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== Średniowieczna Liburnia ==
 
== Średniowieczna Liburnia ==
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Po upadku Cesarstwa Rzymskiego i prawdopodobnie już od 490 r. Liburnia w Dalmacji przeszła pod panowanie Ostrogotów, które trwało sześć dekad. Region Savia został administracyjnie dodany do gotyckiej prowincji Dalmacji; stolicą obu prowincji była Salona (Solin), siedziba władcy „przychodzi Dalmatiarum et Saviae” [1]
  
 
  <small><small><small><small>After the fall of the Roman Empire and probably already from 490 AD, Liburnia within Dalmatia passed to the rule of the [[Ostrogoths]], which lasted for six decades. The region of [[Pannonia Savia|Savia]] was administratively added to the Gothic province of Dalmatia; the capital city of the both provinces was [[Salona]] ([[Solin, Croatia|Solin]]), a seat of the ruler "''comes Dalmatiarum et Saviae''".<ref>A. Uglešić, ''Nakit istočnih Gota na području rimske provincije Dalmacije, Hrvati Goti'', Marjan tisak, Split, 2003, pages 17-18, 99-100</ref> </small></small></small></small>
 
  <small><small><small><small>After the fall of the Roman Empire and probably already from 490 AD, Liburnia within Dalmatia passed to the rule of the [[Ostrogoths]], which lasted for six decades. The region of [[Pannonia Savia|Savia]] was administratively added to the Gothic province of Dalmatia; the capital city of the both provinces was [[Salona]] ([[Solin, Croatia|Solin]]), a seat of the ruler "''comes Dalmatiarum et Saviae''".<ref>A. Uglešić, ''Nakit istočnih Gota na području rimske provincije Dalmacije, Hrvati Goti'', Marjan tisak, Split, 2003, pages 17-18, 99-100</ref> </small></small></small></small>
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Gotowie stracili większość Dalmacji i części Liburnii na południowym wschodzie wokół Skradina w 536 r., W wojnie z bizantyjskim cesarzem Justynianem Wielkim, który rozpoczął odbudowę terytoriów byłego Cesarstwa Zachodniego (patrz Wojna Gotycka), podczas gdy część Liburni w Ravni Kotari z Zadarem poddała się Bizantyjczykom w 552 r. [2] Jednak północna Liburnia i reszta klasycznej Liburni pozostały w rękach gotyckich do 555 r .; po bizantyjskim podboju Savii (540 r.) i Istrii (543 r.) została zorganizowana w specjalnej jednostce administracyjno-terytorialnej państwa gotyckiego, znanej jako „Liburnia Tarsatica”, prowincji wojskowej podlegającej bezpośrednio Gotharum osiedlonej w Akwilei [3].
  
 
  <small><small><small><small>The Goths lost the most of Dalmatia and a part of Liburnia in the south-east around Skradin in 536 AD, in war against the [[Byzantium|Byzantine]] emperor [[Justinian the Great]] who started it to reconquer the territories of the former [[Western Empire]] (see [[Gothic War (535–554)|Gothic War]]), while a part of Liburnia in [[Ravni Kotari]] with [[Zadar]] surrendered to the Byzantines in 552 AD.<ref>S. Antoljak, Zadar pod vlašću istočnih Gota, Zadarska revija, XX/1971, pages 139-146</ref> However, northern Liburnia and the rest of Classical Liburnia remained in the Gothic hands until 555 AD; after Byzantine conquest of Savia (540 AD) and Istria (543 AD) it was organized to special administrative-territorial unit of the Gothic state, known as "''Liburnia Tarsatica''", military province directly subject to ''comes Gotharum'' settled in Aquilea.<ref>N. Klaić, ''Povijest Hrvata u srednjem vijeku'', page 16</ref> </small></small></small></small>
 
