Magyar törzsek: Różnice pomiędzy wersjami
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== Etymologia == | == Etymologia == | ||
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| + | Etnonim węgierskiego sojuszu plemiennego jest niepewny. Według jednego poglądu, zgodnie z opisem Anonima, federację nazwano „Hetumoger” (Siedmiu Węgrów) („VII principales persone qui Hetumoger dicuntur”, „siedem książęcych osób zwanych Siedmioma Węgrami” [4]), chociaż słowo „Madziar „prawdopodobnie pochodzi od imienia najbardziej znanego węgierskiego plemienia, zwanego Megyer. Plemienna nazwa „Megyer” stała się „Magyar”, odnosząc się do całego narodu węgierskiego. [5] [6] [7] Źródła pisane zwane Madziarami „Węgrami” przed podbiciem Kotliny Karpackiej, kiedy jeszcze mieszkali na Stepach Europy Wschodniej (w 837 „Ungri” wspomniany przez Georgiusa Monachusa, w 862 „Ungri” Annalesa Bertinianiego, w 881 „Ungari” autorstwa Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus). Angielski termin „węgierski” jest pochodną łacińskich form „Ungri” lub „Ungari”. | ||
<small><small><small><small>The ethnonym of the Hungarian tribal alliance is uncertain. According to one view, following [[Anonymus (notary of Béla III)|Anonymus]]'s description, the federation was called "Hetumoger" (Seven Magyars) (''"VII principales persone qui Hetumoger dicuntur"'', "seven princely persons who are called Seven Magyars"<ref>Gyula Decsy, A. J. Bodrogligeti, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0XbwAAAAMAAJ&q=Hetumoger&dq=Hetumoger&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hFgvUp2VD4OqhAfk1oDoCg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, Volume 63], Otto Harrassowitz, 1991, p. 99</ref>), though the word "Magyar" possibly comes from the name of the most prominent Hungarian tribe, called ''Megyer''. The tribal name "Megyer" became "Magyar" referring to the Hungarian people as a whole.<ref>György Balázs, Károly Szelényi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4NlnAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Magyars:+the+birth+of+a+European+nation&dq=The+Magyars:+the+birth+of+a+European+nation&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fE8vUqe_BYaJ7AbSioDgAQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA The Magyars: the birth of a European nation], Corvina, 1989, p. 8</ref><ref>Alan W. Ertl, [https://books.google.com/books?id=X9PGRaZt-zcC&pg=PA358&dq=magyar+megyer+tribal+name&hl=en&sa=X&ei=y01NUpTBMOWX1AWJmIGIDw&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=magyar%20megyer%20tribal%20name&f=false Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration], Universal-Publishers, 2008, p. 358</ref><ref>Z. J. Kosztolnyik, [https://books.google.com/books?ei=y01NUpTBMOWX1AWJmIGIDw&id=NPBnAAAAMAAJ&dq=magyar+megyer+tribal+name&q=common+name#search_anchor Hungary under the early Árpáds: 890s to 1063], Eastern European Monographs, 2002, p. 3</ref> Written sources called Magyars "Hungarians" before the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|conquest of the Carpathian Basin]] when they still lived on the [[Steppes of Eastern Europe]] (in 837 "Ungri" mentioned by [[Georgius Monachus]], in 862 "Ungri" by [[Annales Bertiniani]], in 881 "Ungari" by the ''[[Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus]]''). The English term "Hungarian" is a derivative of the Latin "Ungri" or "Ungari" forms. </small></small></small></small> | <small><small><small><small>The ethnonym of the Hungarian tribal alliance is uncertain. According to one view, following [[Anonymus (notary of Béla III)|Anonymus]]'s description, the federation was called "Hetumoger" (Seven Magyars) (''"VII principales persone qui Hetumoger dicuntur"'', "seven princely persons who are called Seven Magyars"<ref>Gyula Decsy, A. J. Bodrogligeti, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0XbwAAAAMAAJ&q=Hetumoger&dq=Hetumoger&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hFgvUp2VD4OqhAfk1oDoCg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, Volume 63], Otto Harrassowitz, 1991, p. 99</ref>), though the word "Magyar" possibly comes from the name of the most prominent Hungarian tribe, called ''Megyer''. The tribal name "Megyer" became "Magyar" referring to the Hungarian people as a whole.<ref>György Balázs, Károly Szelényi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4NlnAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Magyars:+the+birth+of+a+European+nation&dq=The+Magyars:+the+birth+of+a+European+nation&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fE8vUqe_BYaJ7AbSioDgAQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA The Magyars: the birth of a European nation], Corvina, 1989, p. 8</ref><ref>Alan W. Ertl, [https://books.google.com/books?id=X9PGRaZt-zcC&pg=PA358&dq=magyar+megyer+tribal+name&hl=en&sa=X&ei=y01NUpTBMOWX1AWJmIGIDw&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=magyar%20megyer%20tribal%20name&f=false Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration], Universal-Publishers, 2008, p. 358</ref><ref>Z. J. Kosztolnyik, [https://books.google.com/books?ei=y01NUpTBMOWX1AWJmIGIDw&id=NPBnAAAAMAAJ&dq=magyar+megyer+tribal+name&q=common+name#search_anchor Hungary under the early Árpáds: 890s to 1063], Eastern European Monographs, 2002, p. 3</ref> Written sources called Magyars "Hungarians" before the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|conquest of the Carpathian Basin]] when they still lived on the [[Steppes of Eastern Europe]] (in 837 "Ungri" mentioned by [[Georgius Monachus]], in 862 "Ungri" by [[Annales Bertiniani]], in 881 "Ungari" by the ''[[Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus]]''). The English term "Hungarian" is a derivative of the Latin "Ungri" or "Ungari" forms. </small></small></small></small> | ||
