Friuli: Różnice pomiędzy wersjami
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<small><small><small><small>The duchy of Friuli was from the start one of the most important Lombard duchies. It served as a barrier against the threat of invasion by the [[Avars (Carpathians)|Avars]] and [[Slavs]] from [[Pannonia]]. Among the duchies of the North, which were closely aligned with the crown (unlike [[Duchy of Spoleto|Spoleto]] and [[Duchy of Benevento|Benevento]] to the South), it was the most powerful, probably due to its [[Marches|marcher]] status. Among later dukes, [[Ratchis]] became king in 744 and his ducal successor, [[Aistulf]], succeeded him as king in 749. The historian [[Paul the Deacon]] was born in Friuli (730/5), he went on to write the ''Historia Langobardorum'' and taught Latin grammar at [[Charlemagne]]'s court. Another teacher and a trusted advisor Charlemagne's court, [[Paulinus II of Aquileia|Paulinus]], was born at Cividale and eventually became patriarch of Aquileia. </small></small></small></small> | <small><small><small><small>The duchy of Friuli was from the start one of the most important Lombard duchies. It served as a barrier against the threat of invasion by the [[Avars (Carpathians)|Avars]] and [[Slavs]] from [[Pannonia]]. Among the duchies of the North, which were closely aligned with the crown (unlike [[Duchy of Spoleto|Spoleto]] and [[Duchy of Benevento|Benevento]] to the South), it was the most powerful, probably due to its [[Marches|marcher]] status. Among later dukes, [[Ratchis]] became king in 744 and his ducal successor, [[Aistulf]], succeeded him as king in 749. The historian [[Paul the Deacon]] was born in Friuli (730/5), he went on to write the ''Historia Langobardorum'' and taught Latin grammar at [[Charlemagne]]'s court. Another teacher and a trusted advisor Charlemagne's court, [[Paulinus II of Aquileia|Paulinus]], was born at Cividale and eventually became patriarch of Aquileia. </small></small></small></small> | ||
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| + | Po tym, jak Królestwo Włoch spadło do Franków, księstwo Friuli zostało przekształcone w hrabstwa zgodnie z modelem frankońskim. Region został ponownie zorganizowany w Marsz Friuli w 846 roku. Marsz został przyznany dynastii Unruoching. Friuli stał się bazą władzy Berengara I podczas jego walk o tron Włoch między 888 a 924 rokiem. | ||
<small><small><small><small>After the [[Kingdom of Italy (medieval)|Kingdom of Italy]] fell to the [[Franks]], the duchy of Friuli was reorganized into counties according to the Frankish model. The region was again reorganized into the [[March of Friuli]] in 846. The march was granted to the [[Unruochings|Unruoching dynasty]]. Friuli became the base of power of [[Berengar I of Italy|Berengar I]] during his struggles for the throne of Italy between 888 and 924. </small></small></small></small> | <small><small><small><small>After the [[Kingdom of Italy (medieval)|Kingdom of Italy]] fell to the [[Franks]], the duchy of Friuli was reorganized into counties according to the Frankish model. The region was again reorganized into the [[March of Friuli]] in 846. The march was granted to the [[Unruochings|Unruoching dynasty]]. Friuli became the base of power of [[Berengar I of Italy|Berengar I]] during his struggles for the throne of Italy between 888 and 924. </small></small></small></small> | ||
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| + | Marsz został przekształcony pod jego rządami, jego terytorium rozciągało się na jezioro Garda, stolica przeniosła się do Werony, a na jej miejscu ustanowiono nowy Marsz Werony i Akwilei. Przez ponad sto lat terytorium podlegało Księstwu Bawarii, a następnie Księstwu Karyntii. | ||
<small><small><small><small>The march was transformed under his rule, its territory extended to [[Lake Garda]], the capital moved to [[Verona]], and a new [[March of Verona and Aquileia]] established in its place. The territory was now subjected to the [[Duchy of Bavaria]], then to the [[Duchy of Carinthia]], for more than a century. </small></small></small></small> | <small><small><small><small>The march was transformed under his rule, its territory extended to [[Lake Garda]], the capital moved to [[Verona]], and a new [[March of Verona and Aquileia]] established in its place. The territory was now subjected to the [[Duchy of Bavaria]], then to the [[Duchy of Carinthia]], for more than a century. </small></small></small></small> | ||