  <small><small><small><small>The Goths lost the most of Dalmatia and a part of Liburnia in the south-east around Skradin in 536 AD, in war against the [[Byzantium|Byzantine]] emperor [[Justinian the Great]] who started it to reconquer the territories of the former [[Western Empire]] (see [[Gothic War (535–554)|Gothic War]]), while a part of Liburnia in [[Ravni Kotari]] with [[Zadar]] surrendered to the Byzantines in 552 AD.<ref>S. Antoljak, Zadar pod vlašću istočnih Gota, Zadarska revija, XX/1971, pages 139-146</ref> However, northern Liburnia and the rest of Classical Liburnia remained in the Gothic hands until 555 AD; after Byzantine conquest of Savia (540 AD) and Istria (543 AD) it was organized to special administrative-territorial unit of the Gothic state, known as "''Liburnia Tarsatica''", military province directly subject to ''comes Gotharum'' settled in Aquilea.<ref>N. Klaić, ''Povijest Hrvata u srednjem vijeku'', page 16</ref> </small></small></small></small>
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Ten region „morsko-wojskowy”, chroniony przez ciężką flotę, stał się barierą dla kroku armii bizantyjskiej do Liki i Gorskiego Kotaru, utrzymując bezpieczną drogę kontynentalną przez Tarsaticę do Akwilei i północnych Włoch. Według anonimowego kosmografa z Rawenny (VI lub VII wiek) Liburnia Tarsatica rozważała wszystkie przybrzeżne miasta od Albony (Labin) do Elony (Aenona, Nin) klasycznych osad Liburnia i Japodian w głębi lądu (Lika). [4] [5]
  
 
  <small><small><small><small>This "military-naval" region, protected by heavy fleet, became a barrier to the Byzantine army step to [[Lika]] and [[Gorski Kotar]], keeping safe continental road route over ''Tarsatica'' to [[Aquileia]] and northern Italy. According to anonymous [[Ravenna Cosmography|Cosmographer of Ravenna]] (6th or 7th century), ''Liburnia Tarsatica'' considered all coastal cities from ''Albona'' ([[Labin]]) to ''Elona'' (''Aenona'', [[Nin, Croatia|Nin]]) of Classical Liburnia and [[Iapodes|Iapodian]] settlements in the inland ([[Lika]]).<ref>M. Suić, ''Liburnia Tarsaticencis, Adriatica prehistorica et antique'', Zbornik G. Novak, Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 1970, pages 706-716</ref><ref>J. Medini, ''Provincia Liburnia'', Diadora, vol. 9, Zadar, 1980, pages 395, 414</ref> </small></small></small></small>
 
  <small><small><small><small>This "military-naval" region, protected by heavy fleet, became a barrier to the Byzantine army step to [[Lika]] and [[Gorski Kotar]], keeping safe continental road route over ''Tarsatica'' to [[Aquileia]] and northern Italy. According to anonymous [[Ravenna Cosmography|Cosmographer of Ravenna]] (6th or 7th century), ''Liburnia Tarsatica'' considered all coastal cities from ''Albona'' ([[Labin]]) to ''Elona'' (''Aenona'', [[Nin, Croatia|Nin]]) of Classical Liburnia and [[Iapodes|Iapodian]] settlements in the inland ([[Lika]]).<ref>M. Suić, ''Liburnia Tarsaticencis, Adriatica prehistorica et antique'', Zbornik G. Novak, Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 1970, pages 706-716</ref><ref>J. Medini, ''Provincia Liburnia'', Diadora, vol. 9, Zadar, 1980, pages 395, 414</ref> </small></small></small></small>
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Od 550 i 551 r. Słowianie (Sclabenoi) zaczęli się przedzierać do Ilirii i Dalmacji, jak odnotował Procopius; niektórzy sądzili, że był to początek kolonizacji słowiańskiej, która trwała przez kilka następnych stuleci. Początkowe jądro etniczne pod chorwacką nazwą pochodzi z libijskiego lądu, skąd wkrótce rozprzestrzeniło się na całą Liburnię, a stamtąd na inne regiony byłej prowincji Illyricum. W epoce przedromańskiej Liburnianie byli zorganizowani w 14 gminach (tetradekapolis), Chorwaci prawdopodobnie korzystali z istniejącej struktury gminy iliryjskiej i mieli 14 powiatów, starych chorwackich form polityczno-jurysdykcyjnych (gmin), jak donosi Constantine Porphyrogenitus, podczas gdy wiele z dwunastu plemion starochorwackich osiedlono w Liburni. W następnych stuleciach język chorwacki nakładał się na język dalmatyński używany w Liburni i Dalmacji [6], a już pod koniec IX wieku na wyspach wodnych w Zadarze ponad 70% toponimów stanowiły formy słowiańskie [7].
  
