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| + | #PATRZ [[Gutkeled I. István]] |
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| − | Za: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_I_Gutkeled]
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| − | {| align=right style="margin: 0 0 0 0; text-align: center; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; font-size: 85%; width: 250px;" class=box
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| − | {{Urzędnik infobox
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| − | |urzędnik = Stjepan Gut-Keled
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| − | |imiona =
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| − | |tytulatura = Palatyn Węgier
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| − | |grafika = Gutkeled Stephen coins.png
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| − | |opis grafiki = Banovac coins of Ban Stephen Gutkeled (1255)
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| − | |herb =
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| − | |opis herbu =
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| − | |faksymile =
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| − | |opis faksymile =
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| − | |dewiza =
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| − | |1. tytuł = Palatyn Węgier
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| − | |1. od = 1246
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| − | |1. do = 1248
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| − | |1. powołanie =
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| − | |1. poprzednik =
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| − | |1. następca =
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| − | |2. tytuł = [[Ban Chorwacki]]<br>Pobrzeża
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| − | |2. od = 1243
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| − | |2. do = 1249
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| − | |2. powołanie =
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| − | |2. poprzednik = Valegin
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| − | |2. następca = Butko
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| − | |ród = [[Gut-Keled]]
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| − | |pochodzenie = niemieckie (Szwabia)
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| − | |państwo = Chorwacja w unii<br>personalnej z Węgrami
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| − | |data urodzenia =
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| − | |miejsce urodzenia =
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| − | |data śmierci = 1248 ?
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| − | |miejsce śmierci =
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| − | |przyczyna śmierci =
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| − | |miejsce spoczynku =
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| − | |ojciec = Dragun
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| − | |matka =
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| − | |rodzeństwo =
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| − | |1. związek = nieznana
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| − | |1. związek z =
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| − | |1. związek od =
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| − | |1. związek do =
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| − | |1. dzieci = Nikola II.<br>[[Joakim Pektar]]<br>Stjepan II.<br>[[Pál Gutkeled]]
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| − | |odznaczenia =
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| − | |commons =
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| − | |wikiźródła =
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| − | |wikicytaty =
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| − | |}
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| − | '''Stephen (I) from the kindred Gutkeled''' ({{lang-hu|Gutkeled nembeli (I.) István}}, {{lang-de|Stephan von Agram}};{{sfn|Bradács|2016|p=179}} died 1259) was a Hungarian influential lord, an early prominent member of the [[Gutkeled (genus)|''gens'' Gutkeled]] and ancestor of its Majád branch. He governed the [[Duchy of Styria]] on behalf of claimants [[Béla IV of Hungary|Duke Béla]] and [[Stephen V of Hungary|Duke Stephen]] from 1254 until his death.
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| − | ==Origin and family relations==
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| − | [[File:Coa Hungary Clan Gutkeled.svg|thumb|150px|left|Coat of arms of the [[Gutkeled (genus)|''gens'' Gutkeled]]]]