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| + | 3 kwietnia 1077 r. Cesarz Henryk IV nadał hrabstwu Friuli status książęcy Sigaerdowi, patriarchowi Akwilei. W kolejnych stuleciach patriarchat rozszerzył kontrolę nad sąsiednimi Triestem, Istrią, Karyntią, Styrią i Cadore. Patriarchalne państwo Friuli było jedną z najlepiej zorganizowanych polityk włoskiego średniowiecza. Od XII wieku posiadał parlament reprezentujący gminy, a także szlachtę i duchowieństwo. Ta instytucja przetrwała tylko sześć wieków, pozostając przy życiu, ale słaba nawet podczas dominacji Wenecji. Zwołał się po raz ostatni w 1805 roku, kiedy został zniesiony przez Napoleona Bonaparte. Patriarcha Marquardo z Randeck (1365–1381) zebrał się i skodyfikował wszystkie prawa Friuli i ogłosił je jako Constitutiones Patriae Foriiulii („Konstytucje kraju Friuli”). Cividale del Friuli był siedzibą Patriarchatu do 1238 roku, kiedy patriarcha przeniósł swoją siedzibę do Udine, gdzie zbudował wspaniały gmach biskupi. Udine było tak ważne, że z czasem stało się stolicą instytucjonalną Friuli. | ||
<small><small><small><small>On 3 April 1077, the [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Henry IV]] granted the county of Friuli, with ducal status, to [[Sigaerd]], [[Patriarch of Aquileia]]. In the succeeding centuries, the patriarchate expanded its control over neighboring [[Trieste]], [[Istria]], [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]], [[Styria]], and [[Cadore]]. The patriarchal state of Friuli was one of the best organized polities of the Italian Middle Ages. From the 12th century it possessed a [[parliament]] representing the [[Comune|communes]] as well as the nobility and the clergy. This institution only survived six centuries, remaining alive yet weak even during [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] domination. It convened for the last time in 1805, when it was abolished by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]. The Patriarch [[Marquardo of Randeck]] (1365–1381) had gathered together and codified all the laws of Friuli and promulgated them as the ''[[Constitutiones Patriae Foriiulii]]'' ("Constitutions of the Country of Friuli"). Cividale del Friuli was seat of the Patriarchate until 1238, when the patriarch moved his seat to [[Udine]], where he had a magnificent episcopal edifice constructed. Udine was so important that it in time became the institutional capital of Friuli. </small></small></small></small> | <small><small><small><small>On 3 April 1077, the [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Henry IV]] granted the county of Friuli, with ducal status, to [[Sigaerd]], [[Patriarch of Aquileia]]. In the succeeding centuries, the patriarchate expanded its control over neighboring [[Trieste]], [[Istria]], [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]], [[Styria]], and [[Cadore]]. The patriarchal state of Friuli was one of the best organized polities of the Italian Middle Ages. From the 12th century it possessed a [[parliament]] representing the [[Comune|communes]] as well as the nobility and the clergy. This institution only survived six centuries, remaining alive yet weak even during [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] domination. It convened for the last time in 1805, when it was abolished by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]. The Patriarch [[Marquardo of Randeck]] (1365–1381) had gathered together and codified all the laws of Friuli and promulgated them as the ''[[Constitutiones Patriae Foriiulii]]'' ("Constitutions of the Country of Friuli"). Cividale del Friuli was seat of the Patriarchate until 1238, when the patriarch moved his seat to [[Udine]], where he had a magnificent episcopal edifice constructed. Udine was so important that it in time became the institutional capital of Friuli. </small></small></small></small> | ||
Wersja z 07:00, 8 cze 2020
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