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| − | The | + | The Battle of Una (Croatian: Bitka na Uni) was fought on 29 and 30 October 1483 between the regional Ottoman forces, mostly from the Sanjak of Bosnia, and the Kingdom of Croatia near Brod Zrinski (modern-day Novi Grad in Bosnia and Herzegovina) at the Una River crossing and was one of the first major Croatian victories against the Ottoman Empire. The Croatian army was led by the Ban of Croatia Matthias Geréb and several members of the House of Frankopan, joined by other Croatian nobles and the Despot of Serbia, Vuk Grgurević. Their goal was to intercept the Ottomans that were moving towards the Una River. In the battle that lasted for 2 days the Ottomans were defeated and soon a 7-year truce was signed with Sultan Bayezid II. |
| − | + | <small><small>The '''Battle of Una''' ({{lang-hr|Bitka na Uni}}) was fought on 29 and 30 October 1483 between the regional Ottoman forces, mostly from the [[Sanjak of Bosnia]], and the [[Kingdom of Croatia (1102–1526)|Kingdom of Croatia]] near Brod Zrinski (modern-day [[Novi Grad, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Novi Grad]] in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]) at the [[Una (Sava)|Una River]] crossing and was one of the first major Croatian victories against the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The Croatian army was led by the [[Ban of Croatia]] [[Matthias Geréb]] and several members of the [[House of Frankopan]], joined by other [[Croatian nobility|Croatian nobles]] and the [[Despot of Serbia]], [[Vuk Grgurević]]. Their goal was to intercept the Ottomans that were moving towards the Una River. In the battle that lasted for 2 days the Ottomans were defeated and soon a 7-year truce was signed with Sultan [[Bayezid II]]. </small></small> | |
| − | + | ==Tło== | |
| − | + | <small><small>Following the fall of [[Počitelj, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Počitelj]] on the [[Neretva River]] in 1471, the whole land between [[Cetina]] and Neretva rivers except the coastline fell into Ottoman hands. To prevent further Ottoman expansion, King [[Matthias Corvinus]] named [[Nicholas of Ilok]] titular [[King of Bosnia]]. The [[Kingdom of Bosnia]] was conquered by the Ottomans in 1463 and their last king [[Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia|Stephen Tomašević]] was beheaded by [[Mehmed the Conqueror|Mehmed II]]. Soon Nicholas of Ilok was named Ban of Croatia and Slavonia, making them a single administrative unit. His task was to take the parts of [[Bosnia]] that were still held by the Ottomans, but he failed to do so. Following his death King Matthias broke into Bosnia and reached [[Sarajevo]], however, his success was temporary. In 1482 the Ottomans conquered all the remaining strongholds in [[Herzegovina]].<ref>Ferdo Šišić: Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600 – 1918, Zagreb, p. 242</ref> That same year Ottoman forces from the [[Sanjak of Bosnia]] plundered [[Carniola]], while in 1483 they ravaged the surroundings of [[Ptuj]] in [[Lower Styria]].<ref>Rudolf Horvat: Povijest Hrvatske I. (od najstarijeg doba do g. 1657.)/Hrvatska god. 1479.—1490.</ref> </small></small> | |
| − | + | ==Bitwa== | |
| − | + | <small><small>In early October 1483 Sultan [[Bayezid II]] sent a large Ottoman force of around 7000 [[Akıncı]], led by Harsi Pasha and Serli Hasan, that crossed the Una and Sava rivers and broke into Croatia. The most affected areas were the countrysides of [[Jastrebarsko]] and [[Petrovina]]. Their army was split into 3 parts, each going its own course, with one continuing towards Carniola and [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]] on 16 October.<ref name=Mazuran/><ref name=Mijatovic>Anđelko Mijatović: ''Bitka na Krbavskom polju 1493. godine''; Zagreb, 2005, p. 35</ref> Matthias Gereb, who became the [[Ban of Croatia]] that year, was informed about the raid, but he was lacking the forces to confront the Ottomans. Therefore, he started assembling an army with the Croatian nobles; Count [[Bernardin Frankopan]], [[Ivan Frankopan Cetinski]], Mihovil Frankopan Slunjski, Petar Zrinski and ban deputy Gašpar Perušić, who were later joined by [[Despot of Serbia]] [[Vuk Grgurević]] and [[Blaise Magyar]]. A part of the Croatian cavalry was sent to track the Ottomans on distance and if an opportunity comes up to intercept them.<ref name=Klaic1/><ref name=Mazuran/> </small></small> | |
