|
|
| (Nie pokazano 36 pośrednich wersji utworzonych przez tego samego użytkownika) |
| Linia 1: |
Linia 1: |
| − | Za: [https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Gisingovac]
| + | [[Kategoria:0]] |
| | + | [[Kategoria:Strony przetłumaczone z chorwackiej Wikipedii]] |
| | + | {{Uwaga| |
| | + | |strona = https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Gisingovac |
| | + | |autorzy = https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Gisingovac&action=history |
| | + | |nota = chorwacki |
| | + | }} |
| | + | |
| | + | {| |
| | + | | |
| | + | |} |
| | + | |
| | + | {| |
| | + | |-style="vertical-align:top;" |
| | + | | |
| | | | |
| | {{Redoslijed| | | {{Redoslijed| |
| − | |poprzednik = [[Csák II. Máté]] | + | |poprzednik = [[Péc Dénes]] |
| − | |gl_članak_funkcija = [[Skarbnik króla Węgier]]<br>(1276-1277) | + | |gl_članak_funkcija = [[Ban całej Slawonii]]<br />(1275) |
| − | |współrządzący = | + | |następca = [[Hontpázmány Tamás]] |
| − | |następca = [[Csák III. Ugrin]] | + | }} |
| | + | |
| | + | {{Redoslijed| |
| | + | |poprzednik = [[Hontpázmány Tamás]] |
| | + | |gl_članak_funkcija = [[Ban całej Slawonii]]<br />(1276-1277) |
| | + | |współrządzący = [[Gutkeled Joakim]] |
| | + | |następca = [[Gutkeled II. Miklós]] |
| | }} | | }} |
| | | | |
| | {{Redoslijed| | | {{Redoslijed| |
| − | |poprzednik = [[Aba II. Lőrinc]] | + | |poprzednik = [[Csák II. Máté]] |
| − | |gl_članak_funkcija = [[Skarbnik króla Węgier]]<br>(1290-1291) | + | |gl_članak_funkcija = [[Mistrz skarbu]]<br>(1276-1277) |
| | |współrządzący = | | |współrządzący = |
| − | |następca = [[Porc István]] | + | |następca = [[Csák III. Ugrin]] |
| | }} | | }} |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| | | | |
| | {{Redoslijed| | | {{Redoslijed| |
| Linia 22: |
Linia 40: |
| | |współrządzący = | | |współrządzący = |
| | |następca = [[Csák II. Máté]] | | |następca = [[Csák II. Máté]] |
| | + | }} |
| | + | |
| | + | {{Redoslijed| |
| | + | |poprzednik = [[Petar Pakrački]] |
| | + | |gl_članak_funkcija = [[Ban całej Slawonii]]<br />(1284) |
| | + | |następca = [[Gutkeled II. István]] |
| | }} | | }} |
| | | | |
| Linia 29: |
Linia 53: |
| | |współrządzący = | | |współrządzący = |
| | |następca = [[Aba Amadé]] | | |następca = [[Aba Amadé]] |
| | + | }} |
| | + | |
| | + | {{Redoslijed| |
| | + | |poprzednik = [[Aba II. Lőrinc]] |
| | + | |gl_članak_funkcija = [[Mistrz skarbu]]<br>(1290-1291) |
| | + | |współrządzący = |
| | + | |następca = [[Porc István]] |
| | + | }} |
| | + | |
| | + | {{Redoslijed| |
| | + | |poprzednik = [[Kőszegi Miklós]] |
| | + | |gl_članak_funkcija = [[Ban całej Slawonii]]<br />(1295) |
| | + | |następca = [[Jakov Kopas]] |
| | }} | | }} |
| | | | |
| Linia 39: |
Linia 76: |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| − | {{Redoslijed| | + | {| |
| − | |poprzednik = [[Péc Dénes]] | + | | |
| − | |gl_članak_funkcija = [[Ban Slawonii]]<br />(1275)
| + | |} |
| − | |następca = [[Hontpázmány Tamás]]
| + | |
| − | }}
| + | '''[[Kőszegi Iván]]''' (pol. ''Jan Kőszegi'', chor. ''Ivan Gisingovac'', niem. ''Johann Güssing'') (* nieznana, † 1308), chorwacki szlachcic niemieckiego pochodzenia z rodu [[Kőszegi]], kilkakrotny [[palatyn]] (1281–82, 1287, 1303 i 1306–07) i trzykrotny [[ban całej Slawonii]] (1275–77, 1284, 1299). |
| − | {{Redoslijed|
| + | |
| − | |poprzednik = [[Hontpázmány Tamás]] | + | Syn księcia [[Henrik I. Gisingovac|Henryka I]]. Korzystając z osłabienie władzy królewskiej, wraz ze swoim bratem [[Nikola Gisingovac|Mikołajem]], począł przejmować posiadłości innych ludzi. Był w ciągłym konflikcie ze szlacheckim rodem [[Babonić]], a jego ród wymienił się z nimi i [[Gutkeled]]ami na cześć banatu i zwierzchnictwo nad [[Slawonia|Slawonią]]. W 1278 r. Kőszegi przekazali Baboniciom żupanie: [[Pset]], [[Goru]], [[Gaj]], [[Drežnik]] i [[ Novigrad]]. Wkrótce jednak wybuchła nowa wojna między Kőszegimi a Babonićiami i dlatego w 1280 r. ponownie zawarli pokój. |
| − | |gl_članak_funkcija = [[Ban Slawonii]]<br />(1276-1277) | + | |
| − | |następca = [[Gutkeled II. Miklós]]
| + | W marcu 1281 r. [[biskup Zagrzebia]] [[Timót]] po raz pierwszy ekskomunikował jego braci: [[Nikola I. Gisingovac|Mikołaja]] i [[Henrik II. Gisingovac|Henryka II]] za zbieranie zapisów kościelnych dla własnej korzyści i najeżdżanie jego mienia. [[Władysław IV Kumańczyk]], z pomocą austriackiego księcia [[Albert|Albrechta]], którego dobytek został również splądrowany przez braci Kőszegich, pokonał i zmusił ich do oddania nielegalnie zdobytych dóbr. W bitwach z księciem Albrechtem Kőszegi stracili fortecę [[Kiseg|Kőszeg]] w 1289 r. jako najsilniejszy punkt oparcia swoich rządów na zachodnich Węgrzech i we wszystkich okolicznych posiadłościach, a od tego czasu ich uwaga została przeniesiona na Slawonię.<ref name="HB">[http://hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=6828 Gisingovci - Hrvatski biografski leksikon]</ref> |
| − | }}
| + | |
| − | {{Redoslijed|
| + | W 1292 r. Iván i jego bracia schwytali króla [[Andrzej III|Andrzeja III Wenecjanina]], gdy rozpoczynał kampanię wojskową przeciwko braciom. W obliczu negatywnej oceny ich czynu uwolnili króla, lecz pogodzili się z nim dopiero w 1300 r. Tymczasem Iván i bracia Mikołaj i Henryk II kontynuowali agresywną politykę, która doprowadziła do ich ekskomuniki w okresie 1297–1299, lecz i to też ich nie osłabiło.<ref name="HB" /> |
| − | |poprzednik = [[Petar Pakrački]]
| + | |
| − | |gl_članak_funkcija = [[Ban Slawonii]]<br />(1284)
| + | == Linki zewnętrzne == |
| − | |następca = [[Radoslav I. Babonić]]
| + | |
| − | }}
| + | * [http://hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=6828 Gisingovci - Hrvatski biografski leksikon] |
| − | {{Redoslijed|
| |
| − | |poprzednik = [[Kőszegi Miklós]]
| |
| − | |gl_članak_funkcija = [[Ban Slawonii]]<br />(1295) | |
| − | |następca = [[Jakov Kopas]]
