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| − | '''Roland (I) from the kindred Rátót''' ({{lang-hu|Rátót nembeli (I.) Roland}}; died 1277 or 1278) was a Hungarian influential lord, who held several important secular positions for decades. He was also the ancestor of the Paksi family.
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| − | ==Family==
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| − | Roland I was born around 1215{{sfn|Szovák|1989|p=311}} into the [[Rátót (genus)|''gens'' Rátót]] as the son of [[Dominic I Rátót|Dominic I]], who served as [[Master of the treasury]] from 1238 to 1240.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=62}} He was killed in the [[Battle of Mohi]] in 1241.{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=364}} The ancestors of the kindred were two Norman knights (Oliver and Rathold) from [[Caserta]], [[Naples]], who settled down in Hungary around 1097 during the reign of [[Coloman, King of Hungary]]. Roland's earliest known ancestor was his great-grandfather [[Leustach I Rátót]], [[Voivode of Transylvania]] in the second half of the 12th century. Roland had three brothers, [[Stephen Rátót|Stephen]], the forefather of the Pásztói, Tari and Kakas de Kaza noble families. The Putnoki family came from [[Oliver Rátót|Oliver I]]. Leustach II was the father of [[Palatine of Hungary|Palatine]] [[Roland II Rátót]] and also the ancestor of the Jolsvai, Serkei and Feledi branches.<ref>Engel: ''Genealógia'' (Genus Rátót 1. main branch)</ref> Their only unidentified sister married [[Maurice II Pok]] whom the influential baron [[Nicholas Pok]] originated.<ref>Engel: ''Genealógia'' (Genus Pok 1., Meggyesi, Mórichida branch)</ref>
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| − | Roland had two sons from his unidentified wife: Matthias and Rathold II ([[fl.]] 1278–1296). The latter one had no any descendants. Matthias, who soon adopted the Paksi (or Paksy) surname, married one of the daughters of Paul Visontai from the Kompolt branch of the [[Aba (genus)|kindred Aba]]. Their two sons were Roland and [[Oliver Paksi]], who held important positions during the reign of [[Louis I of Hungary]].<ref>Engel: ''Genealógia'' (Genus Rátót 2. Paksi branch)</ref>
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| − | ==Early career==
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| − | He was first mentioned by contemporary records in 1241, when he held the dignity of [[Master of the cupbearers]] following the [[Mongol invasion of Europe|Mongol invasion of Hungary]] and his father's death, who perished in the battlefield at Mohi. Roland was soon replaced by his brother-in-law Maurice II Pok in that position.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=59}} According to László Markó, Roland might have been in office until the next year.{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=250}} When King [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla IV]] returned to Hungary in May 1242, after the withdrawal of the Mongols, Roland also escorted his monarch. Thus he spent the previous months in [[Dalmatia]] too, where the Hungarian royal court found shelter.{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|p=22}} From 1242 to 1245 (or from 1241 to 1246, according to non-authentic charters), he served as [[Master of the stewards]], beside that he also governed [[Nyitra County]] (1242–1243), then [[Sopron County]] (1244–1245).{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=54}}
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| − | In 1246, he led Béla's royal campaign against [[Frederick II, Duke of Austria]], who had attacked Hungary and claimed the western counties of [[Moson County|Moson]], [[Sopron County|Sopron]] and [[Vas County (former)|Vas County]]. He defended Sopron and [[Pozsony Castle]]. Later Roland's army was defeated by the Austrians in the [[Battle of the Leitha River]] on 15 June 1246, however Frederick was killed on the battlefield, resulting the end of the conflict and interregnum in Austria.{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=250}} Following this, Roland was appointed [[Judge royal]] in 1247 and held the dignity possibly until 1248.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=30}}
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| − | ==First term as Palatine==
