Banat Severin

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Źródło: Banate of Severin

Banate of Severin
Szörényi bánság
Banatul Severinului
Северинска бановина
banate of Kingdom of Hungary
13th century–16th century x30px →
 
x30px →
Location of Banate of Severin
Banate of Severin, late 13th century
History
 • style="padding-left:0em;text-align:left;"|Established 13th century
 • style="padding-left:0em;text-align:left;"|Disestablished 16th century
Today part of 
Rumunia
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Plik:Banate of severin.png
Map of the Banate of Severin

The Banate of Severin or Banate of Szörény (; ; ; Szablon:Lang-bg, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; Szablon:Lang-sr, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) was a Hungarian political, military and administrative unit with a special role in initially anti-Bulgarian, latterly anti-Ottoman defensive system of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. It was founded by Prince Béla in 1228.

Territory

The Banate of Severin was a march (or a border province) of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary between the Lower Danube and the Olt River (in present-day Oltenia in Romania).{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} A charter of grant, issued on 2 June 1247 for the Knights Hospitallers, mentioned the Olt as its eastern border.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} The Knights received the "Land of Severin" (Terra de Zeurino),{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} along with the nearby mountains, from Béla IV of Hungary.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} The king had described the same region as a "deserted and depopulated" land in a letter to Pope Gregory IX on 7 June 1238.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} Modern scholars assume that either the Hungarian conquest of the territory or confrontations between Bulgaria and Hungary had forced the local population to flee.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} Historian László Makkai says, the population obviously began to increase by the end of the 1230s, because Béla requested the pope to appoint a bishop to Severin.[1]

The 1247 charter of grant also mentioned that "Cumania" bordered the Land of Severin from the east.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} The same diploma listed two Vlach (or Romanian) political units—the kenezatus of John and Farcaș—which were subjected to the Hospitallers on this occasion.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} A third kenezatus, which was ruled by Voivode Litovoi, was not included in the grant, but it was left to the Vlachs "as they had held it".{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} However, Béla gave the Hospitallers the half of the royal revenues collected in Litovoi's land, with the exception of the revenues from the "Land of Hátszeg" (now Țara Hațegului in Romania).{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} Alexandru Madgearu says, the diploma shows that Litovoi's kenezatus bordered the Land of Severin to the north, thus the banate must have only included southern Oltenia in the middle of the 13th century.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} The kenezatus of Voivode Seneslau, which was located to the east of the Olt, was fully excluded from the grant.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}

The bans initially had their seat at the fortress of Szörény (now Drobeta-Turnu Severin in Romania).{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} After Szörény was lost in the late 13th century, the fort of Miháld (now Mehadia in Romania) was the center of the province.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} In addition to Miháld, the banate included Orsova (now Orșova in Romania) and the Romanian districts along the upper course of the Temes (Timiș) river.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}

History

Kaloyan of Bulgaria occupied the region between the rivers Cerna and the Olt around 1199.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} The Kingdom of Hungary was also expanding over the Carpathian Mountains in the early 13th century, which gave rise to conflicts between the two countries.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} The Cuman tribes dwelling to the east of the Olt as far as the river Siret agreed to pay a yearly tribute to the kings of Hungary in early 1227.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}} The Hungarians captured the Bulgarian fortress of Severin during a military campaign against Bulgaria in 1231.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn|template=sfn}}

After the 1526 Battle of Mohács, the Banate of Severin was divided. South-eastern part (eastwards from Varcsaró - Vârciorova, today part of Bolvașnița) came under the jurisdiction of Wallachian princes and in the north-western part (westwards from Orsova - present-day Orșova - inclusive) was gradually reorganized into the Banate of Lugos and Karánsebes.

