ref>{{cite web
| |
| − | |url = http://tortenelemszak.elte.hu/data/21327/tor_211_segedlet.doc
| |
| − | |title = Középkori magyar történeti kronológia a kombinált vizsga írásbeli részéhez
| |
| − | |work = http://tortenelemszak.elte.hu - ELTE BTK Történelem Szakos Portál
| |
| − | |author = István Draskóczy
| |
| − | |year = 2009
| |
| − | |publisher = [[ELTE]] BTK - ponte.hu Kft
| |
| − | |trans-title = Medieval Hungarian chronology for the combined written exam
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest]], Hungary
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |accessdate = 1 July 2011
| |
| − | |url-status=dead
| |
| − | |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110929171604/http://tortenelemszak.elte.hu/data/21327/tor_211_segedlet.doc
| |
| − | |archivedate = 29 September 2011
| |
| − | |df = dmy-all
| |
| − | }}</ref><br>[[Laurence of Ilok]]{{Ref label|Geissau|d|d}}
| |
| − | | commander3 =
| |
| − | | units1 = [[Army of the Holy Roman Empire|Imperial Army]]
| |
| − | | units2 = [[Black Army of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | units3 =
| |
| − | | strength1 = 2,000 foot soldiers<br>1,000 cavalry<ref name="Fessler">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Ignatius Aurelius Fessler
| |
| − | |title = Die geschichten der Ungern und ihrer landsassen
| |
| − | |trans-title=History of Hungary and its territorial changes
| |
| − | |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wogCAAAAMAAJ
| |
| − | |accessdate = 1 July 2011
| |
| − | |publisher = Johann Friedrich Gleditsch
| |
| − | |location = [[Leipzig]], [[Germany]]
| |
| − | |year = 1822
| |
| − | |language = German
| |
| − | |isbn =
| |
| − | |page = 384
| |
| − | }}</ref> <br>20,000 civilians<ref name="Sachslehner">{{cite web
| |
| − | |author = Johannes Sachslehner
| |
| − | |title = STEP 05 – a jövőbe vezető út
| |
| − | |trans-title = STEP 05 – road to future
| |
| − | |url = http://www.wieninternational.at/en/content/step-05-%E2%80%93-joevobe-vezeto-ut-en
| |
| − | |accessdate = 1 July 2011
| |
| − | |publisher = Compress VerlagsgesmbH & Co KG
| |
| − | |location = [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]
| |
| − | |date = 2008-06-30
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |work = wieninternational.at/ Vienna's weekly European journal
| |
| − | |url-status=dead
| |
| − | |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111001000927/http://www.wieninternational.at/en/content/step-05-%E2%80%93-joevobe-vezeto-ut-en
| |
| − | |archivedate = 1 October 2011
| |
| − | |df = dmy-all
| |
| − | }}</ref><br><hr />Reinforcements:<br>200 cavalry<br>300 fusiliers<br>60 archers{{Ref label|Geissau|a|a}}
| |
| − | | strength2 = 10,000 foot soldiers<br>18,000 cavalry<ref name="Ayton">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Andrew Ayton
| |
| − | |author2=Leslie Price
| |
| − | |title = The Medieval Military Revolution: State, Society and Military Change in Medieval and Early Modern Society
| |
| − | |url =http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/ayton1.htm
| |
| − | |accessdate =1 July 2011
| |
| − | |publisher = I.B. Tauris
| |
| − | |location = [[London]], [[England]]
| |
| − | |year = 1998
| |
| − | |isbn = 1-86064-353-1
| |
| − | |chapter = The Military Revolution from a Medieval Perspective
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | strength3 =
| |
| − | | casualties1 =
| |
| − | | casualties2 =
| |
| − | | casualties3 =
| |
| − | | notes =
| |
| − | | campaignbox ={{Campaignbox Austro-Hungarian War}}
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | | |
| − | The '''Siege of Vienna''' was a decisive siege in 1485 of the [[Austrian–Hungarian War (1477–88)|Austrian–Hungarian War]]. It was a consequence of the ongoing conflict between [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]] and [[Matthias Corvinus]]. The fall of Vienna meant that it merged with Hungary from 1485 to 1490. Matthias Corvinus also moved his royal court to the newly occupied city. Vienna became for more than a decade the capital of Hungary.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Background==
| |
| − | [[File:Nuremberg chronicles f 098v99r 1.png|left|thumb|250px|Vienna in 1493]]
| |
