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| − | [[Kategoria:2]] | + | #PATRZ [[Erdélyi szászul]] |
| − | [[Kategoria:Strony przetłumaczone z angielskiej Wikipedii]]
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| − | {{Uwaga|
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| − | |strona = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect
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| − | |autorzy = https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect&action=history
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| − | |nota = angielski
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| − | }}
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| − | {|
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| − | {{More footnotes|date=May 2016}}
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| − | __NOTOC__
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| − | {{Infobox language
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| − | |name=Transylvanian Saxon
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| − | |nativename=Siweberjesch Såksesch
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| − | |pronunciation=
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| − | |states=[[Romania]], [[Germany]], [[Austria]]
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| − | |region=[[Transylvania|Transylvania (Siebenbürgen)]]
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| − | |speakers= {{circa}} 200,000
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| − | |familycolor=Indo-European
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| − | |fam2=[[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
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| − | |fam3=[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
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| − | |fam4=[[Elbe Germanic|Irminonic]]
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| − | |fam5=[[High German languages|High German]]
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| − | |fam6=[[West Central German]]
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| − | |fam7=[[Central Franconian]]
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| − | |fam8=[[Moselle Franconian dialects|Moselle Franconian]]
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| − | |map=Deutschsiebenbürgen.svg
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| − | |mapcaption=Areas where Transylvanian Saxon was spoken in 1918 (but with Swabian in the west).
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| − | |isoexception=dialect
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| − | |glotto=tran1294
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| − | |glottorefname=Transylvanian Saxon
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| − | }}
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| − | [[File:WIKITONGUES- Thomas speaking Transylvanian Saxon.webm|thumb|A Transylvanian Saxon speaker, recorded in [[Germany]].]]
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| − | '''Transylvanian Saxon''' (Saxon: ''Siweberjesch-Såksesch'' or just ''Såksesch'', {{Lang-de|Siebenbürgisch-Sächsisch}} or {{lang|de|siebenbürgisch-sächsische Sprache}}, {{Lang-hu|Erdélyi szász nyelv}}, {{Lang-ro|Limba săsească}} or {{lang|ro|dialectul săsesc}}) is the German dialect of the [[Transylvanian Saxons]].
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| − | In terms of [[comparative linguistics]], it pertains to the [[Moselle Franconian dialects|Moselle Franconian]] group of [[West Central German]] dialects. In this particular respect, it must be stressed that it shares a consistent amount of lexical similarities with [[Luxembourgish]].
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| − | The dialect was mainly spoken in [[Transylvania]] (contemporary central [[Romania]]), by individuals of [[Germans|German]], [[Flemish people|Flemish]], and [[Walloons|Walloon]] origins who were settled in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] starting in the 12th century.
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| − | In the contemporary era, the vast majority of the native speakers have emigrated in several waves, initially to [[Germany]] and [[Austria]], but then subsequently to the [[United States of America|USA]], [[Canada]] as well as other [[Western Europe]]an countries, managing in the process to preserve (at least temporarily) their specific language there.
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| − | Before the [[Romanian Revolution|Romanian Revolution of 1989]], most of the Transylvanian Saxons were still living in Transylvania. During the communist dictatorship of [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]], many thousands of these Saxons were sold per capita{{specify}} for a huge amount of money paid to socialist Romania by [[West Germany]].
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| − | By 1990, the number of Saxons living in Transylvania had decreased dramatically. Shortly after the fall of Communism, from 1991 to 1994, many Transylvanian Saxons who still remained in Transylvania decided to ultimately emigrate to Germany, leaving just a minority of about 15,000 to 16,000 Transylvanian Saxons in Romania.
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| − | The number of native Transylvanian Saxon speakers today is estimated at 200,000 persons. Transylvanian Saxon is also the native language of the current [[president of Romania]], [[Klaus Iohannis]].