| − | == | + | <small><small>On their way back the Ottoman armies merged into one, leading many captives that were slowing them down. Upon hearing of a large army trailing them, the Ottomans tried to evade a fight and reach the Bosnian Sanjak without a trace. The Croatian army waited for them at the Una River crossing near Brod Zrinski (modern-day [[Novi Grad, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Novi Grad]]).<ref name=Klaic1/> Since there was no other crossing nearby, fighting started on 29 October. The battle was halted by the nightfall, during which the Ottomans took position at the foot of a nearby hill. Fighting continued the next day at dawn and resulted in a total defeat of the Ottoman army. Around 2,000 Ottomans were imprisoned,<ref name=Klaic1/><ref name=Mijatovic/> while more than 1,000 fell on the battlefield.<ref name=Mazuran/> According to a report from King Matthias Corvinus, 10,000 Christian prisoners were liberated.<ref name=Klaic2/> The King sent a special letter of gratitude to Ban Matthias Geréb and the Croatian nobles and informed [[Pope Sixtus IV]] about the victory on 6 November.<ref name=Mazuran/> </small></small> |
| − | Shortly after the battle a 7-year truce was signed with Sultan Bayezid II that lasted until the death of King Matthias Corvinus in 1490. Although during that time no major battles were fought, local border clashes continued.<ref name=Pavlicevic>Dragutin Pavličević: [https://books.google.com/books?id=MUfjAAAAMAAJ Krbavska bitka i njezine posljedice], 1997, p. 46</ref> The Sultan used this truce to strengthen his rule and prepare fresh forces for new conquests and the expansion of his Empire westward, that continued in 1490.<ref>Ive Mažuran: Povijest Hrvatske od 15. stoljeća do 18. stoljeća, p. 38</ref> Croatia had another victory against the Ottomans in the [[Battle of Vrpile]] in 1491, but also a huge defeat in the [[Battle of Krbava Field]] in 1493.<ref name=Macan>Trpimir Macan: Povijest hrvatskog naroda, Zagreb, 1992, p. 120</ref> | + | |
| + | ==Skutki== | ||
| + | |||
| + | <small><small>Shortly after the battle a 7-year truce was signed with Sultan Bayezid II that lasted until the death of King Matthias Corvinus in 1490. Although during that time no major battles were fought, local border clashes continued.<ref name=Pavlicevic>Dragutin Pavličević: [https://books.google.com/books?id=MUfjAAAAMAAJ Krbavska bitka i njezine posljedice], 1997, p. 46</ref> The Sultan used this truce to strengthen his rule and prepare fresh forces for new conquests and the expansion of his Empire westward, that continued in 1490.<ref>Ive Mažuran: Povijest Hrvatske od 15. stoljeća do 18. stoljeća, p. 38</ref> Croatia had another victory against the Ottomans in the [[Battle of Vrpile]] in 1491, but also a huge defeat in the [[Battle of Krbava Field]] in 1493.<ref name=Macan>Trpimir Macan: Povijest hrvatskog naroda, Zagreb, 1992, p. 120</ref> </small></small> | ||
==Przypisy== | ==Przypisy== | ||
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The Battle of Una (Croatian: Bitka na Uni) was fought on 29 and 30 October 1483 between the regional Ottoman forces, mostly from the Sanjak of Bosnia, and the Kingdom of Croatia near Brod Zrinski (modern-day Novi Grad in Bosnia and Herzegovina) at the Una River crossing and was one of the first major Croatian victories against the Ottoman Empire. The Croatian army was led by the Ban of Croatia Matthias Geréb and several members of the House of Frankopan, joined by other Croatian nobles and the Despot of Serbia, Vuk Grgurević. Their goal was to intercept the Ottomans that were moving towards the Una River. In the battle that lasted for 2 days the Ottomans were defeated and soon a 7-year truce was signed with Sultan Bayezid II. The Battle of Una () was fought on 29 and 30 October 1483 between the regional Ottoman forces, mostly from the Sanjak of Bosnia, and the Kingdom of Croatia near