Bans of Severin

Szablon:Empty section

Lista banów

Trzynasty wiek

Term Incumbent Monarch Notes Source
c. 1226–c. 1232 Hahót II. Buzád II. András He styled himself "former ban" in 1233. His close relationship with II. András's son, IV. Béla, Duke of Transylvania, suggests that he was the ban of Severin (instead of being the ban of Slavonia). sfn|template=sfn}}
c. 1233 Lucas I. Péc II. András sfn|template=sfn}}
1235 Szák Pósa IV. Béla Also Master of the treasury and ispán (or head) of Bács County sfn|template=sfn}}
c. 1240 Osl Osl IV. Béla sfn|template=sfn}}
c. 1243 Csák István IV. Béla sfn|template=sfn}}
c. 1260 Lawrence, syn Kemény'a IV. Béla Pierszy raz. sfn|template=sfn}}
c. 1262 István IV. Béla He is only mentioned in a non-authentic charter. sfn|template=sfn}}
c. 1263 Lawrence V. István (młody król) Also Master of the treasury of Stephen V. sfn|template=sfn}}
c. 1268 Sándor, syn Druga V. István (młody król) sfn|template=sfn}}
c. 1268 Csák III. Ugrin V. István (młody król) Pierwszy raz. sfn|template=sfn}}
c. 1270 Lawrence, syn Kemény'a V. István Drugi raz. Also ispán of Doboka County. sfn|template=sfn}}
c. 1270 Panyit Miskolc ?? V. István sfn|template=sfn}}
1271–1272 Lawrence, syn Kemény'a V. István Third rule. Also ispán of Doboka County. sfn|template=sfn}}
1272 Ákos Albert V. István sfn|template=sfn}}
1272–1274 Gutkeled Pál IV. László First rule. Also ispán of Valkó and Doboka Counties. sfn|template=sfn}}
1274–1275 Csák III. Ugrin IV. László Drugi raz. sfn|template=sfn}}
1275 Gutkeled Pál IV. László Drugi raz. sfn|template=sfn}}
1275–1276 Kökényes-Radnót II. Mikod IV. László sfn|template=sfn}}
1276 Csák III. Ugrin IV. László Trzeci raz. sfn|template=sfn}}
1277–1278 Gutkeled Pál (?) IV. László Jest wymieniony tylko w nieautentycznych kartach. Trzeci raz rule. sfn|template=sfn}}
1279 Lawrence, syn Kemény'a IV. László Pierwszy raz. sfn|template=sfn}}
1291 Lawrence, syn Kemény'a III. András Drugi raz, but he may have continuously held the office from 1279 to 1291 sfn|template=sfn}}
  1. 1299-1307 Tárnok András
  2. 1308-1313 Tárnok András i Tárnok Márton
  3. 1314-1318 Csornai Domokos
  4. 1319-1323 Rátholti László
  5. 1323-1329 Dénes Szécsi
  6. 1324 Pál
  7. 1330-1341 Szécsi Dénes

Czternasty wiek

Term Incumbent Monarch Notes Source
1335–1341 Szécsi Denes Charles I Also master of the stewards. sfn|template=sfn}}
1342–1349 Losonci István Charles I, I. Lajos sfn|template=sfn}}
1350–1355 Szécsi I. Miklós I. Lajos Also ispán of Keve and Krassó Counties. sfn|template=sfn}}
1355–1359 Lackfi Dénes I. Lajos Also master of the horse, and ispán of Keve and Krassó Counties. sfn|template=sfn}}
1359–1379 Wakat. sfn|template=sfn}}
1375–1376 Treutel János I. Lajos sfn|template=sfn}}
1376–1387 Wakat. sfn|template=sfn}}