| |
| − | }}
| |
| | | | |
| | + | ==Przypis== |
| | + | {{izvori}} |
| | | | |
| − | {| align=right style="margin: 0 0 0 0; text-align: center; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; font-size: 85%; width: 250px;" class=box
| |
| − | |-
| |
| | | | | | |
| | {{Urzędnik infobox | | {{Urzędnik infobox |
| − | |urzędnik = Kőszegi Iván<br>Ivan Gisingovac | + | |urzędnik = Kőszegi Iván (węg.)<br>Ivan Gisingovac (chor,) |
| | |imiona = | | |imiona = |
| − | |tytulatura = Palatyn Węgier | + | |tytulatura = [[Ban całej Slawonii]]<br>[[Mistrz skarbu]]<br>[[Palatyn królestwa Węgier]] |
| − | |grafika = Ladislaus I Kán seal 1236.jpg | + | |grafika = |
| − | |opis grafiki = Pieczęć László I Kána (1236) | + | |opis grafiki = |
| − | |herb = | + | |herb = Köszegi.png |
| − | |opis herbu = | + | |opis herbu = Herb rodu |
| | |faksymile = | | |faksymile = |
| | |opis faksymile = | | |opis faksymile = |
| | |dewiza = | | |dewiza = |
| − | |1. tytuł = [[Palatyn Węgier]] | + | |
| − | |1. od = 1242 | + | |1. tytuł = [[Ban całej Slawonii]] |
| − | |1. do = 1245 | + | |1. od = :<br><small>(1) </small>1245, <small>(2) </small>1276<br><small>(3) </small>1284, <small>(4) </small>1295 |
| | + | |1. do = :<br><small>(1) </small>1245, <small>(2) </small>1277<br>1<small>(3) </small>284, <small>(4) </small>1295 |
| | |1. powołanie = | | |1. powołanie = |
| − | |1. poprzednik = [[Buzád-Hahót II. Arnold]] | + | |1. poprzednik = <small>1. </small>[[Türje II. Dénes]]<br><small>2. </small>[[Hontpázmány Tamás]]<br><small>3. </small>[[Petar Pakrački]]<br><small>4. </small>[[Kőszegi Miklós]] |
| − | |1. następca = [[Türje II. Dénes]] | + | |1. następca = <small>1. </small>[[Rastislav Mstislavić]]<br><small>2. </small>[[Gutkeled II. Miklós]]<br><small>3. </small>[[Gutkeled II. István]]<br><small>4. </small>[[Jakov Kopas]] |
| | | | |
| − | |2. tytuł = [[Ban Slawonii]] | + | |2. tytuł = [[Mistrz skarbu]] |
| − | |2. od = 1245 | + | |2. od = <small>(1) </small>1276, <small>(2) </small>1290 |
| − | |2. do = 1245 | + | |2. do = <small>(1) </small>1277, <small>(2) </small>1291 |
| | |2. powołanie = | | |2. powołanie = |
| − | |2. poprzednik = [[Türje II. Dénes]] | + | |2. poprzednik = <small>1. </small>[[Csák II. Máté]]<br><small>2. </small>[[Aba II. Lőrinc]] |
| − | |2. następca = [[Rastislav Mstislavić]] | + | |2. następca = <small>1. </small>[[Csák III. Ugrin]]<br><small>2. </small>[[Porc István]] |
| | + | |
| | + | |3. tytuł = [[Palatyn Królestwa Węgier]] |
| | + | |3. od = :<br><small>(1) </small>1281, <small>(2) </small>1287<br><small>(3) </small>1302 |
| | + | |3. do = :<br><small>(1) </small>1282, <small>(2) </small>1287<br><small>(3) </small>1307 |
| | + | |3. powołanie = |
| | + | |3. poprzednik = <small>1. </small>[[Csák I. Péter]]<br><small>2. </small>[[Aba Makján]]<br><small>3. </small>[[Ákos I. István]] |
| | + | |3. następca = <small>1. </small>[[Csák II. Máté]]<br><small>2. </small>[[Aba Amadé]]<br><small>3. </small>[[Borsa Kopasz]] |
| | | | |
| − | |ród = [[Kán]] | + | |klan = [[Héder]] |
| − | |pochodzenie = węgierskie | + | |ród = [[Kőszegi]] |
| − | |państwo = Chorwacja w unii<br>personalnej z Węgrami ??? | + | |rodzina = |
| − | |data urodzenia = | + | |pochodzenie = niemiecko/węgierskie |
| | + | |państwo = [[Królestwo Węgier]]<br>w unii personalnej<br>z [[Królestwem Chorwacji]] |
| | + | |data urodzenia = data nieznana |
| | |miejsce urodzenia = | | |miejsce urodzenia = |
| | |data śmierci = 1288 | | |data śmierci = 1288 |
| Linia 98: |
Linia 140: |
| | |przyczyna śmierci = | | |przyczyna śmierci = |
| | |miejsce spoczynku = | | |miejsce spoczynku = |
| − | |ojciec = [[Kán I. Gyula]] | + | |ojciec = [[Kőszegi I. Henrik|I. Henrik]] |
| − | |matka = Helena N | + | |matka = Lichtenburg Nn von |
| − | |rodzeństwo = | + | |rodzeństwo = [[Kőszegi I. Miklós|I. Miklós]]<br>[[Kőszegi I. Péter| I. Péter]]<br>[[Kőszegi II. Henrik|II. Henrik]]<br> siostra Nn |
| | |1. związek = żona | | |1. związek = żona |
| | |1. związek z = nieznana | | |1. związek z = nieznana |
| | |1. związek od = | | |1. związek od = |
| | |1. związek do = | | |1. związek do = |
| − | |1. dzieci = [[Kán II. László|II. László]]<br />[[Kán III. Gyula|III. Gyula]]<br />[[Kán Miklós|Miklós]]<br>córka NN | + | |1. dzieci = [[Kőszegi Gergely|Gergely]]<br>[[Kőszegi "Farkas" János|"Farkas" János]]<br>córka Nn |
| | + | |dokonania = |
| | |odznaczenia = | | |odznaczenia = |
| | |commons = | | |commons = |
| Linia 113: |
Linia 156: |
| | |} | | |} |
| | | | |
| − | [[Kategoria:Ród Kőszegi]]
| + | {{SORTUJ:Koszegi, Ivan}} |
| − | [[Kategoria:Rody]]
| |
| − | [[Kategoria:Banowie Slawonii]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | '''Ivan Gisingovac''' ([[njemački jezik|njem.]] ''Johann Güssing'') (? – ?, [[1308.]]) , [[Hrvati|hrvatski]] velikaš [[Nijemci|njemačkog]] podrijetla, [[palatin|ugarski palatin]] (1281.–1282., 1287., 1303. i 1306.–1307.) i [[ban|slavonski ban]] (1275.–1277., 1284., 1299.) iz velikaške obitelji [[Gisingovci|Gisingovaca]].
| |
| − | | |