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| − | Roland was appointed Palatine in 1248, serving in that capacity unusually long period of time in that era, until 1260 as loyal to King Béla IV. He was also ''[[ispán]]'' of [[Pozsony County]] during that time (1248–1260) and ''ispán'' of Sopron County for a short time in 1255 (his seal preserved in that year).{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=20}} Before Roland, the palatines acted as itinerant judges, wandering in the whole realm in the 1230s and early 1240s. However he abandoned this practice and mostly heard cases in [[Pressburg]] (now Bratislava in Slovakia).{{sfn|Szőcs|2014|p=67}} During the [[Árpád dynasty|Árpádian royals]], Roland was the Palatine, who issued the majority of diplomas with accurate dates and locations. Most of his judgments connected to the kingdom's northwestern region.{{sfn|Szőcs|2014|p=57}} For instance, he issued his charters in Pressburg in 1249, 1251, 1252 (four), 1253 (three) and 1255 (two or three). Furthermore he also resided in Oltva (a settlement in [[Győr County]] which no longer exists), [[Vasvár]], [[Trenčín|Trencsén]] (today Trenčín, Slovakia), Vaska, [[Murska Sobota|Muraszombat]] (today Murska Sobota, Slovakia), [[Győr]], [[Mórichida]] and [[Bad Radkersburg|Regede]] (today Bad Radkersburg, Austria), when performed his palatinal judicial powers.{{sfn|Szovák|1989|p=312}} He was the last Palatine, who judged over the [[Pannonhalma Archabbey]] (in 1254 and 1255), the monastery received waiver of privileges sometime later.{{sfn|Szőcs|2014|p=67}} During his term, the dignity gradually became a political office, overshadowing its former "traditional" functions (e.g. litigation).{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|p=92}}{{sfn|Szőcs|2014|p=69}}
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| − | During his 12-year-term, Roland acted in at least 44 lawsuits, 28 of them were preserved in their entirety by contemporary charters. Accordingly, he acted as Palatine mostly in [[Transdanubia]] and permanently resided in Pressburg, where he was ''ispán''. There Roland was also responsible for the protection of the northwest border (Pozsony and Sopron Counties) against Austria. When Béla IV revised his predecessors' land grants and reclaimed former royal estates, which greatly affected Pozsony County, Roland was entrusted with the implementation. Historian Kornél Szovák claimed Roland Rátót employed the clerical staff of the [[Saint James's Chapel, Bratislava|Pressburg chapel]] as his literate personnel.{{sfn|Szovák|1989|p=303}}
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| − | In 1254, Palatine Roland participated in drafting of [[Peace of Pressburg (1254)|peace treaty]], which was signed in his residence, Pressburg on 1 May. In accordance with the treaty, [[Ottokar II of Bohemia|Ottokar]], who had in the meantime become [[King of Bohemia]], ceded the [[Duchy of Styria]] to Béla, who also adopted the title [[Duke of Styria|Duke]].{{sfn|Szőcs|2014|p=70}} He helped Béla IV in organizing and consolidating the Hungarian administration in Styria, he stayed [[Bad Radkersburg]] (Regede) several times in the 1250s.{{sfn|Szőcs|2014|p=70}} Discontented with the Hungarian rule, the Styrian lords sought assistance from Ottokar of Bohemia. Béla and his allies invaded Moravia, but Ottokar vanquished them in the [[Battle of Kressenbrunn]] on 12 June 1260. The defeat forced Béla to renounce Styria in favor of the King of Bohemia in the [[Peace of Vienna (1261)|Peace of Vienna]], which was signed on 31 March 1261 following the intermediary activity of Roland Rátót, who negotiated with Ottokar for months in Austria.{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|p=126}}{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=250}}
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| − | ==Ban of Slavonia==
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| − | In 1260, Roland was succeeded by [[Henry I Kőszegi|Henry Kőszegi]].{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=20}} During that time tensions emerged between King Béla IV and his eldest son [[Stephen V of Hungary|Stephen]]. Béla's favoritism towards his younger son, [[Béla, Duke of Slavonia|Béla]] (whom he appointed [[Duke of Slavonia]]) and daughter, [[Anna of Hungary, Duchess of Macsó|Anna]] irritated Stephen. Following the death of [[Stephen I Gutkeled|Stephen Gutkeled]] in 1259 or 1260, Roland became [[Ban of Slavonia]], he appeared in contemporary sources in this capacity at first in August 1261.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=46}} Roland served as the young prince's mentor and mainstay in accordance with King Béla's wish.{{sfn|Szőcs|2014|p=73}} As Ban, he acquired several lands and possessions to the south of the [[Drava River]].{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=250}} Roland was also head of [[Split, Croatia|Split]] (Spalato) between 1265 and 1267.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=46}}