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| − | ==Alphabet==
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| − | * A - a
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| − | * B - be
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| − | * C - ce
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| − | * D - de
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| − | * E - e
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| − | * F - ef
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| − | * G - ge
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| − | * H - ha
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| − | * I - i
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| − | * J - jot
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| − | * K - ka
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| − | * L - el
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| − | * M - em
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| − | * N - en
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| − | * O - o
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| − | * P - pe
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| − | * Q - ku
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| − | * R - er
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| − | * S - es
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| − | * T - te
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| − | * U - u
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| − | * V - vau
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| − | * W - we
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| − | * X - ix
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| − | * Y - ipsilon
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| − | * Z - zet<ref>{{cite web |title=Transylvanian Saxon |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/transylvaniansaxon.htm |website=Omniglot |access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref>
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| − | ==Orthography and pronunciation==
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| − | ===Vowels===
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| − | * a - [a/aː]
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| − | * au - [aʊ̯]
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| − | * å - [ɔː]
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| − | * ä - [ɛ/ɛː]
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| − | * äi - [eɪ̯]
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| − | * e - [ɛ~e~ə/eː]
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| − | * ei - [aɪ̯]
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| − | * ë - [e]
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| − | * i - [ɪ/iː]
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| − | * ië - [i]
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| − | * o - [ɔ/oː]
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| − | * u - [ʊ/uː]
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| − | * uë - [u]
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| − | * ü/y - [ʏ/yː]<ref>{{cite web |title=Transylvanian Saxon language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/transylvaniansaxon.htm |website=Omniglot |access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref>
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| − | ===Consonants===
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| − | * b - [b~p]
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| − | * c - [k~g̊]
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| − | * ch - [x~ʃ]
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| − | * ck - [k]
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| − | * d - [d~t]
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| − | * dsch - [d͡ʒ]
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| − | * f - [f]
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| − | * g - [g~k~ʃ]
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| − | * h - [h~ː]
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| − | * j - [j]
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| − | * k - [k~g̊]
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| − | * l - [l]
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| − | * m - [m]
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| − | * n - [n]
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| − | * ng - [ŋ]
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| − | * nj - [ɲ]
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| − | * p - [p~b̥]
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| − | * pf - [p͡f]
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| − | * qv - [kv]
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| − | * r - [r~∅]
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| − | * s - [s~ʃ~z]
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| − | * sch - [ʃ]
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| − | * ss - [s]
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| − | * t - [t~d̥]
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| − | * tsch - [t͡ʃ]
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| − | * v - [f/v]
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| − | * w - [v]
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| − | * x - [ks]
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| − | * z - [t͡s]<ref>{{cite web |title=Transylvanian Saxon language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/transylvaniansaxon.htm |website=Omniglot |access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref>
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| − | == Bibliografia ==
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| − | * ''Siebenbürgisch-Sächsisches Wörterbuch''. A. Schullerus, B. Capesius, A. Tudt, S. Haldenwang ''et al.'' (in German)
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| − | ** Band 1, Buchstabe A – C, 1925, de Gruyter, ASIN: B0000BUORT
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| − | ** Band 2, Buchstabe D – F, 1926, de Gruyter, ASIN: B0000BUORU
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| − | ** Band 3, Buchstabe G, 1971, de Gruyter, ASIN: B0000BUORV
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| − | ** Band 4, Buchstabe H – J, 1972
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| − | ** Band 5, Buchstabe K, 1975
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| − | ** Band 6, Buchstabe L, 1997, Böhlau Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-412-03286-9}}
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| − | ** Band 7: Buchstabe M, 1998, Böhlau Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-412-09098-2}}
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| − | ** Band 8, Buchstabe N - P, 2002, Böhlau Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-412-12801-2}}
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| − | ** Band 9: Buchstabe Q - R, 2007, Böhlau Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-412-06906-3}}
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| − | == Przypisy ==
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| − | {{izvori}}
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| − | == Linki zewnętrzne ==
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| − | * SibiWeb: [http://www.sibiweb.de/mundart/sprache.php3 Die Sprache des siebenbürgisch-sächsischen Volkes] von Adolf Schullerus (German)
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| − | * Verband der Siebenbürgersachsen in Deutschland: [http://www.siebenbuerger.de/medien/sprachaufnahmen/ Sprachaufnahmen in siebenbürgisch-sächsischer Mundart] - Audiosamples (German, Såksesch)
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| − | * Siebenbürgersachsen Baden-Württemberg: [http://www.siebenbuerger-sachsen-bw.de/buch/sachsen/12.htm Die Mundart der Siebenbürger Sachsen] von Waltraut Schuller (German)
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| − | * [http://www.languagesandpeoples.com/Eng/Direct/Germanic/SglLgCtlGerTrslvHonigberg.htm Hörprobe in Siebenbürgersächsisch] (Mundart von Honigberg - Hărman) und Vergleich mit anderen Germanischen Sprachen (German)
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| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Transylvanian Saxon Language}}
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| − | [[Category:Transylvanian-Saxon people| ]]
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| − | [[Category:Central German languages]]
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| − | [[Category:German dialects]]
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| − | [[Category:Languages of Romania]]
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| − | [[Category:Languages of Hungary]] | |
