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| − | Źródło: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banate_of_Severin Banate of Severin]
| + | #PATRZ [[Szörényi Bánság]] |
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| − | {| align=right style="margin: 0 0 0 0; text-align: center; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; font-size: 85%; width: 250px;" class=box
| + | [[Kategoria:Przekierowane]] |
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| − | {{Infobox Former Subdivision
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| − | |native_name = ''Szörényi bánság''<br>''Banatul Severinului''<br>Северинска бановина
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| − | |conventional_long_name = Banate of Severin
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| − | |common_name = Banate of Severin
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| − | |subdivision = [[Ban (title)|banate]]
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| − | |nation = [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
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| − | |p1 =
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| − | |image_p1 =
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| − | |s1 = Wallachia
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| − | |image_s1 = [[File:Stema Tarii Romanesti II.jpg|x30px|link=Wallachia]]
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| − | |s2 = Banate of Lugoj and Caransebeș
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| − | |image_s2 = [[File:Coat of arms of Transylvania.svg|x30px|link=Banate of Lugoj and Caransebeș]]
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| − | |year_start = 13th century
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| − | |event_end =
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| − | |year_end = 16th century
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| − | |date_end =
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| − | |image_coat =
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| − | |image_map = Hungary 13th cent.png
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| − | |image_map_caption = Banate of Severin, late 13th century
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| − | |capital =
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| − | |stat_area1 =
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| − | |stat_pop1 =
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| − | |stat_year1 =
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| − | |category =
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| − | |today = Rumunia
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| − | |footnotes =
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| − | }}
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| − | |}
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| − | [[File:Banate of severin.png|right|thumb|250px|Map of the Banate of Severin]]
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| − | The '''Banate of Severin''' or '''Banate of Szörény''' ({{lang-hu|szörényi bánság}}; {{lang-ro|Banatul Severinului}}; {{lang-la|Banatus Zewrinensis}}; {{lang-bg| Северинско банство}}, {{lang|bg-Latn|Severinsko banstvo}}; {{lang-sr|Северинска бановина}}, {{lang|sr-Latn|Severinska banovina}}) was a Hungarian political, military and administrative unit with a special role in initially anti-Bulgarian, latterly anti-Ottoman defensive system of the medieval [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. It was founded by [[Béla IV of Hungary|Prince Béla]] in 1228.
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| − | | |
| − | == Territory ==
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| − | The Banate of Severin was a [[March (territorial entity)|march]] (or a border province) of the medieval [[Kingdom of Hungary]] between the [[Lower Danube]] and the [[Olt River]] (in present-day [[Oltenia]] in Romania).{{sfn|Papacostea|1998|p=230}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=407}}{{sfn|Madgearu|2017|p=207}} A charter of grant, issued on 2 June 1247 for the [[Knights Hospitallers]], mentioned the Olt as its eastern border.{{sfn|Papacostea|1998|p=230}} The Knights received the "Land of Severin" ''(Terra de Zeurino)'',{{sfn|Pop|2013|p=338}} along with the nearby mountains, from [[Béla IV of Hungary]].{{sfn|Papacostea|1998|p=230}}{{sfn|Makkai|1994b|pp=196–197}} The king had described the same region as a "deserted and depopulated" land in a letter to [[Pope Gregory IX]] on 7 June 1238.{{sfn|Madgearu|2017|p=208}} Modern scholars assume that either the Hungarian conquest of the territory or confrontations between Bulgaria and Hungary had forced the local population to flee.{{sfn|Madgearu|2017|p=208}} Historian László Makkai says, the population obviously began to increase by the end of the 1230s, because Béla requested the pope to appoint a bishop to Severin.<ref>{{Citation |last=Makkai |first=László |title=The Cumanian Country and the Province of Severin |publisher=Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungarian Research Institute of Canada, Atlantic Research and Publications |year=2001–2002 |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/74.html |access-date =12 April 2017}}</ref>
