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| − | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kunovica
| + | #PATRZ [[Куновичка битка]] |
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| − | {{Infobox military conflict
| + | [[Kategoria:Przekierowane]] |
| − | | conflict = Battle of Kunovica
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| − | | width =
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| − | | partof = [[Crusade of Varna]]
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| − | | image = File:Suva Planina pogled iz Luznice.jpg
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| − | | caption = Suva Planina
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| − | | date = 2 or 5 January 1444
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| − | | place = [[Kunovica]] between [[Niš]] and [[Pirot]], [[Ottoman Empire]] (modern-day [[Serbia]])
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| − | | coordinates = {{Coord|43|10|49|N|22|10|34|E|display=inline, title}}
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| − | | result = Christian victory{{Sfn|Hussey|1966|p=383}}
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| − | | combatants_header =
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| − | | combatant1 = [[File:Coa Hungary Country History (15th century).svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages|Kingdom of Hungary]]<br>[[File:POL Przemysł II 1295 COA.svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]]<br />[[File:Despot of Serbia.png|20px]] [[Despotate of Serbia]]
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| − | | combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Ottoman Sultanate (1299-1453).svg|24px]] [[Ottoman Empire]]
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| − | | commander1 = [[File:POL Przemysł II 1295 COA.svg|20px]] [[Władysław III of Poland]]<br />[[File:Coa Hungary Country History (15th century).svg|20px]] [[John Hunyadi]]<br>[[File:Despot of Serbia.png|20px]] [[Đurađ Branković]]
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| − | | commander2 = Mahmud Çelebi {{POW}}
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| − | {{Campaignbox Ottoman-Hungarian War}}
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| − | {{Serbian-Ottoman Wars (Medieval)}}
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| − | The '''Battle of Kunovica''' or '''Battle at Kunovitsa''' was the battle between [[crusaders]] led by [[John Hunyadi]] and [[Army of the Ottoman Empire|armies of the Ottoman Empire]] which took place on 2 or 5{{Sfn|Setton|Hazard|Zacour|1990|p=293}} January 1444 near [[Kunovica (mountain)|mountain Kunovica]] ([[Suva Planina]]) between [[Pirot]] and [[Niš]].{{Sfn|Babinger|1992|p=25}}
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| − | == Battle ==
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| − | The Christian contingent began their retreat on 24 December 1443,{{Sfn|Mirčetić|1994|p=95}} after the [[Battle of Zlatica]]. The Ottoman forces followed them across the rivers [[Iskar (river)|Iskar]] and [[Nišava]] and in the Kunorica pass attacked (some sources say ambushed by) the rear flanks of the retreating armies composed of armies of the [[Serbian Despotate]] under command of [[Đurađ Branković]]. The battle took place during the night, under the full moon. Hunyadi and Władysław who were already through the pass left their supplies guarded by infantry and attacked Ottoman forces near the river on the eastern side of the mountain.{{Sfn|Setton|Hazard|Zacour|1990|p=293}} The Ottomans were defeated and many Ottoman commanders, including Mahmud Çelebi of [[Çandarlı family]] (in some earlier sources referred to as Karambeg),<ref>{{cite book|title=Der katholische Volksfreund: Wochenschrift für häusliche Erbauung und Belehrung des katholischen Volkes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zlAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA352|year=1855|publisher=Rieger|page=352}}</ref> were captured.{{Sfn|Babinger|1992|p=25}}
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| − | The Ottoman defeat in the Battle of Kunovica and capture of Mahmud Bey, the Sultan's son-in-law, created the impression of an overall victorious campaign.{{Sfn|Imber|2006|pp=16, 17}} According to some sources, [[Skanderbeg]] participated in this battle on Ottoman side and deserted Ottoman forces during the conflict.<ref name=Gegaj1937p92>{{harvnb|Gegaj|1937|p=120}}{{quote|En 1443, une occasion allait s'offrir pour réaliser son plan. Les Turcs faisaient la guerre aux chrétiens révoltés. Une bataille s'engagea à Kunovica, près de Nich. L'armée du sultan était commandée par Karambeg, pacha de Roumélie, et Scanderbeg. Or, dès le début des engagements, l'aile confiée à Scanderbeg abandonna ses positions ; le reste de l'armée turque...)}}</ref>
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| − | == Aftermath ==
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| − | Four days after this battle Christian coalition reached [[Prokuplje]]. [[Đurađ Branković]] proposed to [[Władysław III of Poland]] and [[John Hunyadi]] to stay in Serbian fortified towns during the winter and continue their campaign against Ottomans in the spring of 1444. They rejected his proposal and retreated.{{Sfn|Jireček|1978|p=367}} By the end of January 1444 forces of Władysław and Hunyadi reached [[Belgrade]]{{Sfn|Калић-Мијушковић|2006|p=405}} and in February they arrived to [[Buda]] where they were greeted as heroes.{{Sfn|Setton|Hazard|Zacour|1990|p=293}} During 1444 ambassadors of Christian forces were sent to [[Adrianople]] and organized signing of ten-years long peace treaty known as [[Peace of Szeged]].{{Sfn|Gregory|2011|p=389}}