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Plik:A magyarok vandorlasa.jpg Migracje plemion węgierskich według teorii ugrofińskiej Plik:Summarised map of occurrences of Hungarian tribe names (according to the settlement names).jpg Pojawienie się nazw węgierskich plemion w nazwach osad. Sugeruje, gdzie przybywający Węgrzy mieszkali wśród innych ludów i pomagał w rekonstrukcji miejsc osiedlania się przybyłych plemion Plemiona Madziarów lub klany węgierskie () były podstawowymi jednostkami politycznymi, w ramach których żyli Węgrzy (Madziarowie), dopóki te klany z rejonu Uralu [1] najechały Kotlinę Karpacką i ustanowiły Księstwo Węgier. [2] [ 3] The Magyar tribes or Hungarian clans () were the fundamental political units within whose framework the Hungarians (Magyars) lived, until these clans from the region of Ural Mountains[1] invaded the Carpathian Basin and established the Principality of Hungary.[2][3] EtymologiaEtnonim węgierskiego sojuszu plemiennego jest niepewny. Według jednego poglądu, zgodnie z opisem Anonima, federację nazwano „Hetumoger” (Siedmiu Węgrów) („VII principales persone qui Hetumoger dicuntur”, „siedem książęcych osób zwanych Siedmioma Węgrami” [4]), chociaż słowo „Madziar „prawdopodobnie pochodzi od imienia najbardziej znanego węgierskiego plemienia, zwanego Megyer. Plemienna nazwa „Megyer” stała się „Magyar”, odnosząc się do całego narodu węgierskiego. [5] [6] [7] Źródła pisane zwane Madziarami „Węgrami” przed podbiciem Kotliny Karpackiej, kiedy jeszcze mieszkali na Stepach Europy Wschodniej (w 837 „Ungri” wspomniany przez Georgiusa Monachusa, w 862 „Ungri” Annalesa Bertinianiego, w 881 „Ungari” autorstwa Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus). Angielski termin „węgierski” jest pochodną łacińskich form „Ungri” lub „Ungari”. The ethnonym of the Hungarian tribal alliance is uncertain. According to one view, following Anonymus's description, the federation was called "Hetumoger" (Seven Magyars) ("VII principales persone qui Hetumoger dicuntur", "seven princely persons who are called Seven Magyars"[4]), though the word "Magyar" possibly comes from the name of the most prominent Hungarian tribe, called Megyer. The tribal name "Megyer" became "Magyar" referring to the Hungarian people as a whole.[5][6][7] Written sources called Magyars "Hungarians" before the conquest of the Carpathian Basin when they still lived on the Steppes of Eastern Europe (in 837 "Ungri" mentioned by Georgius Monachus, in 862 "Ungri" by Annales Bertiniani, in 881 "Ungari" by the Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus). The English term "Hungarian" is a derivative of the Latin "Ungri" or "Ungari" forms. HistoryAccording to András Róna-Tas the locality in which the Hungarians, the Manicha-Er group, emerged was between the Volga river and the Ural Mountains.[1] Between the 8th and 5th centuries BC, the Magyars embarked upon their independent existence and the early period of the proto-Hungarian language began.[1] Around 830 AD,[8][9] when Álmos was about 10 years old, the seven related tribes (Jenő, Kér, Keszi, Kürt-Gyarmat, Szablon:Ill, Nyék and Tarján)[10] formed a confederation[8] in Etelköz,[9] called "Hétmagyar" ("Seven Magyars"). Their leaders, the Seven chieftains of the Magyars, besides Álmos, included Előd, Ond, Kond, Tas, Huba and Töhötöm, who took a blood oath, swearing eternal loyalty to Álmos.[11] Presumably, the Magyar tribes consisted of 108 clans.[12] The confederation of the tribes was probably led by two high princes: the kende (their spiritual ruler) and the gyula (their military leader). The high princes were either elected by the leaders of the tribes or appointed by the Khagan of the Khazars who had been exerting influence over the Magyars. Around 862 AD the seven tribes separated from the Khazars.Szablon:Citation needed Before 881 AD three Turkic tribes rebelled against the rule of the Khagan of the Khazars, but they were suppressed. After their defeat they left the Khazar Empire and voluntarily joined the Hétmagyar confederation. The three tribes were organised into one tribe, called Kabar, and later they played the roles of vanguard and rear guard during the joint military actions of the confederation. The joining of the three tribes to the previous seven created the On-ogur (Ten Arrows),[10] one of the possible origins for the name Hungarian.Szablon:Clarify Social organizationThe Hungarian social structure was of Turkic origin.[13] Zobacz także
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