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| − | Stephen was born into the Gutkeled kindred, a widely extended clan of German origin, which came from the [[Duchy of Swabia]] to the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Kingdom of Hungary]] during the reign of [[Peter, King of Hungary|Peter]] in the mid-11th century, according to [[Simon of Kéza]]'s ''[[Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum]]''. Stephen's father was a certain ''comes'' Dragun from the clan's Sárvármonostor branch. Powerful barons [[Nicholas I Gutkeled|Nicholas I]] and [[Apaj Gutkeled]] were Dragun's cousins however all of their ancestors can not be identified thus there is inability to connect the Sárvármonostor branch to the other branches of the clan. Stephen was the only known son of Dragun.{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=228}}
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| − | Stephen urodził się w pokrewnej rodzinie Gutkeled, szeroko rozległym klanie pochodzenia niemieckiego, który przybył z Księstwa Szwabii do Królestwa Węgier za panowania Piotra w połowie XI wieku, według Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum Kézy. Ojcem Szczepana był na pewno Dragun z gałęzi Sárvármonostor klanu. Potężni baronowie Mikołaj I i Apaj Gutkeled byli kuzynami Draguna, jednak nie można zidentyfikować wszystkich ich przodków, dlatego nie można połączyć gałęzi Sárvármonostor z innymi gałęziami klanu. Stephen był jedynym znanym synem Draguna. [2]
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| − | He is considered as forefather and first member of the Majád branch. He had four sons from his unidentified wife: [[Nicholas II Gutkeled|Nicholas II]], [[Joachim Gutkeled|Joachim]], [[Stephen II Gutkeled|Stephen II]] and [[Paul Gutkeled|Paul]]. All of them held important positions, e.g. [[Judge royal]], [[Master of the treasury]], Judge royal and [[Banat of Severin|Ban of Severin]], respectively. Through his youngest son Paul, Stephen was also an ancestor of the Majádi, Butkai, Keszeg de Butka, Márki, Málcai, Csatári, Ráskai, Fejes de Ráska and Vidfi de Ráska noble families.<ref>Engel: ''Genealógia'' (Genus Gutkeled 5. Sárvármonostor branch)</ref>
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| − | Uważany jest za przodka i pierwszego członka oddziału Majád. Miał czterech synów od niezidentyfikowanej żony: Mikołaja II, Joachima, Szczepana II i Pawła. Wszyscy zajmowali ważne stanowiska, np. Sędzia Royal, Master of the Treasury, Judge Royal i Ban of Severin, odpowiednio. Za pośrednictwem swojego najmłodszego syna Paula Stephen był także przodkiem rodzin szlacheckich Majádi, Butkai, Keszeg de Butka, Márki, Málcai, Csatári, Ráskai, Fejes de Ráska i Vidfi de Ráska. [3]
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| − | Joachim, his second son was one of the most infamous early [[Oligarch (Kingdom of Hungary)|oligarchs]] during the chaotic reign of [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary|Ladislaus IV]] in the 1270s. He even kidnapped the young Ladislaus and established a dominion in [[Slavonia]], excluding the royal power. Following his death in 1277, his province was divided between the [[Kőszegi family|Kőszegis]] and [[Babonići]], thus the Majád branch declined while other branches of the Gutkeled clan (for instance Rakamaz branch, where the prestigious [[Báthory family]] originated) has become increasingly important.{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=356}}
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| − | Joachim, jego drugi syn, był jednym z najbardziej niesławnych wczesnych oligarchów podczas chaotycznego panowania Władysława IV w latach 70. Porwał nawet młodego Władysława i ustanowił dominację w Slawonii, wyłączając władzę królewską. Po jego śmierci w 1277 r. Jego prowincję podzielono między Kőszegis i Babonići, dlatego gałąź Majád upadła, podczas gdy inne gałęzie klanu Gutkeled (na przykład gałąź Rakamaz, z której wywodzi się prestiżowa rodzina Báthory), zyskały na znaczeniu. [4]
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| − | ==Career in Hungary==
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| − | Stephen started his political career at the ducal court of [[Andrew of Hungary, Prince of Halych|Andrew, Prince of Halych]], the youngest son of [[Andrew II of Hungary|King Andrew II]], where he served between 1231 and 1234.{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=228}} When the young prince died without child in 1234, Stephen left the [[Principality of Halych]]. Following the death of King Andrew II in the next year, he became a loyal supporter of Béla IV, who ascended the Hungarian throne in 1235. When the [[Mongol invasion of Europe|Mongols raided Hungary in 1241]], Stephen had participated in the [[Battle of Mohi]] where the Hungarian royal army suffered a catastrophic defeat against [[Batu Khan]]'s troops. He was able to flee from the battlefield and later joined the companion of the escaping Béla IV who fled to [[Dalmatia]] after a short and unfortune bypass in the [[Duchy of Austria]].{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=228}}