| − | In 1483 and 1484, Vienna was already being cut off from the [[Holy Roman Empire]] because its concentric defensive strongholds, including [[Korneuburg]], [[Bruck an der Leitha|Bruck]], [[Hainburg an der Donau|Hainburg]],and later [[Simmering (Vienna)|Kaiserebersdorf]], had all fallen. One of the most important engagements was the [[Battle of Leitzersdorf]], which made the following year's siege possible.<ref>http://lexikon.katolikus.hu/B/B%C3%A9cs%20ostroma.html</ref> The city was ravaged by famine, but the emperor, [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]], managed to send in some vital supplies with a breakthrough to the city by 16 vessels on the Danube. On 15 January, Matthias called on the city to surrender, but Captain von Wulfestorff refused to do so, in the hope that an imperial relief force would arrive in time. The blockade was fully in place as soon as Matthias attacked Kaiserebersdorf, where he became the target of an assassination attempt, when a cannonball nearly killed him. Matthias suspected treachery, as the accuracy of the shot had been too precise to have come from a long-distance cannon. Only someone who knew the whereabouts of the king would have been able to come so near to killing him. He accused Jaroslav von Boskowitz und Černahora, the brother of his mercenary Captain Tobias von Boskowitz and Černahora, of having been bribed to turn against the king. Jaroslav was summarily beheaded without any chance to clear his name.<ref name="Bánlaky">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = József Bánlaky
| |
| − | |title = A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
| |
| − | |trans-title=Military history of the Hungarian nation
| |
| − | |url = http://www.mek.sk/09400/09477/html/0011/878.html
| |
| − | |accessdate = 27 June 2011
| |
| − | |publisher = Grill Károly Könyvkiadó vállalata
| |
| − | |location = [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]
| |
| − | |year = 1929
| |
| − | |language = Hungarian
| |
| − | |isbn = 963-86118-7-1
| |
| − | |chapter = b) Az 1483–1489. évi hadjárat Frigyes császár és egyes birodalmi rendek ellen. Mátyás erőlködései Corvin János trónigényeinek biztosítása érdekében. A király halála.
| |
| − | |trans-chapter=B. The campaign of 1483–1489 against Frederick and some imperial estates. Struggle of Matthias to secure the throne for John Corvin. The death of the King.}}</ref> The events angered his brother Tobias to the point that he ended up returning to the service of Frederick and was placed in charge of his campaigns to try to reconquer his lost lands after the death of Matthias in 1490.
| |
| − | | |
| − | After Kaiserebersdorf was captured in mid-1485, the fate of Vienna was sealed.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Siege==
| |
| − | Matthias stationed his armies at the Hundsmühle flour mills and in Gumpendorf on the south side of the Vienna River.{{Ref label|Hundsmühle|b|b}}The King had previously brought in seventeen siege guns to Austria<ref name="Yonge" /> and with it he ordered the constant firing of barrage into the city. At the same time, he also ordered the construction of two siege towers (one of which was later burnt by the resisting Viennese militia).<ref name="Katlex" /> Matthias made his incursion into [[Leopoldstadt]] on 15 May,<ref name="Bánlaky" /> which made the final assault imminent. The Viennese people realized that and negotiated to surrender the inner city to the Hungarian king. They insisted only that their citizens' privileges would be preserved and a guarantee of safe passage.
| |
| − | | |
| − | On 1 June, at the head of a column of his soldiers, Matthias entered the heart of Vienna behind its city walls in triumph.<ref name="Yonge" />
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Aftermath==
| |
| − | In the Salzburg Manifesto, Frederick ordered the Austrian states to refuse Matthias's demand for the assembly of a Reichstag. He also put forward that soon-to-be Emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] would come to an aid. According to tradition, that is the origin of [[A.E.I.O.U.]], said to be a secret message to all Austrian provinces.
| |
| − | | |
| − | At the end of the campaign, Hungary controlled all of Upper Austria as well, which remained under his control until his death, in 1490.<ref name="Yonge">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author= Charlotte Mary Yonge
| |
| − | |author2=Christabel Rose Coleridge |author3=Arthur Innes
| |
| − | |title=The Monthly packet
| |
| − | |url=https://archive.org/details/monthlypacket38unkngoog
| |
| − | |year=1874
| |
| − | |publisher= J. and C. Mozley
| |
| − | |location=[[London]], United Kingdom
| |
| − | |chapter=Sketches from Hungarian History
| |
| − | |page=
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | </ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Administrative issues===
| |
| − | Matthias deprived Vienna of its [[staple right]], which had so much violated the commercial interests of the nearby countries so much that they formed the [[Visegrád Group#Historical inspiration|Visegrád Group]] to secure a bypass route away from the city. Vienna enjoyed tax exemption under Matthias' rule. He also delegated a member, [[Stephen Zápolya]], to the Council of Vienna but left the rest of the councillors in their position. He rewarded Zápolya with the city of [[Ebenfurth]]<ref name="Gero">{{cite book
| |
| − | | url = http://www.kislexikon.hu/szapolyai.html
| |
| − | | title = Pallas Nagylexikon
| |
| − | | chapter = Szapolyai
| |
| − | | author = Lajos Gerő
| |
| − | | year = 1893
| |
| − | | publisher = Pallas Irodalmi és Nyomdai Rt.