 
  <small><small><small><small>From 550 and 551 AD, the Slavs (''Sclabenoi'') started to break into [[Illyria]] and [[Dalmatia]], as recorded by [[Procopius]]; by some thinking it was beginning of Slavic colonization there, which lasted during the next few centuries. Initial ethnic nucleus under [[Croats|Croatian]] name originated in Liburnian inland from where it soon spread to all Liburnia and from there to the other regions of former [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]] province. In the pre-Roman ages, the Liburnians had been organized in 14 municipalities (''tetradekapolis''), the Croats probably used existing Illyrian municipality structure and had 14 županijas, Old Croatian political-jurisdictional forms (municipalities), as reported by [[Constantine VII|Constantine Porphyrogenitus]], while many of twelve Old Croatian tribes were settled in Liburnia. In the next centuries [[Croatian language]] overlaid [[Dalmatian language]] spoken in Liburnia and Dalmatia<ref>I. Mužić, ''Hrvatska povijest IX stoljeća'', Naklada Bošković, Split, 2007, page 117, 145</ref> and already by the end of the 9th century, in the islands of Zadar aquatory, more than 70% of toponyms were Slavic forms.<ref>Nada Klaić, Ivo Petricioli, ''Prošlost Zadra – knjiga II, Zadar u srednjem vijeku do 1409''., Filozofski fakultet Zadar, 1976, page 59</ref>  </small></small></small></small>
 
  <small><small><small><small>From 550 and 551 AD, the Slavs (''Sclabenoi'') started to break into [[Illyria]] and [[Dalmatia]], as recorded by [[Procopius]]; by some thinking it was beginning of Slavic colonization there, which lasted during the next few centuries. Initial ethnic nucleus under [[Croats|Croatian]] name originated in Liburnian inland from where it soon spread to all Liburnia and from there to the other regions of former [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]] province. In the pre-Roman ages, the Liburnians had been organized in 14 municipalities (''tetradekapolis''), the Croats probably used existing Illyrian municipality structure and had 14 županijas, Old Croatian political-jurisdictional forms (municipalities), as reported by [[Constantine VII|Constantine Porphyrogenitus]], while many of twelve Old Croatian tribes were settled in Liburnia. In the next centuries [[Croatian language]] overlaid [[Dalmatian language]] spoken in Liburnia and Dalmatia<ref>I. Mužić, ''Hrvatska povijest IX stoljeća'', Naklada Bošković, Split, 2007, page 117, 145</ref> and already by the end of the 9th century, in the islands of Zadar aquatory, more than 70% of toponyms were Slavic forms.<ref>Nada Klaić, Ivo Petricioli, ''Prošlost Zadra – knjiga II, Zadar u srednjem vijeku do 1409''., Filozofski fakultet Zadar, 1976, page 59</ref>  </small></small></small></small>

Wersja z 05:34, 8 cze 2020

Średniowieczna Liburnia

Po upadku Cesarstwa Rzymskiego i prawdopodobnie już od 490 r. Liburnia w Dalmacji przeszła pod panowanie Ostrogotów, które trwało sześć dekad. Region Savia został administracyjnie dodany do gotyckiej prowincji Dalmacji; stolicą obu prowincji była Salona (Solin), siedziba władcy „przychodzi Dalmatiarum et Saviae” [1]