| − | Bio je sin kneza [[Henrik II. Gisingovac|Henrika II.]] Iskoristio je, zajedno s bratom Nikolom, slabljenje kraljevske vlasti za otimanje tuđih posjeda. Bio je u stalnom sukobu s velikaškom obitelji [[Babonići|Babonić]] te se njegova obitelj s njima i [[Gut-Keled]]ima izmjenjivala u banskoj časti i vrhovništvu nad [[Slavonija|Slavonijom]]. Gisingovci su mirom [[1278.]] godine prepustili Babonićima županije [[Pset]], Goru, Gaj, [[Drežnik]] i [[Novigrad]]. Međutim, uskoro je izbio novi rat između Gisingovaca i Babonića zbog čega opet [[1280.]] godine sklapaju mir.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Zagrebački biskup Timotej je u [[ožujak|ožujku]] [[1281.]] godine prvi put ekskomunicirao braću Ivana, [[Nikola Gisingovac|Nikolu]] i [[Henrik III. Gisingovac|Henrika III.]] zbog skupljanje [[crkvena desetina|crkvenih podavanja]] u svoju korist i smetanja posjeda. Pokušaj kralja [[Ladislav IV. Kumanac|Ladislava IV. Kumanca]] (1272.-1290.) da uz pomoć [[Austrija|austrijskog]] [[vojvoda|vojvode]] Albrechta, čije su posjede također harala braća Gisingovci, suzbije i prisili Gisingovce na povrat nezakonito stečenih posjeda, pokazao se neuspješnim. U borbama s vojvodom Albrechtom Gisingovci su izgubili [[Kiseg]] [[1289.]] godine kao najčvršće uporište svoje vlasti u zapadnoj [[Ugarska|Ugarskoj]] i sva okolna imanja te se od tada težište njihova djelovanja prebacilo u Slavoniju.<ref>[http://hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=6828 Gisingovci - Hrvatski biografski leksikon]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Godine [[1292.]] Ivan je sa svojom braćom zarobio kralja [[Andrija III. Mlečanin|Andriju III. Mlečanina]], kada je protiv braće poveo vojni pohod protiv njih. Suočeni s negativnim odjekom svog čina, oslobodili su kralja, ali su se pomirili s njime tek [[1300.]] godine. U međuvremenu su Ivan i braća Nikola i Henrik III. nastavili s agresivnom politikom zbog čega su ponovno bili ekskomunicirani u razdoblju 1297.–1299. godine, ali ih ni to nije bitnije oslabilo.<ref>[http://hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=6828 Gisingovci - Hrvatski biografski leksikon]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | == Bilješke ==
| |
| − | {{izvori}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | == Vanjske poveznice ==
| |
| − | | |
| − | * [http://hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=6828 Gisingovci - Hrvatski biografski leksikon]
| |
| − | | |
| − | <hr>
| |
| − | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_K%C5%91szegi
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{Infobox nobility
| |
| − | | name = Ivan Kőszegi
| |
| − | | native name =
| |
| − | | title =
| |
| − | | image = Kőszegi Ivan seal.jpg
| |
| − | | caption = Seal of Ivan Kőszegi, 1285
| |
| − | | succession = [[Palatine of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | reign = 1281<br />1287–1288<br />1302–1307
| |
| − | | coronation =
| |
| − | | predecessor = [[Peter I Csák|Peter Csák]] <small>(1st term)</small><br />[[Makján Aba]] <small>(2nd term)</small><br />[[Stephen Ákos]] <small>(3rd term)</small>
| |
| − | | successor = [[Matthew II Csák|Matthew Csák]] <small>(1st term)</small><br />[[Amadeus Aba]] <small>(2nd term)</small><br />several office-holders <small>(3rd term)</small>
| |
| − | | regent =
| |
| − | | spouse = ''unknown''
| |
| − | | issue = [[Gregory Kőszegi|Gregory]]<br>a daughter<br />[[Iban von Bernstein|John]]<br>[[Nicholas Kőszegi, Bishop of Győr|Nicholas]] <small>(illegitimate)</small>
| |
| − | | noble family = [[Kőszegi family|House of Kőszegi]]
| |
| − | | father = [[Henry I Kőszegi|Henry I]]
| |
| − | | mother = Henry's first wife
| |
| − | | birth_date = ''c''. 1245
| |
| − | | birth_place =
| |
| − | | death_date = 5 April 1308
| |
| − | | death_place =
| |
| − | | place of burial=
| |
| − | |signature =
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Ivan Kőszegi''' ({{lang-hu|Kőszegi Iván}}, {{lang-de|Yban von Güns}}; died 5 April 1308) was an influential lord in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. Earlier historiographical works also refer to him '''Ivan Németújvári''' ({{lang-hu|Németújvári Iván}}, {{lang-de|Ivan von Güssing}}, {{lang-hr|Ivan Gisingovac}}). He was [[Palatine of Hungary|Palatine]] in 1281, between 1287 and 1288, and from 1302 until 1307, [[Ban of Slavonia]] in 1275, from 1284 until 1285 and in 1290, and [[Master of the treasury]] in 1276 and 1291.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Originating from the powerful [[Kőszegi family]], his career was characterized by series of rebellions and violations of the law against the royal power. As one of the so-called [[Oligarch (Kingdom of Hungary)|oligarch]]s, he established a province in [[Transdanubia|Western Transdanubia]], which laid in the borderlands of Hungary with Austria, and ruled [[Győr County|Győr]], [[Sopron County|Sopron]], [[Moson County|Moson]], [[Vas County (former)|Vas]] and [[Zala County (former)|Zala]] counties ''[[de facto]]'' independently of the monarchs by the 1280s. Beside his rebellions in Hungary, he waged wars with the [[Duchy of Austria]] too. Because of his plundering and looting raids against the Styrian provinces, he was dubbed as "greedy wolf" by the Austrian chronicles. During the era of feudal anarchy, he usually played a role of "[[kingmaker]]". For instance, he invited [[Andrew III of Hungary|Andrew the Venetian]] to the throne against the reigning [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary]] three times (1278, 1287, 1290). He initially supported Andrew III after his accession to the throne, but from 1292 he turned against the king and became a partisan of the pretender, [[Charles Martel of Anjou|Charles Martel, Duke of Salerno]]. After the extinction of the [[Árpád dynasty]] in 1301, he betrayed the [[Capetian House of Anjou|House of Anjou]] too and played an important role in the subsequent succession war as the partisan of [[Wenceslaus III of Bohemia|Wenceslaus]], then [[Otto III, Duke of Bavaria|Otto]].
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Family==
| |