1

Szablon:Div col

  1. 1387 Losonci László Jr.
  2. 1387-1388 Losonci István
  3. 1388-1390 Kaplai-Serkei János
  4. 1390-1391 Perényi Miklós
  5. 1392 Gerebenci Szemere
  6. 1392-1393 Bebek Detre
  7. 1393 Szécsi Frank
  8. 1393-1397 wakat
  9. 1397 Lukács of Oszkola
  10. 1393-1408 wakat
  11. 1408-1409 Pipo of Ozora
  12. 1409 vacant
  13. 1410 Lőrinc, son of Majos
  14. 1410-1428 vacant
  15. 1428 Marcali Imre
  16. 1430-1435 Redwitz Miklós
  17. 1429-1435 wakat
  18. 1435 Hagymás László z Beregszó and [Dancs János]] of Macedonia
  19. 1436-1439 Tallóczi Frank
  20. 1439-1446 Hunyadi János
  21. 1445-1446 Újlaki Miklós
  22. 1447-1454 Csornai Mihály
  23. 1449 Csornai Balázs
  24. 1452-1454 Péter Dancs of Sebes
  25. 1455-57 wakat
  26. 1458 Bethlen Vlad i Bethlen Gergely
  27. 1459-1460 wakat
  28. 1460 Dóczi László
  29. 1462-1463 Újlaki Miklós
  30. 1464-1466 wakat
  31. 1466 Pongrácz János of Dengeleg
  32. 1467 wakat
  33. 1467 István and Mihály de Muthnoki
  34. 1468-1471 wakat
  35. 1471-1478 Hédervári Imre
  36. 1478 Erdő János i Bethlen Domokos
  37. 1478 wakat
  38. 1479 Török Ambrus i Szenthelsebethi György
  39. 1479 Pathócsy Bertalan
  40. 1480-1483 Pathócsy Bertalan i Haraszti Ferenc
  41. 1483-1489 Haraszti Ferenc i Szokoly András
  42. 1490 Ozorai Imre
  43. 1491 Ozorai Imre i Dánfy András of Doboz
  44. 1491-1492 Haraszti Ferenc and Dánfy András of Doboz
  45. 1492 Csulai Móré Fülöp
  46. 1492-1494 Csulai Móré Fülöp i Balassa Ferenc
  47. 1495-1501 Macskási Tárnok Péter i Gerlisthey Jakab
  48. 1501 Gerlisthey Jakab i Bélai Barnabás
  49. 1502 Gerlisthey Jakab i Macskási Tárnok Péter
  50. 1503 Bélai Barnabás
  51. 1503 Gerlisthey Jakab
  52. 1504-1508 Gerlisthey Jakab i Barnabás Bélai
  53. 1508-1513 Mihály Paksi and Barnabás Bélai
  54. 1514 Bélai Barnabás i János Szapolyai
  55. 1515-1516 Hagymási Miklós of Berekszó
  56. 1517-1518 wakat
  57. 1519 Bélai Barnabás
  58. 1520-1521 Gerlisthey Miklós
  59. 1522-1523 Kállay János Vitéz
  60. 1524-1526 Kállay János Vitéz i Szapolyai János
  61. 1526-1540 Under the rule of Lugos and Karánsebes Bans
  62. 1526-1860 Under Ottoman occupation

Szablon:Div col end

References

  1. ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=citation }}

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Sources

  • Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4. 
  • Engel, Pál (1996) (hu). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1301–1457, I. [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1301–1457, Volume I]. História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 963-8312-44-0. 
  • Madgearu, Alexandru (2017). The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire, 1185–1280. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-32501-2. 
  • Makkai, László (1994a). "szörényi bánság [Banate of Severin]". u: Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (hu). Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század) [Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th centuries)]. Akadémiai Kiadó. str. 657. ISBN 963-05-6722-9. 
  • Makkai, László (1994b). "The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)". u: Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István i dr... History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. str. 178–243. ISBN 963-05-6703-2. 
  • Papacostea, Șerban (1998). Between the Crusade and the Mongol Empire. Center for Transylvanian Studies, Romanian Cultural Foundation. ISBN 973-577-186-1. 
  • Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2013). "De manibus Valachorum scismaticorum...": Romanians and Power in the Mediaeval Kingdom of Hungary, The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Peter Land Edition. ISBN 978-3-631-64866-7. 
  • Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83756-1. 
  • Zsoldos, Attila (2011) (hu). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301]. História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 978-963-9627-38-3. 


References

External links

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Źródło: „http://natusiewicz.pl/felczak/index.php?title=Banat_Severin&oldid=5942”