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| − | After the death of [[William of Saint Omer (son of Nicholas I)|William of Saint Omer]], the King's distant relative, Stephen was appointed [[Master of the horse (Kingdom of Hungary)|Master of the horse]] around August 1242. He held the dignity until at least October 1244, but there is a non-authentic charter which suggests he served in that capacity until 1245.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=56}} Beside that Stephen also functioned as ''[[ispán]]/[[župan]]'' of Vrbas (or Orbász) County from 1243 to 1244/5, otherwise he is the first known noble, who held that ispánate in Lower Slavonia.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=178}} From 1245 to 1246, he served as Judge royal and ''ispán'' of [[Nyitra County]].{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=30}}
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| − | In 1246, he was elected Palatine of Hungary by Béla IV, replacing [[Denis Türje]]. He functioned in that position until 1247 or 1248.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=19}} During that time, in 1246, he also governed [[Somogy County (former)|Somogy County]].{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=193}} Three charters preserved that Stephen judged in Bela, [[Zalaszántó|Szántó]] ([[Zala County (former)|Zala County]]) and [[Baksa, Hungary|Baksa]] ([[Baranya County (former)|Baranya County]]) over litigation cases.{{sfn|Szőcs|2014|p=61}} From the 1230s, the monarchs occasionally entrusted the palatines, along with other barons of the realm, with specific tasks. For instance, Stephen Gutkeled and ''ispán'' [[Csák I Hahót|Csák Hahót]] ordered to destroy mills built without permission on the river [[Rába]] on Béla IV's orders.{{sfn|Szőcs|2014|p=69}}
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| − | ==Governor of Slavonia and Styria==
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| − | In 1248, Stephen became [[Ban of Slavonia]], a position which he held for an 11-year term, until his death.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=45}} He adopted the title of ''dux'' in 1254.{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=228}} His proper title was "Ban and Duke of Slavonia", according to a royal charter issued in 1254.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011|p=45}} Following the Mongol invasion, the province of Slavonia and [[Croatia in the union with Hungary|Croatia]] had an important function of border defense, as a result the royal title of [[Duke of Slavonia]] was transformed into the hands of powerful secular barons, like Denis Türje and Stephen Gutkeled, while the King's son, Duke Stephen was still a minor.{{sfn|Kristó|1979|p=49}} In Slavonia, Stephen acted as Béla's viceroy, according to a royal charter in 1248.{{sfn|Kristó|1979|p=120}} Nevertheless, Ban Stephen was embroiled in conflict with several Dalmatian towns during his decade of rule, for instance, his son Ban Nicholas Gutkeled commemorated an event, when his father unlawfully usurped lands from the town of [[Trogir]].{{sfn|Kristó|1979|p=122}} Stephen resided in [[Zagreb]] and governed the region from his palace there, where he also had an own ducal court.{{sfn|Kristó|1979|p=123}} He built up a vassal system in Slavonia, [[Royal servant (Kingdom of Hungary)|royal servants]] and ''familiaris'' were among his household. In 1256, Benedict, the Canon of Zagreb represented Stephen in the mintage and chamber at [[Pakrac]].{{sfn|Kristó|1979|p=123}}
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| − | [[File:Ptuj en 1687.PNG|thumb|right|Stephen Gutkeled governed [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]] from [[Ptuj Castle|Pettau Castle]] between 1254 and 1259]]
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| − | Stephen built several castles (including [[Jablanac]]) along the borders as part of Béla's radical reforms introduced after the Mongol invasion. He also resettled with ''hospes'' migrants the town of [[Križevci, Croatia|Križevci]] and donated privileges to the newly-inhabited settlement. Stephen was the first secular landowner in Hungary, who founded a settlement, when he settled down the inhabitants of the [[Rab|Rab Island]] to along the walls of the Jablanac Castle.{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=228}}