| − | Ivan (also John) was born in the 1240s into the wealthy and influential [[Kőszegi family]], originating from the [[Héder (genus)|''gens'' (clan) Héder]], as one of the four sons of the powerful lord [[Henry I Kőszegi]]. His brothers were [[Nicholas I Kőszegi|Nicholas I]], [[Henry II Kőszegi|Henry II]] – who were also elevated into high dignities during the age of the late [[Árpád dynasty|Árpád]]s – and [[Peter Kőszegi|Peter]], the [[Bishop of Veszprém]] from 1275 till his murder in 1289.{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=235}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | His marriage to an unidentified noblewoman produced three children. His eldest son was [[Gregory Kőszegi|Gregory]], who held some minor offices before predeceased him in 1297. He left two sons, [[Nicholas III Kőszegi|Nicholas III]] and [[Andrew Kőszegi|Andrew]], who inherited Ivan's wealth and dominion in 1308.<ref name="engel">Engel: ''Genealógia'' (Genus Héder 4. Kőszegi [and Rohonci] branch)</ref> Ivan also had an unnamed daughter, who married a certain Dominic, a ''[[familiaris]]'' of her father.{{sfn|Skorka|2017|p=101}} During his advanced age, Ivan's younger son [[Iban von Bernstein|John the "Wolf"]] was born in the 1300s; after his downfall in Hungary, he integrated into the [[Austrian nobility]], becoming ancestor of the Bernstein (or Pernstein) family.{{sfn|Skorka|2017|p=95}} Ivan also had an [[Legitimacy (family law)|illegitimate]] son, [[Nicholas Kőszegi, Bishop of Győr|Nicholas]], who was born in 1282 from an extramarital affair. Nicholas served as [[Bishop of Győr]] from 1308 to 1336.{{sfn|Vajk|2011|p=414}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Early career==
| |
| − | Ivan Kőszegi first appeared in contemporary records in March 1265, when he participated in the [[Battle of Isaszeg (1265)|Battle of Isaszeg]] alongside his father Henry and brother Nicholas. During the civil war between [[Béla IV of Hungary]] and his son [[Stephen V of Hungary|Duke Stephen]], Ivan's father was a staunch supporter of the king and led the royal army against the duke. However Stephen gained a decisive victory over his father's army, and Henry Kőszegi and his two sons were captured. His defeater Pousa Tengerdi presented the fettered prisoner Ivan Kőszegi in the ducal court of Stephen following the clash.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2007|p=72}} The Kőszegis were being held as prisoners and after the Battle of Isaszeg, Béla IV was forced to accept the authority of Stephen in the eastern parts of the kingdom. On 23 March 1266, father and son confirmed the peace in the Convent of the Blessed Virgin on [[Margaret Island|'Rabbits' Island]] and Henry and his two sons, alongside others, were released from captivity.{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=236}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | Stephen V ascended the Hungarian throne in May 1270, following his father's death. In response, the king's sister [[Anna of Hungary, Duchess of Macsó|Anna]] seized the royal treasury and fled to [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]]. Several magnates and Béla's closest advisors followed her and left Hungary, including Henry Kőszegi, who handed over [[Kőszeg]], [[Bernstein Castle|Borostyánkő]] (Bernstein, Austria) and other castles along the western borders to [[Ottokar II of Bohemia|Ottokar II]]. In the same time, Ivan Kőszegi also handed over his "two castles called [[Štrigova|Sztrigó]]" (today Štrigova, [[Croatia]]), which laid in [[Zala County (former)|Zala County]], to the Bohamian king. Henry and his sons had spent the next two years in exile at Ottokar's court in [[Prague]].{{sfn|Zsoldos|2007|pp=123–124}} Their departure caused a war between Hungary and Bohemia, which lasted until the conclusion of [[Peace of Pressburg (1271)|an agreement in Pressburg]] in July 1271. According to their treaty, Stephen V promised that he would not assist Ottokar's opponents in [[Carinthia]], and Ottokar II renounced the castles he and his partisans held in Hungary. The royal armies soon recaptured Kőszeg, Borostyánkő and other fortresses along the western border of Hungary.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2007|p=132}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | Henry Kőszegi and his sons returned from Bohemia to Hungary following Stephen's death in the summer of 1272. His ten-year-old son [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary|Ladislaus IV]] ascended the throne. During his minority, many groupings of barons fought against each other for supreme power. The arriving Henry Kőszegi brutally murdered Ladislaus' cousin, [[Béla of Macsó]], the only adult male member of the Árpád dynasty. The Kőszegis entered alliance with the [[Gutkeled (gens)|Gutkeleds]] and the [[Geregye (genus)|Geregyes]], forming one of the two main baronial groups (the other one was dominated by the [[Csák (genus)|Csák]] and [[Monoszló (genus)|Monoszló]] clans). Ivan's father became a key figure in the early stage of the era of so-called feudal anarchy. When Henry extended his dominance in the royal council, Ivan served as ''[[ispán]]'' of Zala County – where his initial lands mostly laid – from September 1272 to March 1273 (with a short interruption in November 1272).{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011a|p=232}} In this capacity, he participated in private initiative Hungarian incursions into Austria and [[Moravia]], Ottokar's realms in February 1273, along with [[Matthew II Csák|Matthew Csák]], [[Denis Péc]], [[Joachim Gutkeled|Joachim]] and [[Amadeus Gutkeled]].{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=236}} Thereafter, Ivan functioned as ''ispán'' of [[Sopron County]] between June 1273 and September 1274.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011a|p=199}} In retaliation for Hungarian incursions, Ottokar's troops invaded the borderlands of Hungary in April 1273. They captured [[Győr]] and [[Szombathely]], plundering the western counties. The royal council sent Joachim Gutkeled and Ivan Kőszegi to recapture the castle of Győr. Kőszegi also participated in the battle at [[Laa an der Thaya|Laa]] in August. However Ottokar II launched a successful retaliatory strike in the autumn of 1273, and seized many fortresses again, including Győr and [[Sopron]]. Ivan successfully defended [[Kapuvár]] ({{lang-de|Valbach}}) by destroying the dam at the river [[Váh|Vág]] (Váh) and flooding the surrounding area. Thereafter he fought in [[Pereszteg]] and Lós, harassing the invading Bohemian army with [[hit-and-run tactics]]. He unsuccessfully tried to recapture Sopron from the Bohemian troops.