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| − | King Béla IV and Duke Stephen's conflict degenerated into war by the end of 1264. After a few months, Duke Stephen gained a decisive victory over his father's army in the [[Battle of Isaszeg (1265)|Battle of Isaszeg]] in March 1265. Soon, Béla and Stephen signed the peace treaty in the Convent of the Blessed Virgin on the [[Rabbits' Island]]. Roland Rátót kept himself away the conflict, as he resided near [[Zagreb]] at that time.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2007|p=94}} Following the peace, Stephen intended to punish limitedly the [[Cumans]], with the approval of Béla, who had earlier betrayed him and joined the King's camp during the war. Béla provided a royal army to his son under the leadership of Roland, whose person was acceptable for Duke Stephen.{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|p=178}} Roland also participated in a campaign against the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] in the summer of 1266, when Stephen invaded Bulgaria, seized Vidin, [[Pleven]] and other forts and routed the Bulgarians in five battles, resulting that Despot [[Jacob Svetoslav]] again accepted Stephen's suzerainty.{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=250}}
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| − | However, despite the former agreement, Roland soon became a political victim of the rivalry between Béla IV and Stephen. Under the influence of loyal barons' intrigues, King Béla dismissed Roland and replaced him with Henry Kőszegi. His estates were also plundered and destroyed in Slavonia.{{sfn|Kristó|1979|p=62}} It is highly probable that Béla considered his participation in Duke Stephen's campaign against Bulgaria as a misuse of powers since the King gave him the army only for regularizing the Cuman tribes. Béla also could afraid that the skilled military leader Stephen gathered allies among his supporters during these expeditions.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2007|p=98}} According to a royal document from 1270, issued by Stephen V, Roland lost Béla's confidence because of "the diatribe and accusations of his enemies" in the royal court.{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|p=167}}
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| − | ==Later career==
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| − | [[File:Stari grad Kalnik.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kalnik, Koprivnica-Križevci County|Kalnik Castle]] (present-day Croatia), owned by Roland Rátót since 1270]]
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| − | Stephen V ascended the Hungarian throne in 1270. During his short rule, he donated the [[Kalnik, Koprivnica-Križevci County|Kalnik Castle]] and its surrounding areas to Roland,{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=250}} who also became ''[[perpetual count]]'' of Kalnik ispánate.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=161}} Alongside other merits, the donation letter also said Roland "is pleasant in conversation" and "he is able to endear himself with others", which reflects the impact of [[chivalric code]] in the royal court.{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|p=209}} The sudden death of Stephen V and subsequent coronation of the 10-year-old [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary|Ladislaus IV]] in August 1272 allowed him to become one of the most powerful barons in the country. His influence increased further in November of that year when Duke [[Béla of Macsó]] was brutally assassinated by Henry Kőszegi and the barons partitioned the territory of the [[Banate of Macsó|Duchy of Macsó]] among themselves. Roland Rátót became Palatine and the first [[Ban of Macsó]].{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=20}} He was actively involved in the internal conflicts between the two baronial groups which emerged during the last decade of Béla IV. Initially Roland supported the [[Kőszegi family|Kőszegi]]–[[Gutkeled (genus)|Gutkeled]] baronial group against the [[Csák (genus)|Csák]] faction.{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=250}}