| |
| − | | isbn = 963-85923-2-X
| |
| − | | location = [[Budapest]], Hungary
| |
| − | | language = Hungarian
| |
| − | | accessdate = 1 July 2011
| |
| − | }}</ref> and appointed him as the captain of Vienna and governor of the Austrian provinces incorporated into Hungary.<ref name="Tarján">{{cite web |url=http://www.rubicon.hu/magyar/oldalak/1485_junius_1_matyas_kiraly_elfoglalja_becs_varosat/ |title=Mátyás király elfoglalja Bécs városát|trans-title=King Matthias occupies Vienna|author=Tamás Tarján|publisher=Rubicon-Ház Bt.|work=Rubicon Journal|location=[[Budapest]], Hungary|accessdate=1 July 2011}}</ref> The [[bishop of Pécs]], [[Sigismund Ernuszt]], was promoted to vice-governor, and Nikolaus Kropatsch took care of the military affairs. The prominent captains received houses in Vienna.<ref name="Fedeles">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author= Tamás Fedeles
| |
| − | |author2=József Török |author3=Éva Pohánka
| |
| − | |title=Ernuszt Zsigmond pécsi püspök (1473-1505)
| |
| − | |trans-title=bishop of Pécs Sigismund Ernust (1473-1505)
| |
| − | |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/44710940/Fedeles-Tamas-Ernuszt-Zsigmond-pecsi-puspok-1473-1505-Palyavazlat
| |
| − | |year=2009
| |
| − | |publisher= Schöck Kft
| |
| − | |location=[[Szekszárd]], Hungary
| |
| − | |chapter=Mátyás szolgálatában
| |
| − | |trans-chapter=In service of Matthias
| |
| − | |page=7
| |
| − | |isbn=978-963-06-7663-2
| |
| − | |language=Hungarian
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | </ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Footnotes==
| |
| − | *{{note label|Geissau|a|a}}Geissau<ref name="Geissau">{{cite book
| |
| − | |author = Anton Ferdinand von Geissau
| |
| − | |title = Geschichte der Belagerung Wiens durch den König Mathias von Hungarn, in den Jahren 1484 bis 1485
| |
| − | |trans-title=History of the siege of Vienna by King Matthias of Hungary from 1484 to 1485
| |
| − | |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SZ0AAAAAcAAJ
| |
| − | |accessdate = 1 July 2011
| |
| − | |publisher = Anton Strauss
| |
| − | |location = [[Wien]], [[Austria]]
| |
| − | |year = 1805
| |
| − | |language = German
| |
| − | }}</ref> pp. 35
| |
| − | *{{note label|Hundsmühle|b|b}}Geissau pp. 36–37 (Hundsmühle and Heumühle were Middle age flour mills in Vienna next to the "Am Gries" marshes on the right bank of the [[Wien (river)|Wien river]])<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
| |
| − | |author =
| |
| − | |title = Gries, Kies, Ufersand
| |
| − | |url = http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.g/g736503.htm;internal&action=_setlanguage.action?LANGUAGE=en
| |
| − | |accessdate = 1 July 2011
| |
| − | |publisher =
| |
| − | |location =
| |
| − | |encyclopedia = Aeiou Encyclopedia
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | *{{note label|Geissau|c|c}}Geissau pp. 41–42
| |
| − | *{{note label|Geissau|d|d}}Geissau pp. 52
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Sources==
| |
| − | {{Reflist}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{coord missing|Austria}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{SORTUJ:Oblężenie, Wiedeń)}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Kategoria:Bitwy]]
| |
| − | [[Kategoria:Bitwy Czarnej Armii]]
| |
| − | [[Kategoria:Bitwy w historii Austrii]]
| |
| − | [[Kategoria:Bitwy w historii Węgier]] | |
