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| − | [[Kategoria:3]] | + | #PATRZ [[Nándorfehérvár ostroma]] |
| − | {{Uwaga|
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| − | |strona = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1440)
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| − | |autorzy = https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Belgrade_(1440)&action=history
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| − | |nota = angielski
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| − | {| | + | {{SORTUJ:Oblężenie, Belgrad}} |
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| + | [[Kategoria:Przekierowane]] |
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| − | {{Infobox military conflict
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| − | | conflict = Oblężenie Belgradu (1440)
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| − | |epoka = średniowiecze
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| − | | width =
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| − | | partof = tureckie wojny w Europie<br>i serbsko-tureckie wojny
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| − | | image =
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| − | | caption =
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| − | | date = koniec kwietnia 1440 — październik 1440
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| − | | place = [[Belgrad]], [[Despotat Serbii]]
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| − | |casus =
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| − | | territory =
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| − | | result = Węgierskie zwycięstwo
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| − | | status =
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| − | | combatants_header =
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| − | | combatant1 = [[Plik:Coa Hungary Country History (15th century).svg|22px]] [[Królestwo Węgier]]<br>[[Plik:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Serbian_Despotate.svg|22px]] [[Despotat Serbii]]
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| − | | combatant2 = [[Plik:Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_1.svg|22px]] [[Imperium Osmańskie]]
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| − | | combatant3 =
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| − | | commander1 = [[Plik:Coa Hungary Country History (15th century).svg|22px]] [[Thuróci János]]
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| − | | commander2 = [[Plik:Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_1.svg|22px]] [[Murad II]]<br>[[Plik:Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_1.svg|22px]] [[Ali Bey Evrenosoglu]]
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| − | | commander3 =
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| − | | units1 =
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| − | | units2 =
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| − | | units3 =
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| − | | strength1 = 3000-5000
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| − | | strength2 = 35,000
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| − | | strength3 =
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| − | | casualties1 = nieznane
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| − | | casualties2 = 17,000 (wczesne źródła chrześcijańskie)<ref name="T͡Svetkova1979">{{cite book|last=T͡Svetkova|first=Bistra Andreeva|title=Pametna bitka na narodite: evropeĭskii͡a︡t i͡u︡goiztok i osmanskoto zavoevanie--krai͡a︡ na XIV i pŭrvata polovina na XV v|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAYcAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Kn-vo "Georgi Bakalov"|language=Bulgarian|page=91|quote=...17 000 жертви в тия тежки сражения за овладяване}}</ref>
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| − | | casualties3 =
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| − | | notes =
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| − | {{Podboje Turcji Osmańskiej}}
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| − | {{Wojny serbsko-tureckie}}
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| − | The '''Siege of Belgrade''' was a siege of [[Belgrade]], an important fortified town of the [[Serbian Despotate]] and the key fortress of the Hungarian defense line after the Ottoman subjugation of Serbia in 1439, by the forces of the [[Ottoman Empire]], spanning over five months in 1440.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|pp=236–240}}
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| − | == Background ==
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| − | The struggle the throne of Hungary and Slavonia resulted with civil war and served as an opportunity for advance of the Ottomans. Sultan Murad II seized this opportunity and decided to capture Belgrade.<ref name="Magaš2007">{{cite book|last=Magaš|first=Branka|title=Croatia through history: the making of a European state|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OY5pAAAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Saqi|page=74}}</ref>
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| − | ==Forces==