Brod Zrinski (modern-day Novi Grad in Bosnia and Herzegovina) at the Una River crossing and was one of the first major Croatian victories against the Ottoman Empire. The Croatian army was led by the Ban of Croatia Matthias Geréb and several members of the House of Frankopan, joined by other Croatian nobles and the Despot of Serbia, Vuk Grgurević. Their goal was to intercept the Ottomans that were moving towards the Una River. In the battle that lasted for 2 days the Ottomans were defeated and soon a 7-year truce was signed with Sultan Bayezid II. Spis treściTłoFollowing the fall of Počitelj on the Neretva River in 1471, the whole land between Cetina and Neretva rivers except the coastline fell into Ottoman hands. To prevent further Ottoman expansion, King Matthias Corvinus named Nicholas of Ilok titular King of Bosnia. The Kingdom of Bosnia was conquered by the Ottomans in 1463 and their last king Stephen Tomašević was beheaded by Mehmed II. Soon Nicholas of Ilok was named Ban of Croatia and Slavonia, making them a single administrative unit. His task was to take the parts of Bosnia that were still held by the Ottomans, but he failed to do so. Following his death King Matthias broke into Bosnia and reached Sarajevo, however, his success was temporary. In 1482 the Ottomans conquered all the remaining strongholds in Herzegovina.[1] That same year Ottoman forces from the Sanjak of Bosnia plundered Carniola, while in 1483 they ravaged the surroundings of Ptuj in Lower Styria.[2] BitwaIn early October 1483 Sultan Bayezid II sent a large Ottoman force of around 7000 Akıncı, led by Harsi Pasha and Serli Hasan, that crossed the Una and Sava rivers and broke into Croatia. The most affected areas were the countrysides of Jastrebarsko and Petrovina. Their army was split into 3 parts, each going its own course, with one continuing towards Carniola and Carinthia on 16 October.[3][4] Matthias Gereb, who became the Ban of Croatia that year, was informed about the raid, but he was lacking the forces to confront the Ottomans. Therefore, he started assembling an army with the Croatian nobles; Count Bernardin Frankopan, Ivan Frankopan Cetinski, Mihovil Frankopan Slunjski, Petar Zrinski and ban deputy Gašpar Perušić, who were later joined by Despot of Serbia Vuk Grgurević and Blaise Magyar. A part of the Croatian cavalry was sent to track the Ottomans on distance and if an opportunity comes up to intercept them.[5][3] On their way back the Ottoman armies merged into one, leading many captives that were slowing them down. Upon hearing of a large army trailing them, the Ottomans tried to evade a fight and reach the Bosnian Sanjak without a trace. The Croatian army waited for them at the Una River crossing near Brod Zrinski (modern-day Novi Grad).[5] Since there was no other crossing nearby, fighting started on 29 October. The battle was halted by the nightfall, during which the Ottomans took position at the foot of a nearby hill. Fighting continued the next day at dawn and resulted in a total defeat of the Ottoman army. Around 2,000 Ottomans were imprisoned,[5][4] while more than 1,000 fell on the battlefield.[3] According to a report from King Matthias Corvinus, 10,000 Christian prisoners were liberated.[6] The King sent a special letter of gratitude to Ban Matthias Geréb and the Croatian nobles and informed Pope Sixtus IV about the victory on 6 November.[3] SkutkiShortly after the battle a 7-year truce was signed with Sultan Bayezid II that lasted until the death of King Matthias Corvinus in 1490. Although during that time no major battles were fought, local border clashes continued.[7] The Sultan used this truce to strengthen his rule and prepare fresh forces for new conquests and the expansion of his Empire westward, that continued in 1490.[8] Croatia had another victory against the Ottomans in the Battle of Vrpile in 1491, but also a huge defeat in the Battle of Krbava Field in 1493.[9] Przypisy
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- ↑ Ive Mažuran: Povijest Hrvatske od 15. stoljeća do 18. stoljeća, str. 37
- ↑ Vjekoslav Klaić: Povijest Hrvata od najstarijih vremena do svršetka XIX. stoljeća, Knjiga četvrta, Zagreb, 1988, str. 166
