Struktura administracyjna Królestwa Węgier

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Powiat (węgierski: vármegye lub megye; to pierwsze odnosi się do hrabstw Królestwa Węgier) to nazwa rodzaju jednostki administracyjnej na Węgrzech. Ten artykuł dotyczy hrabstw byłego Królestwa Węgier od X wieku do traktatu w Trianon z 1920 roku. Lista poszczególnych hrabstw znajduje się w sekcji Podział administracyjny Królestwa Węgier. Informacje na temat hrabstw Węgier od 1950 r. Można znaleźć w sekcji Hrabstwa Węgier. A county (Hungarian: vármegye or megye; the earlier refers to the counties of the Kingdom of Hungary) is the name of a type of administrative unit in Hungary. This article deals with counties in the former Kingdom of Hungary from the 10th century until the Treaty of Trianon of 1920. For lists of individual counties, see Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary. For counties of Hungary since 1950, see Counties of Hungary. Nomenclature Origin of the name The Latin word comitatus is derived from the word comes, which originally stood for companion or retinue member. In the Early and High Middle Ages, the title comes was a noble title used in various meanings, in the Kingdom of Hungary especially (but not exclusively) in the meaning "county head". The Hungarian word megye is likely derived from Southern Slavic medja (međa, међа) meaning approximately territorial border. The Slavic word in turn is related to Latin medius (middle) through a common Indo-European root. The original word is still used in present-day Slavic languages, i.e. in Slovak (as medza), in Slovenian (as meja), in Serbo-Croatian (as međa, међа), in a similar sense, and seems to have meant, initially, the border of a county in the Hungarian language. Hungarian has another word (mezsgye) of the same origin meaning borderland. The Hungarian word ispán (county head) is derived from the Southern Slavic word župan (жупан), which was used by the Slavs living in the Carpathian Basin before the arrival of the Hungarians and stood for the head of various territorial units. Title župan was also used as a ruling title in medieval Serbia. Comitatus vs. county For centuries, the official written language of the Kingdom of Hungary was Latin. The Latin word for the English and Hungarian county, comitatus, is sometimes used in English. Names in various languages County: Royal county: Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (and other names), in later Hungarian : {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, in later Slovak: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, in later German {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Some Hungarian historians distinguish between the functions of a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (led by a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and those of a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (led by a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), usually arguing that the administrative unit called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} sometimes included several military units called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Noble county and later: Latin: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (no other form from the 13th century onwards), Hungarian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (in the Middle Ages both, later mainly {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, from 1949 exclusively {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), Slovak: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (modernised county {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} only), German: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (rarely) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (modernised county usually {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), , Szablon:Lang-fr Processus (district): Latin: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Hungarian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Slovak: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, German: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} County head: Royal county: Latin: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, in later Hungarian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, in later Slovak: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, in later German: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Noble county: Latin: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Hungarian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Slavic languages: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, German: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Main county head: Latin: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Hungarian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Slovak: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, German: {{lang|de|Obergespan Deputy county head: royal county: mentioned as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} by the then Latin sources. noble county and later: Latin: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Hungarian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Slovak: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, in German: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} General Assembly: Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}', Hungarian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Slovak: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, German: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Noble judges: Latin: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Hungarian (pl) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Slovak (pl) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, German {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (later {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} only) Jurors: Latin: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Hungarian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Slovak: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, German {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Deputy noble judges: Latin: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Hungarian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Slovak: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, German: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Municipal town: Hungarian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Slovak: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, German: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Royal counties (late 10th century – late 13th century) History The Hungarians settled in the Carpathian Basin in 895. The first counties were probably the counties situated in present-day northern Pannonia (Transdanubia) - they arose before 1000 or around 1000. The exact time of the creation of many other counties is disputed, many of them, however, arose not later than under the rule of Stephen I of Hungary. Initially there were also several small frontier counties (Latin: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} established for military purposes only (e. g. comitatus of Bolondus), which however ceased to exist in the 14th century when royal counties were transformed to noble ones. Initially, there were also some small special castle districts, which ceased to exist in the 13th century. Functioning Each county was the responsibility of a county head, whose seat was a castle - a quasi-capital of the county. The county head was the representative of the king, the judge, and the chief law enforcement officer in his respective territory. He collected the fees and payments in kind made by the subjects for the king, gave two thirds of them to the king and kept the rest. His castle had special fortifications and was able to withstand even long-term sieges. The sources mention deputy county heads in the 12th century for the first time. The royal county consisted of castle districts. Noble counties (late 13th century – 1848) History In the late 13th century, the royal counties gradually turned into noble counties. The reasons for this development were: The arrival of new hospites Hospites were foreign settlers in the Kingdom Hungary, who were allowed to apply their own foreign law in their settlements; particularly Germans and especially after 1242. This considerably restricted the real powers of the county heads, since the hospites were outside their jurisdiction. At the end of the 12th century, and even more so in the early 13th century under King Andrew II, large parts of royal territory (i. e. of the kingdom) were donated to the so-called "royal servants" (in the 9th–12th centuries members of certain professions, mostly craftsmen, who were settled in special villages and served the king with their respective skills). In the 13th century, the royal servants managed to co-ordinate their activities in order to increase their own powers at the expense of those of the county heads (see also the Golden Bull of 1222) and thus became nobles: servientes regis. As a result, by royal decrees of 1267, 1290, and 1298, the king could only confirm that the royal counties turned into noble ones. Nobles (mostly former royal servant families) became quasi-rulers in the counties. The change from a royal to a noble county, however, took place at different times in each county. In the 15th century, the borders of the counties stabilised and basically remained unchanged until 1920. Between the early 16th century and the late 17th century, however, most of the counties ceased to exist, because they became part of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) or of Transylvania. After the final defeat of the Turks in 1718, the three southern counties Temesiensis, Torontaliensis and Krassoviensis created the special administrative district Banatus Temesiensis (Temeswar Banate). This district was dissolved again in 1779, but its southernmost part remained part of the Military Frontier (Confiniaria militaria) till the late 19th century. The bodies of the new counties considerably helped to defend the interests of lower and middle nobility with respect to the oligarchs, who were often the de facto rulers of the kingdom, and with respect to the absolutistic efforts of the Habsburg kings. The counties as noble institutions were abolished only in the course of the Revolution of 1848 by legal articles III–V and XVI/ 1848. Counties of the Kingdom of Hungary proper (w/o the Grand Principality of Transylvania, Banat of Temeswar, and Croatian-Slavonian Kingdom) between 1782–85 as mapped during the Josephinian Land Survey, right before the Josephinian administrative reform. Przypisy See also Regions of Hungary Counties of Hungary Districts of Hungary (from 2013) Subregions of Hungary (until 2013) Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary (until 1920) Counties of the Kingdom of Hungary Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary (1941–45) List of cities and towns of Hungary NUTS:HU