{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=236}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | Ivan lost influence for a brief time after the [[Battle of Föveny]] in late September 1274, when [[Peter I Csák|Peter Csák]] defeated the united forces of the Kőszegis and the Gutkeleds. Henry Kőszegi was killed, but his sons Nicholas and Ivan managed to flee the battlefield, withdrawing their troops to the borderlands between Hungary and Austria. Thereafter Peter Csák and the young Ladislaus IV gathered an army against the Kőszegis' domain in the autumn of 1274; their troops marched into Western Hungary, pillaging the brothers' landholdings. Nicholas and Ivan barricaded themselves in the castle of [[Stadtschlaining|Szalónak]] (present-day Stadtschlaining, Austria). The royal army besieged the fort, but failed to capture it because of the coming winter. Through his ambitious and unscrupulous sons, the Kőszegi family survived their paterfamilias' death.{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|pp=397–398}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Powerful baron==
| |
| − | ===Rebellions against Ladislaus IV===
| |
| − | Despite their violent actions against the monarch, the Kőszegis regained their influence and retook the power by the spring of 1275, when Nicholas became Palatine, and Ivan was made Ban of Slavonia, at first jointly with [[Nicholas II Gutkeled|Nicholas Gutkeled]], later solely.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011a|p=47}} In this capacity, Kőszegi was responsible for the territory between the river [[Drava]] and the [[Velika Kapela|Kapela Mountains]], while Gutkeled administered the [[Adriatic Coast]] (the dignity of [[Ban of Croatia]] emerged from that time in the Kingdom of Hungary). Ivan Kőszegi lost his dignity by the autumn of 1275, when the Csáks retook the positions in the royal council. Thereafter the Csák group launched a massive military campaign against the Kőszegi and Gutkeled dominions; while [[Ugrin Csák]] attacked Joachim Gutkeled's forces at Föveny, Peter Csák plundered and devastated the territory of the [[Diocese of Veszprém]] which headed by Bishop Peter Kőszegi, Ivan's brother. Joachim Gutkeled and the Kőszegis again removed their opponents from power at an assembly of the barons and noblemen at [[Buda]] around 21 June 1276.{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|pp=398–400}} Ivan became Master of the treasury during that time, while Nicholas elevated into the position of Palatine of Hungary for the second time. Beside that Ivan was also ''ispán'' of Bánya (Árkibánya) ispánate, which laid in the territory of [[Nyitra County]].{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011a|pp=64, 131}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[File:Kőszeg-vár3.JPG|thumb|left|The medieval wall of [[Jurisics Castle|Kőszeg Castle]], owned by Ivan and his descendants after 1279]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | Joachim Gutkeled died while battling against the [[Babonići]] in April 1277. A month later, the general assembly declared Ladislaus IV to be of age, who was also authorized to restore internal peace with all possible means. These events ended the five-year chaotic conditions in the realm. The Kőszegis and the Babonići divided the Gutkeled's province between each other on the border of Transdanubia and Slavonia. Sometimes in the second half of the 1270s, Nicholas and Ivan handed over the family's landholdings in [[Varaždin County (former)|Varaždin County]] to their much younger brother Henry. In the course of the division of lands between the two elder brothers in 1279, Ivan was granted Kőszeg, Borostyánkő and [[Sárvár]], while [[Velem|Szentvid]] and [[Lockenhaus|Léka]] (present-day Lockenhaus, Austria) went to Nicholas' property.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2010|pp=653–654}}{{sfn|Engel|1996|pp=285, 349, 405}} Since then, Ivan Kőszegi began to pursue an independent policy from Nicholas, which contributed to the establishment of an oligarchic province by the end of the 13th century. Simultaneously Ladislaus IV defeated his allies, the Geregyes, Ivan attempted to play off the late Stephen V's first cousin, [[Andrew III of Hungary|Andrew the Venetian]], against Ladislaus. Upon his invitation, the duke came to Hungary for the first time in 1278. Andrew demanded [[Slavonia]] for himself, adopting the title of "[[Duke of Slavonia]], [[Dalmatia]] and [[Kingdom of Croatia (1102–1526)|Croatia]]" and marched as far as [[Lake Balaton]] with Kőszegi's troops.{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=13}} Duke Andrew also made Ivan as treasurer of his ducal court. In addition, Ivan Kőszegi was styled as ''ispán'' of Zala County too from 1278 to 1279.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011a|pp=76, 233}} Andrew achieved nothing, however, and went back to [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] in autumn, because the Hungarian royal troops played a decisive role in [[Rudolf I of Germany|Rudolf]]'s victory over Ottokar II in the [[Battle on the Marchfeld]] on 26 August, which strengthened Ladislaus' domestic political positions.{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=13}} Thereafter the Kőszegi brothers pledged allegiance to Ladislaus IV in early 1279, with the mediation of the arriving [[papal legate]], [[Philip, Bishop of Fermo|Philip]], [[Bishop of Fermo]].