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| − | Béla IV, in accordance with a treaty in [[Pressburg]] (today Bratislava in [[Slovakia]]), acquired the Duchy of Styria from his rival [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]] on 1 May 1254 after a series of wars. Stephen Gutkeled was installed Captain of Styria ({{lang-la|capitaneus Stirie}}) in that year, while also maintained the dignity of Ban and Duke of Slavonia.{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=228}} He governed the occupied province from [[Ptuj Castle|Pettau Castle]] (today [[Ptuj]], [[Slovenia]]) on behalf of Béla, who adopted the title [[Duke of Styria]], contesting Ottokar's claims. During his reign, Stephen supported the local church and the nobility in [[Styria (Slovenia)|Lower Styria]], but some of the nobility from [[Upper Styria]] also joined to his league by the end of 1256.{{sfn|Bradács|2016|p=179}}
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| − | However, Stephen was unable to consolidate the Hungarian rule in Styria due the Bohemians' counter-propaganda and activity. The Styrian noblemen rose up in rebellion against Stephen Gutkeled and routed him in early 1258.{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=177}} Stephen Gutkeled unsuccessfully besieged his former seat, Pettau in the first half of the year, defended by Seifried von Mahrenberg, who defeated the Hungarian troops. Ban Stephen could barely escape from the battlefield, when he swam across the [[Danube]] along with his horse.{{sfn|Bradács|2016|p=185}} He had to flee Styria, however Béla and his son, Stephen jointly invaded Styria with mostly [[Cumans|Cuman]] auxiliary troops, restored his suzerainty and Béla appointed his oldest son, Stephen as the new Duke of Styria.{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=177}} Their campaign was also connected to the war of succession between Philip of Carinthia and Ulrich of Seckau for the [[Archbishopric of Salzburg]].{{sfn|Bradács|2016|p=182}} Duke Stephen and his captain, Stephen Gutkeled launched a plundering raid in [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]] in the spring of 1259, in retaliation of Duke [[Ulrich III, Duke of Carinthia|Ulrich III of Carinthia]]'s (brother of Archbishop Philip) support of the Styrian rebels.{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=177}} Following the death of Gutkeled, his position remained vacant and shortly thereafter the province lost for the Hungarians, when the Styrian lords sought assistance from Ottokar and vanquished the Hungarian army in the [[Battle of Kressenbrunn]] on 12 June 1260.{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=179}}
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| − | Stephen Gutkeled was also notable for the first Ban, who minted his own marten-adorned silver ''[[denarius]]'' in whole Slavonia, the so-called ''[[banovac]]'' or ''banski denar''. The first coins were issued in 1255 by the Pakrac Chamber, according to a 1256 royal charter of Béla IV. Stephen's coins marked Styrian influence, as historian [[Bálint Hóman]] writes in his high-impact work in 1916.{{sfn|Weisz|2010|p=330}} Later the mintage's seat moved from Pakrac to Zagreb by 1260.{{sfn|Weisz|2010|p=330}} His ''banovac'' was considered a high quality currency and when the [[Coinage in the Kingdom of Hungary|minting of golden coins]] began under [[Charles I of Hungary]] in 1323, Gutkeled's coins served as an example and base for the new florins. The self-coiange of the Ban of Slavonia (and Croatia) have persisted until the 1350s.{{sfn|Kristó|1979|p=125}}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{reflist|2}}
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| − | ==Sources==
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| − | {{Refbegin}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Bradács |first=Gábor |editor1-last=Pósán |editor1-first=László |editor2-last=Veszprémy |editor2-first=László | title=Elfeledett háborúk. Középkori csaták és várostromok (6–16. század) |publisher=Zrínyi Kiadó |year=2016 |pages=171–197 |chapter=Gutkeled nembeli István szlavón bán és István ifjabb király harcai a salzburgi érsekségért vívott háborúban (1258–1259) |isbn=978-963-3276-96-9|ref=harv|language=hu}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |year=1979 |title=A feudális széttagolódás Magyarországon ''[Feudal Anarchy in Hungary]'' |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |isbn=963-05-1595-4|ref=harv|language=hu}}
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| − | *{{Cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |year=2003 |title=Háborúk és hadviselés az Árpádok korában ''[Wars and Tactics under the Árpáds]''|publisher=Szukits Könyvkiadó | isbn=963-9441-87-2|ref=harv|language=hu}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Markó |first=László |year=2006 |title=A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig: Életrajzi Lexikon ''[Great Officers of State in Hungary from King Saint Stephen to Our Days: A Biographical Encyclopedia]'' |publisher=Helikon Kiadó |isbn=963-208-970-7 |ref=harv|language=hu}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Szőcs |first=Tibor |year=2014 |title=A nádori intézmény korai története, 1000–1342 ''[An Early History of the Palatinal Institution: 1000–1342]'' |publisher=Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Támogatott Kutatások Irodája |isbn=978-963-508-697-9 |language=hu |ref=harv}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Weisz |first=Boglárka |editor-last= |editor-first= |title=Középkortörténeti tanulmányok 6. |publisher=[[University of Szeged]] |year=2010 |pages=327–335 |chapter=A zágrábi kamara az Árpádok korában [''The Chamber of Zagreb in the Árpád age''] |isbn=|ref=harv|language=hu}}