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| − | The 1247 charter of grant also mentioned that "Cumania" bordered the Land of Severin from the east.{{sfn|Vásáry|2005|p=146}} The same diploma listed two [[Vlachs|Vlach]] (or Romanian) political units—the ''kenezatus'' of [[John (knez)|John]] and [[Farcaș]]—which were subjected to the Hospitallers on this occasion.{{sfn|Makkai|1994b|p=197}}{{sfn|Papacostea|1998|p=230}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=407}} A third ''kenezatus'', which was ruled by ''[[Voivode]]'' [[Litovoi]], was not included in the grant, but it was left to the Vlachs "as they had held it".{{sfn|Vásáry|2005|p=146}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=407}}{{sfn|Papacostea|1998|p=231}} However, Béla gave the Hospitallers the half of the royal revenues collected in Litovoi's land, with the exception of the revenues from the "Land of Hátszeg" (now [[Țara Hațegului]] in Romania).{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=407–408}}{{sfn|Pop|2013|p=337}} Alexandru Madgearu says, the diploma shows that Litovoi's ''kenezatus'' bordered the Land of Severin to the north, thus the banate must have only included southern Oltenia in the middle of the 13th century.{{sfn|Madgearu|2017|p=207}} The ''kenezatus'' of ''Voivode'' [[Seneslau]], which was located to the east of the Olt, was fully excluded from the grant.{{sfn|Makkai|1994b|p=197}}
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| − | The bans initially had their seat at the fortress of Szörény (now [[Drobeta-Turnu Severin]] in Romania).{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=95}}{{sfn|Makkai|1994a|p=657}} After Szörény was lost in the late 13th century, the fort of Miháld (now [[Mehadia]] in Romania) was the center of the province.{{sfn|Makkai|1994a|p=657}} In addition to Miháld, the banate included Orsova (now [[Orșova]] in Romania) and the [[Romanian district]]s along the upper course of the [[Timiș River|Temes (Timiș) river]].{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=95}}{{sfn|Makkai|1994a|p=657}}
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| − | == History ==
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| − | [[Kaloyan of Bulgaria]] occupied the region between the rivers [[Cerna (Danube)|Cerna]] and the Olt around 1199.{{sfn|Madgearu|2017|p=207}} The Kingdom of Hungary was also expanding over the Carpathian Mountains in the early 13th century, which gave rise to conflicts between the two countries.{{sfn|Makkai|1994a|p=657}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=405–406}} The Cuman tribes dwelling to the east of the Olt as far as the river [[Siret (river)|Siret]] agreed to pay a yearly tribute to the kings of Hungary in early 1227.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=95}} The Hungarians captured the Bulgarian fortress of Severin during a military campaign against Bulgaria in 1231.{{sfn|Madgearu|2017|p=206}}
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| − | After the 1526 [[Battle of Mohács]], the Banate of Severin was divided. South-eastern part (eastwards from Varcsaró - Vârciorova, today part of [[Bolvașnița]]) came under the jurisdiction of Wallachian princes and in the north-western part (westwards from Orsova - present-day [[Orșova]] - inclusive) was gradually reorganized into the [[Banate of Lugos and Karánsebes]].
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| − | == Bans of Severin ==
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| − | {{Empty section|date=January 2018}}
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| − | | |
| − | == Lista banów ==
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| − | | |
| − | === Trzynasty wiek ===
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| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%"
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| − | |-
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| − | ! scope="col" width="9%" | Term
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| − | ! scope="col" width="17%" | Incumbent
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| − | ! scope="col" width="9%" | Monarch
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| − | ! scope="col" width="33%" | Notes
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| − | ! scope="col" width="10%" | Source
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1226–{{circa}} 1232'''
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| − | | [[Hahót II. Buzád]]
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| − | | [[II. András]]
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| − | | He styled himself "former ban" in 1233. His close relationship with II. András's son, [[IV. Béla]], [[Duke of Transylvania]], suggests that he was the ban of Severin (instead of being the [[ban of Slavonia]]).
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|pp=49, 291–292}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1233'''
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| − | | [[Lucas I. Péc]]
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| − | | [[II. András]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=49}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1235'''
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| − | | [[Szák Pósa]]
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| − | | [[IV. Béla]]
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| − | | Also [[Master of the treasury]] and ''[[ispán]]'' (or head) of [[Bács County]]
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=49}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1240'''
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| − | | [[Osl Osl]]
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| − | | [[IV. Béla]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=49}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1243'''
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| − | | [[Csák István]]
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| − | | [[IV. Béla]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=49}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1260'''
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| − | | Lawrence, syn Kemény'a
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| − | | [[IV. Béla]]
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| − | | Pierszy raz.