{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|p=415}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | The Kőszegi brothers stayed away from the conflict between Ladislaus IV and Philip of Fermo, which emerged over the question of treatement of the pagan [[Cumans]] in Hungary. Taking advantage of the chaotic situation following the papal legate's arrival, Nicholas, Ivan and Henry plundered the estates of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb|Diocese of Zagreb]] at various times in the following months. As a result, [[Timothy, Bishop of Zagreb]] [[Excommunication (Catholic Church)|excommunicated]] them in March 1281.{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=236}} According to the bishop's letter to the other prelates in the realm, Ivan Kőszegi held the ispánates of Orbász (Vrbas), Szana, Garics (Podgaric) and Gecske (Gacka) in Slavonia and Croatia during the excommunication, and also usurped the [[Garešnica|Gerzence]] (Garešnica) lordship from the diocese.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011a|pp=154, 179, 202, 274}} Following Philip's departure from Hungary in the autumn of 1281, Ivan Kőszegi was made Palatine of Hungary by Ladislaus IV despite his earlier crime;{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011a|p=22}} the young king wanted revenge on those barons who have captured him during his conflict with the papal legate. As historian [[Jenő Szűcs]] noted, this appointment marked a recurrence to the anarchic-type changes of governments, which characterized the first five regnal years of the minor Ladislaus. Ivan Kőszegi actively participated in the subsequent war against the rebellious [[Finta Aba]] in mid-1281. His troops were present at the sieges of [[Hodejov|Gede]] and [[Slanec|Szalánc]] castles (present-day Hodejov and Slanec, [[Slovakia]]).{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|pp=429–430}} Yet, he was soon dismissed and replaced as Palatine by Matthew Csák under unknown circumstances at turn of 1281 and 1282.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011a|p=22}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[File:Burg Bernstein, Luftbild.JPG|thumb|right|[[Bernstein Castle]] (Borostyánkő), owned by Ivan Kőszegi and his heirs]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | Since the early 1280s, Nicholas and Ivan Kőszegi extended their influence over Sopron County, taking advantage of that both powerful leaders of the neighboring Csák clan, Matthew II and Peter had died by 1283 or 1284. During this course, Ivan embroiled in conflict with several members of the native [[Osl]] clan in the county. At the end of 1283, Ladislaus IV laid siege to Borostyánkő, which was held by Ivan. However, he resisted, forcing the king to lift the siege in early 1284. During the royal campaign, Ivan captured Herbord II Osl and held him in captivity. Subsequently, several documents refer to Ivan's violent actions against local landowners, including the Osls in the region. According to historian [[Gyula Kristó]], Ivan brought whole Sopron County under his jurisdiction and annexed it to his emerging oligarchic province by 1285, when several local nobles were mentioned as his ''familiares''. The advancing Kőszegi troops gradually also displaced another local strongman [[Conrad Győr]] from the region, who had once possessed huge landholdings in [[Moson County]]. Conrad's lands laid in the boundaries of interests of the two most powerful and aggressive oligarchic provinces – Ivan Kőszegi seized his villages one after another in Moson County by the mid-1280s and handed over them to their ''familiares'' and relatives, the [[Hédervári family|Héderváris]], while the Csáks expelled him from Pozsony County.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2010|p=655}} Ivan Kőszegi also persuaded the members of the [[Ják (genus)|Ják]] clan by threat and violence to hand over to him their inherited lands in Sopron and Vas counties through unprofitable contracts.{{sfn|Kristó|1979|p=158}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | Following his failure, Ladislaus had to reconcile with the Kőszegi brothers in the spring of 1284. While Nicholas became again Palatine, Ivan was appointed Ban of Slavonia. He held the dignity until the next year.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011a|p=47}} Ladislaus spent the last years of his life wandering from place to place, staying among his Cuman subjects. Hungary's central government lost power because the prelates and the barons ruled the kingdom independently of the monarch. Ivan Kőszegi launched an individual foreign policy at the borderlands between Austria and Hungary, establishing a ''de facto'' independent province, which threatened both realms. Contemporary Austrian chronicles – the ''Annales Sancti Rudperti Salisburgensis'' and Ottokar aus der Gaal's ''Steirische Reimchronik'' ("Styrian Rhyming Chronicle") – preserved Ivan's serious clash with [[Albert I of Germany|Albert I, Duke of Austria]] in 1285. Accordingly, the Kőszegi troops invaded the neighboring Habsburg lands and marched into [[Wiener Neustadt]], devastating the region and looting the settlements along the river [[Leitha]]. Initially, Albert tried to settle the conflict by negotiation, but the pillage of the Austrian and Styrian borderlands "has become commonplace" on Ivan's part. Therefore the duke summoned his army from the Austria, Styria and [[Duchy of Swabia|Swabia]] and commissioned his councillor Hermann von Landenberg to lead his forces into Hungary. The Austrians intended to besiege Borostyánkő, but Ivan asked for help from his three brothers, Nicholas, Peter and Henry, who recruited an army of 1,000 people. This was the source of uncertainty in Landenberg's army. Taking advantage of their inaction, Ivan Kőszegi and his troops encircled the enemy and shot their camp with arrows. Several Austrian nobles were captured during the skirmish. After that Albert made a covenant with the Kőszegis; in return for the release of prisoners, the duke promised he will support Ivan Kőszegi's any efforts and ambitions in the Kingdom of Hungary against all his opponents, excluding the [[Holy Roman Empire]], which was ruled by Albert's father Rudolf. The duke also proclaimed that he took Ivan under his protection and considered the Hungarian oligarch as his subject. In response, Ivan guaranteed that he put his forces for Albert's disposal, if necessary.