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| − | According to historian [[Jenő Szűcs]], Roland has been able to reach the highest-ranking secular position for the second time in November 1272, because the two rival baronial groups and the nominal regent Dowager Queen [[Elizabeth the Cuman]] considered the semblance of unity as important in the first years yet.{{sfn|Szőcs|2014|p=84}} Szűcs considered, the elderly respected and prestigious barons, who were made palatines and other chief officials, such [[Denis Péc]], [[Ernye Ákos]] and Roland Rátót, were considered stable points and "beauty spot" in the fast-changing governments during the first five regnal years of Ladislaus.{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|p=391}} By May 1273, Roland Rátót was replaced as Palatine and Ban by [[Lawrence, son of Kemény]], an ally of the Kőszegi family, and [[Egyed Monoszló]],{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=51}} respectively, however in the next month, he was again Palatine and held the dignity at least until October,{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=20}} when he was removed from office by the Kőszegis, alongside other members of the Csák baronial group. Roland gradually moved away from the Kőszegis' course line in the following months.{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|p=394}}
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| − | Following the [[Battle of Föveny]] in September 1274, where Henry Kőszegi was killed, Roland defected to the supporters of the Csák kindred, and could manage to become Palatine for a fourth term.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=21}} He held that dignity until June 1275, when the Kőszegis, despite of the late Henry Kőszegi's betrayal, was able to retain its influence and the royal court expressed confidence towards them, when [[Nicholas I Kőszegi|Nicholas Kőszegi]] was elected Palatine, replacing Roland Rátót.{{sfn|Szőcs|2014|p=85}} Following this Roland served as ''ispán'' of Vas County in the summer of 1275.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=225}} He also functioned as Master of the treasury for [[Elizabeth of Sicily, Queen of Hungary]] between 1275 and 1276.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=68}} Beside that he was also the head of Szana County in Slavonia.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=202}} In 1277, he served as Judge royal after exactly thirty years of his first term.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=34}} In this capacity, he represented the Hungarian barons, when Ladislaus IV met [[Rudolf I of Germany]] in [[Hainburg an der Donau]] on 11 November to confirm their alliance against Ottokar II of Bohemia.{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|p=411}} Roland Rátót died in that year or early 1278. He was mentioned as a deceased person in March 1278.{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=250}}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{reflist|20em}}
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| − | ==Sources==
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| − | {{Refbegin}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |year=1979 |title=A feudális széttagolódás Magyarországon ''[Feudal Anarchy in Hungary]'' |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |isbn=963-05-1595-4|ref=harv|language=hu}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Markó |first=László |year=2006 |title=A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig: Életrajzi Lexikon ''[Great Officers of State in Hungary from King Saint Stephen to Our Days: A Biographical Encyclopedia]'' |publisher=Helikon Kiadó |isbn=963-208-970-7 |ref=harv|language=hu}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Szovák |first=Kornél |editor-last=Somfai |editor-first=Balázs |title=A Dunántúl településtörténete VII. Falvak, várak és puszták a Dunántúlon (XI–XIX. század) |publisher=[[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]] |year=1989 |pages=299–316 |chapter=Rátót nembeli Rolánd nádor kúriája [''The Curia of Palatine Roland of the Rátót Kindred''] |isbn=963-7121-16-1 |language=hu |ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Szőcs |first=Tibor |year=2014 |title=A nádori intézmény korai története, 1000–1342 ''[An Early History of the Palatinal Institution: 1000–1342]'' |publisher=Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Támogatott Kutatások Irodája |isbn=978-963-508-697-9 |language=hu |ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Szűcs |first=Jenő |year=2002 |title=Az utolsó Árpádok ''[The Last Árpáds]'' |publisher=Osiris Kiadó |isbn=963-389-271-6 |ref=harv|language=hu}}
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| − | *{{Cite book |last=Zsoldos |first=Attila |year=2007 |title=Családi ügy: IV. Béla és István ifjabb király viszálya az 1260-as években ''[A family affair: The Conflict between Béla IV and Junior King Stephen in the 1260s]''|publisher=História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete | isbn=978-963-9627-15-4|ref=harv|language=hu}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Zsoldos |first=Attila |year=2011 |title=Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 ''[Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301]'' |publisher=História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete |isbn=978-963-9627-38-3 |ref=harv|language=hu}}