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=49}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1262'''
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| − | | István
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| − | | [[IV. Béla]]
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| − | | He is only mentioned in a non-authentic charter.
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=49}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1263'''
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| − | | Lawrence
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| − | | [[V. István]] (młody król)
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| − | | Also [[Master of the treasury]] of Stephen V.
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=49}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1268'''
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| − | | Sándor, syn Druga
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| − | | [[V. István]] (młody król)
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=49}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1268'''
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| − | | [[Csák III. Ugrin]]
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| − | | [[V. István]] (młody król)
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| − | | Pierwszy raz.
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=49}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1270'''
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| − | | Lawrence, syn Kemény'a
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| − | | [[V. István]]
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| − | | Drugi raz. Also ''ispán'' of [[Doboka County]].
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=50}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''{{circa}} 1270'''
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| − | | Panyit Miskolc ??
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| − | | [[V. István]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=50}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1271–1272'''
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| − | | Lawrence, syn Kemény'a
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| − | | [[V. István]]
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| − | | Third rule. Also ''ispán'' of [[Doboka County]].
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=50}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1272'''
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| − | | [[Ákos Albert]]
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| − | | [[V. István]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=50}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1272–1274'''
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| − | | [[Gutkeled Pál]]
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| − | | [[IV. László]]
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| − | | First rule. Also ''ispán'' of [[Valkó County|Valkó]] and [[Doboka County|Doboka Counties]].
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|pp=50, 342}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1274–1275'''
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| − | | [[Csák III. Ugrin]]
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| − | | [[IV. László]]
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| − | | Drugi raz.
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=50}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1275'''
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| − | | [[Gutkeled Pál]]
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| − | | [[IV. László]]
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| − | | Drugi raz.
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|pp=50, 342}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1275–1276'''
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| − | | [[Kökényes-Radnót II. Mikod]]
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| − | | [[IV. László]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=50}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1276'''
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| − | | [[Csák III. Ugrin]]
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| − | | [[IV. László]]
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| − | | Trzeci raz.
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=50}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1277–1278'''
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| − | | [[Gutkeled Pál]] (?)
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| − | | [[IV. László]]
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| − | | Jest wymieniony tylko w nieautentycznych kartach. Trzeci raz rule.
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|pp=50, 342}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1279'''
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| − | | Lawrence, syn Kemény'a
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| − | | [[IV. László]]
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| − | | Pierwszy raz.
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=50}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1291'''
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| − | | Lawrence, syn Kemény'a
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| − | | [[III. András]]
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| − | | Drugi raz, but he may have continuously held the office from 1279 to 1291
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| − | | {{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=50}}
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| − | |}
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| − | #1299-1307 [[Tárnok András]]
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| − | #1308-1313 [[Tárnok András]] i [[Tárnok Márton]]
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| − | #1314-1318 [[Csornai Domokos]]
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| − | #1319-1323 [[Rátholti László]]
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| − | #1323-1329 [[Szécsi Dénes]]
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| − | #1324 [[Pál]] ???
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| − | #1330-1341 [[Szécsi Dénes]]
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| − | | |
| − | === Czternasty wiek ===
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| − | | |
| − | {| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%"
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| − | |-
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| − | ! scope="col" width="9%" | Term
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| − | ! scope="col" width="17%" | Incumbent
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| − | ! scope="col" width="9%" | Monarch
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| − | ! scope="col" width="33%" | Notes
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| − | ! scope="col" width="10%" | Source
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1335–1341'''
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| − | | [[Szécsi Dénes]]
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| − | | [[Charles I]]
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| − | | Also [[master of the stewards]].
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=32}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1342–1349'''
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| − | | [[Losonci István]]
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| − | | [[Charles I]], [[I. Lajos]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=32}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1350–1355'''
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| − | | [[Szécsi I. Miklós]]
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| − | | [[I. Lajos]]
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| − | | Also ''ispán'' of [[Keve County|Keve]] and [[Krassó County|Krassó Counties]].