{{sfn|Skorka|2017|p=98}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | Archbishop [[Lodomer]] persuaded Ladislaus to convene a general assembly in the early summer of 1286 in order to reconciliation between the king and the Kőszegi brothers. There Ladislaus provided one-year grace period to the Kőszegis and their ''familiares''. In September 1286, the king managed a [[self-coup]], expelling members of the Kőszegi–[[Borsa (genus)|Borsa]] baronial group from the royal council. Neglecting the Kőszegis' rival, the [[Aba (genus)|Aba]] clan, Ladislaus IV appointed his own loyal soldiers and lesser nobles to the high positions. Thereafter Ladislaus IV launched his fifth and last royal campaign against the Kőszegi territory in November 1286. The king seized Kőszeg, but Ivan managed to escape. He and his brothers moved to the left bank of the [[Danube]], they also captured [[Bratislava Castle|Pressburg Castle]] for a brief time.{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|pp=437–438}} Duke Albert took advantage of the opportunity, and marched into Hungary, where his army successfully besieged and seized Pressburg from the Kőszegis in the spring of 1287.{{sfn|Skorka|2017|p=99}} Simultaneously, the Kőszegis' allies, the Borsa brothers – [[Roland Borsa|Roland]] and [[James Borsa|James]] – arrived from [[Tiszántúl|Transtisia]]; they joint troops defeated Ladislaus' army at the river [[Žitava (river)|Zsitva]] (Žitava) in March.{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|pp=437–438}} After a new reconciliation, Ivan Kőszegi was appointed Palatine of Hungary, he was first mentioned in this capacity in June 1287.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011a|p=22}} He was also styled as ''ispán'' of Sopron County since that year until at least 1295,{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011a|p=200}} but it is plausible that he bore the title until his death.{{sfn|Engel|1996|p=178}} As Palatine, Ivan Kőszegi summoned three "general assemblies" (''generalis congregatio'') for "the will of all nobles and free men with other social status of Vas County" in Szombathely in June 1288. The was the first time, when a palatine convened a county assembly in his own right, neglecting the monarch's contribution.{{sfn|Szőcs|2014|pp=171–173}} Gyula Kristó writes, Ivan summoned the assembly explicitly without the permission of Ladislaus.{{sfn|Kristó|1979|p=203}} In the same year, Ivan Kőszegi exchanged his castle of Plošćica in Slavonia (today ruins in [[Ivanska]], Croatia) with the Gutkeleds for their lands in Vas County.{{sfn|Engel|1996|p=393}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | Ivan Kőszegi and his brothers involved in the conflict between Duke Albert and [[Rudolf von Hoheneck]], the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Salzburg|Archbishop of Salzburg]] over the affiliation of the [[Admont Abbey]]. The archbishop complained that his subject, abbot [[Henry of Admont|Henry]] entered the duke's service as captain-general of Styria and threatened those clergymen with excommunication, who held secular positions in the ducal court. In response, Albert confiscated the abbey and the surrounding [[Enns Valley]] from the archdiocese. Rudolf gathered his army at the end of 1288. He entered alliance with the Kőszegis and took an oath that he will support them in their efforts against Duke Albert. In accordance with the agreement, as the ''Steirische Reimchronik'' narrates, Ivan Kőszegi sent his 300 soldiers to invade Styria and plunder [[Bad Radkersburg|Radkersburg]]. The chronicles say Ivan looted the surrounding cities and settlements like a "greedy wolf" ({{lang-la|lupus rapax}}). His attack soon resulted an escalation into a large-scale war in the borderlands between Austria and Hungary.{{sfn|Skorka|2017|p=99}} Duke Albert launched a massive royal campaign ("Güssing Feud"; {{lang-de|Güssinger Fehde}}) with his 15,000-size army against the Kőszegis and their ''familiares''' castles and forts in the spring of 1289. The Austrians captured at least 30 fortresses and settlements along the western borders, including [[Mattersburg|Nagymarton]] (Mattersburg), [[Güssing|Németújvár]] (Güssing), Sopron (Ödenburg), [[Kobersdorf|Kabold]] (Kobersdorf), Szalónak (Stadtschlaining), [[Rechnitz|Rohonc]] (Rechnitz) and [[Mosonmagyaróvár|Óvár]] (Altenburg). Albert later launched two additional expeditions against the Kőszegis in the remaining year; his troops captured Kőszeg (October) then Szentvid (December) too.{{sfn|Skorka|2017|p=100}} Ivan managed to defend Borostyánkő only on 26 September. According to Albert's chronicles, Ivan Kőszegi ordered to mutilate his 500 Austrian prisoners of war. Despite these conquests at the expense of the Hungarian realm, Ladislaus IV did not intervene in the war, and passively supported Duke Albert.{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|p=442}}
| |
| | | | |
| − | ===Andrew's ally then enemy===
| + | [[Kategoria:Banowie]] |