After the fall of the Roman Empire and probably already from 490 AD, Liburnia within Dalmatia passed to the rule of the Ostrogoths, which lasted for six decades. The region of Savia was administratively added to the Gothic province of Dalmatia; the capital city of the both provinces was Salona (Solin), a seat of the ruler "comes Dalmatiarum et Saviae".[1] 

Gotowie stracili większość Dalmacji i części Liburnii na południowym wschodzie wokół Skradina w 536 r., W wojnie z bizantyjskim cesarzem Justynianem Wielkim, który rozpoczął odbudowę terytoriów byłego Cesarstwa Zachodniego (patrz Wojna Gotycka), podczas gdy część Liburni w Ravni Kotari z Zadarem poddała się Bizantyjczykom w 552 r. [2] Jednak północna Liburnia i reszta klasycznej Liburni pozostały w rękach gotyckich do 555 r .; po bizantyjskim podboju Savii (540 r.) i Istrii (543 r.) została zorganizowana w specjalnej jednostce administracyjno-terytorialnej państwa gotyckiego, znanej jako „Liburnia Tarsatica”, prowincji wojskowej podlegającej bezpośrednio Gotharum osiedlonej w Akwilei [3].

The Goths lost the most of Dalmatia and a part of Liburnia in the south-east around Skradin in 536 AD, in war against the Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great who started it to reconquer the territories of the former Western Empire (see Gothic War), while a part of Liburnia in Ravni Kotari with Zadar surrendered to the Byzantines in 552 AD.[2] However, northern Liburnia and the rest of Classical Liburnia remained in the Gothic hands until 555 AD; after Byzantine conquest of Savia (540 AD) and Istria (543 AD) it was organized to special administrative-territorial unit of the Gothic state, known as "Liburnia Tarsatica", military province directly subject to comes Gotharum settled in Aquilea.[3] 

Ten region „morsko-wojskowy”, chroniony przez ciężką flotę, stał się barierą dla kroku armii bizantyjskiej do Liki i Gorskiego Kotaru, utrzymując bezpieczną drogę kontynentalną przez Tarsaticę do Akwilei i północnych Włoch. Według anonimowego kosmografa z Rawenny (VI lub VII wiek) Liburnia Tarsatica rozważała wszystkie przybrzeżne miasta od Albony (Labin) do Elony (Aenona, Nin) klasycznych osad Liburnia i Japodian w głębi lądu (Lika). [4] [5]

This "military-naval" region, protected by heavy fleet, became a barrier to the Byzantine army step to Lika and Gorski Kotar, keeping safe continental road route over Tarsatica to Aquileia and northern Italy. According to anonymous Cosmographer of Ravenna (6th or 7th century), Liburnia Tarsatica considered all coastal cities from Albona (Labin) to Elona (Aenona, Nin) of Classical Liburnia and Iapodian settlements in the inland (Lika).[4][5] 

Od 550 i 551 r. Słowianie (Sclabenoi) zaczęli się przedzierać do Ilirii i Dalmacji, jak odnotował Procopius; niektórzy sądzili, że był to początek kolonizacji słowiańskiej, która trwała przez kilka następnych stuleci. Początkowe jądro etniczne pod chorwacką nazwą pochodzi z libijskiego lądu, skąd wkrótce rozprzestrzeniło się na całą Liburnię, a stamtąd na inne regiony byłej prowincji Illyricum. W epoce przedromańskiej Liburnianie byli zorganizowani w 14 gminach (tetradekapolis), Chorwaci prawdopodobnie korzystali z istniejącej struktury gminy iliryjskiej i mieli 14 powiatów, starych chorwackich form polityczno-jurysdykcyjnych (gmin), jak donosi Constantine Porphyrogenitus, podczas gdy wiele z dwunastu plemion starochorwackich osiedlono w Liburni. W następnych stuleciach język chorwacki nakładał się na język dalmatyński używany w Liburni i Dalmacji [6], a już pod koniec IX wieku na wyspach wodnych w Zadarze ponad 70% toponimów stanowiły formy słowiańskie [7].