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=32}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1355–1359'''
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| − | | [[Lackfi Dénes]]
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| − | | [[I. Lajos]]
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| − | | Also [[Master of the horse (Kingdom of Hungary)|master of the horse]], and ''ispán'' of [[Keve County|Keve]] and [[Krassó County|Krassó Counties]].
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=32}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1359–1379'''
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| − | | ''Wakat.''
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| − | |
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=32}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1375–1376'''
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| − | | [[Treutel János]]
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| − | | [[I. Lajos]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=32}}
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| − | |-
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| − | | '''1376–1387'''
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| − | | ''Wakat.''
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| − | |
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| − | |
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| − | | {{sfn|Engel|1996|p=32}}
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| − | |}
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| − | | |
| − | == 1 ==
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| − | {{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
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| − | | |
| − | #1387 [[Losonci László]] Jr.
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| − | #1387-1388 [[Losonci István]]
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| − | #1388-1390 [[Kaplai-Serkei János]]
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| − | #1390-1391 [[Perényi Miklós]]
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| − | #1392 [[Gerebenci Szemere]]
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| − | #1392-1393 [[Bebek Detre]]
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| − | #1393 [[Szécsi Frank]]
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| − | #1393-1397 wakat
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| − | #1397 Lukács of Oszkola
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| − | #1393-1408 wakat
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| − | #1408-1409 [[Pipo of Ozora]]
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| − | #1409 vacant
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| − | #1410 Lőrinc, son of Majos
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| − | #1410-1428 vacant
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| − | #1428 [[Marcali Imre]]
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| − | #1430-1435 [[Redwitz Miklós]]
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| − | #1429-1435 wakat
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| − | #1435 [[Hagymás László]] z Beregszó and [Dancs János]] of Macedonia
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| − | #1436-1439 [[Tallóczi Frank]]
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| − | #1439-1446 [[Hunyadi János]]
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| − | #1445-1446 [[Újlaki Miklós]]
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| − | #1447-1454 [[Csornai Mihály]]
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| − | #1449 [[Csornai Balázs]]
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| − | #1452-1454 Péter Dancs of Sebes
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| − | #1455-57 wakat
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| − | #1458 [[Bethlen Vlad]] i [[Bethlen Gergely]]
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| − | #1459-1460 wakat
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| − | #1460 [[Dóczi László]]
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| − | #1462-1463 [[Újlaki Miklós]]
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| − | #1464-1466 wakat
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| − | #1466 [[Pongrácz János]] of Dengeleg
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| − | #1467 wakat
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| − | #1467 István and Mihály de Muthnoki
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| − | #1468-1471 wakat
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| − | #1471-1478 [[Hédervári Imre]]
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| − | #1478 [[Erdő János]] i [[Bethlen Domokos]]
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| − | #1478 wakat
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| − | #1479 [[Török Ambrus]] i [[Szenthelsebethi György]]
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| − | #1479 [[Pathócsy Bertalan]]
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| − | #1480-1483 [[Pathócsy Bertalan]] i [[Haraszti Ferenc]]
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| − | #1483-1489 [[Haraszti Ferenc]] i [[Szokoly András]]
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| − | #1490 [[Ozorai Imre]]
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| − | #1491 [[Ozorai Imre]] i [[Dánfy András]] of Doboz
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| − | #1491-1492 [[Haraszti Ferenc]] and [[Dánfy András]] of Doboz
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| − | #1492 [[Csulai Móré Fülöp]]
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| − | #1492-1494 [[Csulai Móré Fülöp]] i [[Balassa Ferenc]]
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| − | #1495-1501 [[Macskási Tárnok Péter]] i [[Gerlisthey Jakab]]
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| − | #1501 [[Gerlisthey Jakab]] i [[Bélai Barnabás]]
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| − | #1502 [[Gerlisthey Jakab]] i [[Macskási Tárnok Péter]]
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| − | #1503 [[Bélai Barnabás]]