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| − | Contemporary Ottoman sources blame rivalry between the commanders Kasim and Turahan for the defeat at Kunovica, while some claim that the Serbian Despot [[Đurađ Branković]] bribed Turahan not to participate in the battle.{{Sfn|Imber|2006|p=51}}{{Sfn|Ćorović|2014|p=353}}<ref name="Fajfrić1999">{{cite book|author=Željko Fajfrić|title=Sveta loza Brankovića|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8fdGwAACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Grafosrem<!-- |quote= Успео је да дође у везу са Турахан Бегом и да га убеди (златом вероватно) да у боју не узме учешће, а све играјући на међусобну нетрпељивост Турахан бега и главнокомандујућег Касим бега. --> }}</ref> Turahan fell from favour as a result and was banished by the Sultan to a prison in [[Tokat]].{{Sfn|Babinger|1987|p=877}}{{Sfn|Imber|2006|p=17}}
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| − | This battle is commemorated in [[Serbian epic poetry|Serbian epic song]] ''Blow, Wind'' ({{lang-sr|Подухни ветре}}).<ref name="Gavrilović1912">{{cite book|last=Gavrilović|first=Andra|authorlink=Andra Gavrilović|title=Istorija srpske i hrvatske književnosti usmenoga postanja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1E4AQAAMAAJ|year=1912|publisher=Izd. Knjižara G. Kona|page=26}}</ref>
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| − | == References ==
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| − | {{Reflist|30em}}
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| − | == Sources ==
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| − | * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Mijatović|first=Čedomilj|authorlink=Čedomilj Mijatović|title=Despot Đurađ Branković: Od stupanja Đurđeva na vladu godine 1427 do prvog oslobođenja Srbije od turaka godine 1444|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LhVXAAAAMAAJ|year=1880|publisher=Štampano u Državnoj štampariji}}
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| − | * {{Citation|last=Gegaj|first=Athanase|title=L'Albanie et l'Invasion turque au XVe siècle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usxBAAAAYAAJ|year=1937|publisher=Universite de Louvain|language=French|oclc=652265147}}
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| − | * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Hösch|first=Edgar|title=The Balkans: a short history from Greek times to the present day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RoXAQAAIAAJ|date=1972|publisher=Crane, Russak|isbn=978-0-8448-0072-1}}
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| − | * {{cite encyclopedia | article=Turakhān Beg| first = Franz | last = Babinger | authorlink=Franz Babinger | encyclopedia = E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume VIII | editor-first = Martijn Theodoor | editor-last = Houtsma | publisher = BRILL | location = Leiden | year = 1987 | origyear=1936 | isbn = 90-04-09794-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMC&lpg=PA615&pg=PA876#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=harv }}
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| − | * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Hussey|first=Joan Mervyn|authorlink=Joan Mervyn Hussey|title=The Cambridge Medieval History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLRZAAAAYAAJ|year=1966|publisher=University Press}}
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| − | * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Jireček|first=Konstantin|authorlink=Konstantin Jireček|title=Istorija Srba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMwJAQAAIAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Slovo ljubve}}
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| − | * {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Setton|first1=Kenneth M.|authorlink1=Kenneth M. Setton|last2=Hazard|first2=Harry W.|last3=Zacour|first3=Norman P.|title=A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKaPrQPFIAMC&pg=PA293|year=1990|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-10744-4}}
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| − | * {{Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time}}
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| − | * {{cite book | last=Imber | first=Colin | title=The Crusade of Varna, 1443–45 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeuaoghuq3cC | publisher = Ashgate Publishing | location = Aldershot | year = 2006 | isbn=978-0-7546-0144-9|ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Mirčetić|first=Dragoljub|title=Vojna istorija Niša: deo 1. Od najstarijih vremena do prvog srpskog ustanka. deo 2. U sredjem veku (700-1459). deo 3. U razdoblju Turske vlasti (1459-1878)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2G0yAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Prosveta}}
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| − | * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Ćorović|first=Vladimir|title=Istorija srpskog naroda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eyyXAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT353|date=2014|publisher=eBook Portal|id=GGKEY:XPENWQLDTZF}}
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| − | {{Ottoman battles}}
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| − | {{Wars and battles involving Serbs}}
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| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Kunovica, Battle of}}
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| − | [[Category:Battles involving Serbia in the Middle Ages]]
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| − | [[Category:Battles involving Hungary]]
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| − | [[Category:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire]]
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| − | [[Category:1444 in the Ottoman Empire]]
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| − | [[Category:Conflicts in 1444]]
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| − | [[Category:1444 in Europe]]
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| − | [[Category:Serbian Despotate]]
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| − | [[Category:15th century in Serbia]]
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| − | [[Kategoria:Nieprzetłumaczone]] | |