From 550 and 551 AD, the Slavs (Sclabenoi) started to break into Illyria and Dalmatia, as recorded by Procopius; by some thinking it was beginning of Slavic colonization there, which lasted during the next few centuries. Initial ethnic nucleus under Croatian name originated in Liburnian inland from where it soon spread to all Liburnia and from there to the other regions of former Illyricum province. In the pre-Roman ages, the Liburnians had been organized in 14 municipalities (tetradekapolis), the Croats probably used existing Illyrian municipality structure and had 14 županijas, Old Croatian political-jurisdictional forms (municipalities), as reported by Constantine Porphyrogenitus, while many of twelve Old Croatian tribes were settled in Liburnia. In the next centuries Croatian language overlaid Dalmatian language spoken in Liburnia and Dalmatia[6] and already by the end of the 9th century, in the islands of Zadar aquatory, more than 70% of toponyms were Slavic forms.[7]  
Plik:Map of the Western Balkans around 814 AD.png
Księstwo „Dalmacji i Liburni” jako jednego z adriatyckich „Sklaviniae” ok. 800
From the 6th to 9th century, names Liburnia and Dalmatia were continually used for separate specifics in the sources, not necessarily meaning that Liburnia was a separate political unit, but it was certainly used as for Classical Liburnia territorial range. At the end of the 8th century Charlemagne conquered Pannonia and Dacia, then Istria, Liburnia and Dalmatia, but the main littoral Liburnian and Dalmatian cites, however, remained under Byzantine control, organized to a Dalmatian archonty with Jadera (Zadar) in status of a provincial metropolis. The most of Liburnia was under direct Frankish rule (king, Friulian duke) and separated from Croatian Principality of Dalmatia until 820 AD. By some suppositions, Croatian prince Borna was a Frankish vassal sent from Liburnia to Dalmatia to organize it into a vassal state to the Frankish Empire; in 820 AD, Louis the Pious rewarded him for his merits and devotion, by giving also Liburnia to his jurisdiction. Borna enjoyed a title of "dux Dalmatiae atque Liburniae".[8]  
After Borna, Croatian rulers replaced "Liburnia" with "Croatia" in their titles and continually after reign of Držislav (969-997) they were the kings of "Dalmatia and Croatia";[9] thus geographical name Liburnia has disappeared from official use and has been further used only for a historical land. 
  1. A. Uglešić, Nakit istočnih Gota na području rimske provincije Dalmacije, Hrvati Goti, Marjan tisak, Split, 2003, pages 17-18, 99-100
  2. S. Antoljak, Zadar pod vlašću istočnih Gota, Zadarska revija, XX/1971, pages 139-146
  3. N. Klaić, Povijest Hrvata u srednjem vijeku, page 16
  4. M. Suić, Liburnia Tarsaticencis, Adriatica prehistorica et antique, Zbornik G. Novak, Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 1970, pages 706-716
  5. J. Medini, Provincia Liburnia, Diadora, vol. 9, Zadar, 1980, pages 395, 414
  6. I. Mužić, Hrvatska povijest IX stoljeća, Naklada Bošković, Split, 2007, page 117, 145
  7. Nada Klaić, Ivo Petricioli, Prošlost Zadra – knjiga II, Zadar u srednjem vijeku do 1409., Filozofski fakultet Zadar, 1976, page 59
  8. I. Mužić, Hrvatska povijest IX stoljeća, Naklada Bošković, Split, 2007, pages 82, 83
  9. I. Guberina, Državna politika, I., page 158