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| − | [[Murad II]] and [[Ali Beg Evrenosoglu]] commanded the Ottoman Army. They built a wall around the city and used it to hurl stones.<ref name="Babinger1992">{{cite book|author=Franz Babinger|title=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA18|year=1992|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-01078-1|pages=18–}}</ref> They also used cannons cast in Smederevo, captured a year before.<ref name="ParryYapp1975">{{cite book|last1=Parry|first1=Vernon J.|last2=Yapp|first2=Malcolm|authorlink2=Malcolm Yapp|title=War, technology and society in the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ip1tAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=185}}</ref>
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| − | The strength of the Belgrade garrison is unknown.<ref name="Šolajić1954">{{cite book|last=Šolajić|first=Dragutin|title=Ratna prošlost Beograda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sn0aAAAAIAAJ|year=1954|publisher=Beogradske novine|page=50|quote=Колика је била јачина београдске посаде није познато}}</ref> The Belgrade castle was protected by the canons which were placed there during the period of [[Serbian Despot]] [[Stefan Lazarević]].<ref name="Tasić1995">{{cite book|last=Tasić|first=Nikola|title=Istorija Beograda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5riAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, Balkanološki institut|page=67|quote= Град јс био снабдевен топовима који су били распорсђени још у времс деспота Стефана Лазаревића.}}</ref> Besides Talovac's banderij (around 500 men) from Croatia the garrison was enforced with [[Czechs|Czech]] and [[Italians|Italian]] mercenaries who were archers. Local Hungarian population also assisted defenders<ref name="Klaić1901">{{cite book|last=Klaić|first=Vjekoslav|authorlink=Vjekoslav Klaić|title=Povjest Hrvata: od najstarijih vremena do svršetka XIX. stoljeća |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFlBAQAAMAAJ|year=1901|publisher=Tisak i naklada knjižare L. Hartmana (Kugli i Deutsch)|page=175}}</ref> Talovac's forces had significant advantage because some of them used [[rifle]]s, which was the first usage of the rifles against the Ottomans.<ref>{{cite book|title=Prosvjeta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUsiAQAAMAAJ|year=1908|publisher=Društvo hrvatskih književnika.|page=415|quote=Tako je dakle Ivan Talovac mogao prvi upotiebiti puške u ratu s Turcima. }}</ref>
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| − | == Battle ==
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| − | Murad II approached Belgrade with his forces at the end of April 1440.<ref name="Klaić1901 2">{{cite book|last=Klaić|first=Vjekoslav |authorlink=Vjekoslav Klaić |title=Povjest Hrvata: Dio 1. Treće dova: Vladanje kraljeva iz raznih porodica (1301-1526) 1. knj. Anžuvinci i Sigismund do gubitka Dalmacije (1301-1409)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jxBLAAAAYAAJ|year=1901|publisher=Tisak i naklada knjižare L. Hartmana|page=175}}</ref> Taloci was not immediately aware of the size of the Ottoman forces and initially had intended to defeat them on the open battlefield. When he went out of the castle and realized that his forces were heavily outnumbered by the Ottomans, he retreated to the city.<ref name="Klaić1901"/> Murad II besieged the city and fortified his forces around it. He ordered building of mobile towers and cannons of different sizes.<ref name="Klaić1901"/>
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| − | According to [[Konstantin Mihailović]], the title of bey and corresponding estate was promised to the Ottoman soldier who would wave the Ottoman flag on the Belgrade walls. Although Evrenosoglu already had the title of bey at that time, he decided to personally lead the assault on the walls of the Belgrade castle, in hopes of increasing his already great reputation.{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|pp=240–244}}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{Reflist|30em}}
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| − | == Źródło ==
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| − | *{{cite book|last=Jefferson|first=John|title=The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438-1444|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FpvqWWpUYSoC&pg=PA240|date=17 August 2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-21904-8|pages=235–246|ref=harv}}
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| − | {{Coord|44.49|10.28|display=title}}
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| − | [[Category:Conflicts in 1440]]
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| − | [[Category:Serbian Despotate]]
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| − | [[Category:Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire|Belgrade 1440]]
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| − | [[Category:Battles involving Serbia in the Middle Ages|Belgrade 1440]]
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| − | [[Category:Battles of the Ottoman–Serbian Wars|Belgrade 1440]]
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| − | [[Category:1440 in the Ottoman Empire]]
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| − | [[Category:15th century in Belgrade]]
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| − | [[Category:Military history of Belgrade]] | |