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| − | #1503 [[Gerlisthey Jakab]]
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| − | #1504-1508 [[Gerlisthey Jakab]] i [[Barnabás Bélai]]
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| − | #1508-1513 Mihály Paksi and [[Barnabás Bélai]]
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| − | #1514 [[Bélai Barnabás]] i [[János Szapolyai]]
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| − | #1515-1516 [[Hagymási Miklós]] of Berekszó
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| − | #1517-1518 wakat
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| − | #1519 [[Bélai Barnabás]]
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| − | #1520-1521 [[Gerlisthey Miklós]]
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| − | #1522-1523 [[Kállay János Vitéz]]
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| − | #1524-1526 [[Kállay János Vitéz]] i [[Szapolyai János]]
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| − | #1526-1540 Under the rule of Lugos and Karánsebes Bans
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| − | #1526-1860 Under Ottoman occupation
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| − | {{Div col end}}
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| − | | |
| − | == References ==
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| − | {{Reflist}}
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| − | | |
| − | == Sources ==
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| − | {{Refbegin}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |authorlink=Florin Curta |year=2006 |title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89452-4 |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Engel |first=Pál |authorlink=Pál Engel |year=1996 |title=Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1301–1457, I. ''[Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1301–1457, Volume I]'' |publisher=História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete |isbn=963-8312-44-0 |language=hu |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Madgearu |first=Alexandru |year=2017 |title=The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire, 1185–1280 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9-004-32501-2 |ref=harv}}
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| − | *{{cite book |last=Makkai |first=László |editor1-last=Kristó |editor1-first=Gyula |editor2-last=Engel |editor2-first=Pál |editor3-last=Makk |editor3-first=Ferenc | title=Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század) ''[Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th centuries)]'' |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994a |page=657 |chapter=szörényi bánság [Banate of Severin] |language=hu |isbn=963-05-6722-9 |ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Makkai |first=László |editor1-last=Köpeczi |editor1-first=Béla |editor2-last=Barta |editor2-first=Gábor |editor3-last=Bóna |editor3-first=István |editor4-last=Makkai |editor4-first=László |editor5-last=Szász |editor5-first=Zoltán |editor6-last=Borus |editor6-first=Judit | title=History of Transylvania |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1994b |pages=178–243 |chapter=The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526) |isbn=963-05-6703-2 |ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Papacostea |first=Șerban |year=1998 |title=Between the Crusade and the Mongol Empire |publisher=Center for Transylvanian Studies, Romanian Cultural Foundation |isbn=973-577-186-1 |ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Pop |first=Ioan-Aurel |year=2013 |title="De manibus Valachorum scismaticorum...": Romanians and Power in the Mediaeval Kingdom of Hungary, The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries |publisher=Peter Land Edition |isbn=978-3-631-64866-7 |ref=harv}}
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| − | *{{Cite book |last=Vásáry |first=István |year=2005 |title=Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-83756-1 |ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Zsoldos |first=Attila |year=2011 |title=Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 ''[Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301]'' |publisher=História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete |isbn=978-963-9627-38-3 |language=hu |ref=harv}}
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| − | {{Refend}}
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| − | | |
| − | == References ==
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| − | *Hațegan I., ''Cavalerii teutoni în Banatul Severinului'' (1429–1435), "Tibiscus-istorie" V, Muzeul Banatului, Timișoara, 1978, pp. 191–196.
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| − | *http://mek.niif.hu/02100/02114/html/316.html Histoire de la Transylvanie
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| − | | |
| − | ==External links==
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| − | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120330212119/http://genealogy.vanyi.org/hu/images/4/44/Szorenyi_bansag.jpg Map]
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| − | | |
| − | {{Provinces of medieval Kingdom of Hungary}}
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| − | | |
| − | {{coord missing|Romania}}
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| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Banates of the Kingdom of Hungary]]
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| − | [[Category:Medieval Romania]]
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| − | [[Category:History of Banat]]
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| − | [[Category:Territorial evolution of Hungary]]
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| − | [[Category:Oltenia]]
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| − | | |
| − | [[Kategoria:Importowane]]
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| − | [[Kategoria:Nieprzetłumaczone]]
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| − | [[Kategoria:Węgierscy dygnitarze historyczni]] | |