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| − | {{Refend}}
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| − | {{s-start}}
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| − | {{S-hou|[[Rátót (genus)|Genus Rátót]]|name=Roland I ||{{circa}} 1215 ||1277 or 1278 }}
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| − | {{s-off}}
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| − | {{S-bef|before=[[Lawrence of Transylvania|Lawrence]]}}
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| − | {{S-ttl|title={{nowrap|[[Master of the cupbearers]]}}|years=1241}}
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| − | {{S-aft|rows=2|after=[[Maurice II Pok|Maurice Pok]]}}
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| − | |-
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| − | {{S-bef|before=[[Matthew I Csák|Matthew Csák]]}}
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| − | {{S-ttl|title={{nowrap|[[Master of the stewards]]}}|years=1242–1246}}
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| − | |-
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| − | {{succession box|title={{nowrap|[[Judge royal]]}}|before=[[Ladislaus I Kán|Ladislaus Kán]]|years=1247|after=[[Paul Geregye]]}}
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| − | |-
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| − | {{S-bef|before=[[Denis Türje]]}}
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| − | {{S-ttl|title={{nowrap|[[Palatine of Hungary]]}}|years=1248–1260}}
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| − | {{S-aft|rows=2|after=[[Henry I Kőszegi|Henry Kőszegi]]}}
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| − | |-
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| − | {{S-bef|before=[[Stephen I Gutkeled|Stephen Gutkeled]]}}
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| − | {{S-ttl|title={{nowrap|[[Ban of Slavonia]]}}|years=1260–1267}}
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| − | |-
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| − | {{succession box|title={{nowrap|[[Palatine of Hungary]]}}|before={{nowrap|[[Lawrence, son of Kemény]]}}|years=1272–1273|after={{nowrap|[[Lawrence, son of Kemény]]}}}}
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| − | {{succession box|title={{nowrap|[[Banate of Macsó|Ban of Macsó]]}}|before=[[Béla of Macsó|Béla]]<br><small>as Duke of Macsó</small>|years=1272–1273|after=[[Egyed Monoszló]]}}
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| − | {{succession box|title={{nowrap|[[Palatine of Hungary]]}}|before=[[Lawrence, son of Kemény]]|years=1273|after=[[Denis Péc]]}}
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| − | |-
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| − | {{S-bef|rows=2|before=[[Denis Péc]]}}
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| − | {{S-ttl|title={{nowrap|[[Palatine of Hungary]]}}|years=1274–1275}}
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| − | {{S-aft|after=[[Nicholas I Kőszegi|Nicholas Kőszegi]]}}
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| − | |-
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| − | {{S-ttl|title={{nowrap|[[Judge royal]]}}|years=1277}}
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| − | {{S-aft|after=[[Julius II Rátót|Julius Rátót]]}}
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| − | {{s-end}}
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| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Ratot, Roland 01}}
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| − | [[Category:1210s births]]
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| − | [[Category:1270s deaths]]
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| − | [[Category:13th-century Hungarian people]]
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| − | [[Category:Rátót (genus)|Roland 01]]
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| − | [[Category:Palatines of the Kingdom of Hungary]]
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| − | [[Category:Judges royal]]
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| − | [[Category:Bans of Slavonia]]
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| − | [[Category:Bans of Macsó]]
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| − | [[Category:Medieval Hungarian nobility]]
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| − | [[Category:Medieval Hungarian military leaders]]
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