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| − | * {{cite book |last=Zsoldos |first=Attila |year=2011 |title=Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 ''[Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301]'' |publisher=História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete |isbn=978-963-9627-38-3 |ref=harv|language=hu}}
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| − | {{Refend}}
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| − | {{s-start}}
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| − | {{S-hou|[[Gutkeled (genus)|Genus Gutkeled]]|name=Stephen I ||? ||1259 }}
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| − | {{s-off}}
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| − | {{succession box|title=[[Master of the horse (Kingdom of Hungary)|Master of the horse]]|before=[[William of Saint Omer (son of Nicholas I)|William of Saint Omer]]|years=1242–1245|after=[[Csák I Hahót|Csák Hahót]]}}
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| − | {{succession box|title=[[Judge royal]]|before=[[Demetrius I Csák|Demetrius Csák]]|years=1245–1246|after=[[Ladislaus I Kán|Ladislaus Kán]]}}
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| − | {{succession box|title=[[Palatine of Hungary]]|before=[[Denis Türje]]|years=1246–1248|after=[[Denis Türje]]}}
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| − | {{succession box|title=[[Ban of Slavonia]]|before=[[Rostislav Mikhailovich]]|years=1248–1259|after=[[Roland I Rátót|Roland Rátót]]}}
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| − | {{s-end}}
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| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Gutkeled, Stephen 01}}
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| − | [[Category:1259 deaths]]
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| − | [[Category:13th-century Hungarian people]]
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| − | [[Category:Gutkeled (genus)|Stephen 01]]
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| − | [[Category:Palatines of the Kingdom of Hungary]]
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| − | [[Category:Judges royal]]
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| − | [[Category:Bans of Slavonia]]
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| − | [[Category:Rulers of Styria]]
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| − | '''Stjepan iz roda [[Gut-Keled]],''' sin [[Apaj Gut-Keled|Apajeva]] i [[Nikola Gut-Keled|Nikolina]] brata Draguna pratio je kralja [[Bela IV.|Belu IV.]] prigodom povlačenja pred [[Tatari|Tatarima]] (1241.), 1245. bio je dvorski sudac, a [[1246.]] imenovan je [[palatin]]om. Potom je obnašao dužnost bana cijele [[Slavonija|Slavonije]] (1248. – 1259.), [[Primorska Hrvatska (kneževina)|primorski (banus maritimus)]] [[Ban|ban]] ([[1243.]] – [[1249.]]) i kapetana [[Štajerska (vojvodstvo)|Štajerske]] (1254. – 1258.). Stjepan je otac [[Nikola Gut-Keled od Gacke|Nikole od Gacke]] Hrvatskog [[Ban|bana]] i [[Knez|kneza]] [[Gacka (župa)|Gacke]].
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| − | Stjepan od plemena Gutkeled, [[Ban|ban]] cijele Slavonije sjeverno od [[križevačka utvrda|križevačke utvrde]] (castrum) organizira naselje doseljenika (današnji [[Gornji grad]]), a [[24. travnja]] [[1252.]] godine izdaje povelju, kojom proglašava Križevce "novim slobodnim gradom" (''novarum et liberam villam in Crisio''). Iz te povelje jasno se vidi da ban to čini na korist i čast kralja (''pro utilitete et honore regis''). Godinu dana kasnije, točnije [[16. kolovoza]] [[1253.]] godine, ovu povlasticu potvrdio je glasovitom [[Zlatna bula Bele IV.|Zlatnom bulom]] i sam kralj [[Bela IV.]]
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| − | == Patrz ==
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| − | * [[Dodatek:Spis chronologiczny chorwackich banów]]
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| − | [[Kategoria:Chorwaccy banowie]]
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| − | [[Kategoria:Chorwacka szlachta]]
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| − | [[Kategoria:Artykuły wymagające uzupełnienia źródeł]]
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