| − | With the consent of Lodomer, Ivan Kőszegi offered the crown to the king's distant relative Andrew the Venetian. After twelve years, the pretender returned to Hungary at the beginning of 1290.{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|p=446}} He appointed Ivan Kőszegi as Ban of Slavonia and ''ispán'' of Vas County.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011a|pp=48, 225}} Before Andrew was successful, however, Ivan's local enemy [[Arnold III Hahót|Arnold Hahót]] captured and sent him to the court of Duke Albert in [[Vienna]]. Ladislaus IV was assassinated by his Cuman subjects in July 1290. After his release, Archbishop Lodomer crowned Andrew III king in [[Székesfehérvár]] on 23 July 1290. Although, Ivan Kőszegi and Lodomer jointly invited Andrew to the Hungarian throne, their motivation was different: the oligarch wanted a new controllable and weak-handed ruler to lead the kingdom instead of the unpredictable Ladislaus, while Lodomer and his suffragans were aimed to strengthen the royal power to put an end to the political anarchy. Due to his short-term interests in order to recover his lost castles and estates, Ivan initially supported Andrew's efforts.{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|p=446}} He handed over the dignity of Ban of Slavonia to his younger brother Henry by October 1290.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011a|pp=48, 225}} Ivan was referred to as Master of the treasury from February to October 1291. He also administered the Bánya ispánate beside that.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011a|pp=64, 131}}{{sfn|Zsoldos|2007|p=54}} As Rudolf I of Germany attempted to bestow Hungary on his own son, Duke Albert of Austria, on 31 August 1290, Andrew III also had temporary interest community with the Kőszegis. At first, Andrew restored Óvár in April 1291. After the failure of the diplomatic negotiations between the two realms, Ivan and his two brothers participated in the king's military campaign in the summer of 1291,{{sfn|Skorka|2017|p=100}} when the Hungarian troops invaded Austria, forcing Albert to withdraw his garrisons from the towns and fortresses – including Pressburg and Sopron – that he had captured two years before, many of which were held by the Kőszegis before their conquest.{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|pp=453–455}}
| + | [[Kategoria:Banowie całej Slawonii]] |
| − | | + | [[Kategoria:Héder]] |
| − | [[File:AlbrechtI.jpg|thumb|left|[[Albert I of Germany|Albert I, Duke of Austria]] (also King of Germany since 1298), painted by [[Anton Boys]]]]
| + | [[Kategoria:Kőszegi]] |
| − | | + | [[Kategoria:Węgierscy oligarchowie]] |
| − | The [[Peace of Hainburg]], which concluded the war, was signed on 26 August 1291. The peace treaty prescribed the destruction of the fortresses that Albert had seized from the Kőszegis, which was in the interests of both monarchs.{{sfn|Skorka|2017|p=100}} The Kőszegis were outraged at Andrew's move. Ivan lost his dignity of Master of the treasury and his position in the royal council around October, while Nicholas was also replaced as Palatine.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011a|pp=64, 131}} At the turn of 1291 and 1292, Ivan Kőszegi met papal legate John, [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Iesi|Bishop of Iesi]]. During their negotiations, Ivan proclaimed that he will only recognize that king who is supported by the [[Holy See]], which had definitely meant the betrayal of Andrew.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2003|p=178}} After a few months of tension, the Kőszegi brothers rose up in open rebellion against Andrew in spring 1292, acknowledging the late Ladislaus' nephew, [[Charles Martel of Anjou]], as King of Hungary. As a political gesture, his father [[Charles II of Naples]] perpetually donated Vas and Sopron counties to Ivan and his son Gregory, as [[fief|fiefdoms]], which element of feudalism was unaccustomed in Hungary.{{sfn|Skorka|2017|p=101}}{{sfn|Zsoldos|2010|p=655}} Since then the ispánate of Vas County was usurped by Ivan and his descendants without interruption until 1327.{{sfn|Engel|1996|p=225}} Simultaneously, in a letter, Charles Martel's mother Queen [[Mary of Hungary, Queen of Naples|Mary of Naples]] authorized "her beloved follower" Ivan to launch a war against Andrew, "the usurper of the Hungarian throne and his accomplices".{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|p=455}} While Nicholas fought against the future oligarch, but still a courtly knight, [[Matthew III Csák]] in [[Pozsony County]], Ivan was active in Vas and Zala counties. He besieged and occupied the fort of Buzádsziget from Andrew's faithful partisan [[Atyusz Hahót]]. The royal troops subdued the rebellion by July, but Ivan Kőszegi captured and imprisoned Andrew III during his journey to Slavonia for a brief time in August, as the ''Annales Mellicenses'' recorded. He entrusted his loyal [[castle warrior]]s in Moson Castle to guard the prisoner.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2010|p=657}} Andrew was liberated within four months, after his supporters sent their relatives as hostages to Ivan Kőszegi (one of them died in captivity).{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|p=456}}
| + | [[Kategoria:Mistrzowie skarbu]] |
| − | | |
| − | His protege Charles Martel died in August 1295, leaving Ivan without external support. Andrew III married [[Agnes of Austria (1281–1364)|Agnes]], the daughter of Duke Albert of Austria in February 1296. Afterwards, with his father-in-law's support, Andrew launched another war against the Kőszegis in August 1296. While the Austrian troops besieged Ivan's some castles, Archbishop Lodomer excommunicated the brothers. By October, the royal army managed to capture only Kőszeg and two other forts from Ivan Kőszegi.{{sfn|Skorka|2017|p=101}} While Ivan Kőszegi remained rebellious for the remaining part of the reign of Andrew, his brother Nicholas pledged allegiance to the monarch after the 1296 rebellion, their political orientations had separated from each other.{{sfn|Markó|2006|p=236}} Around that year the emerging Matthew Csák overshadowed the Kőszegis as the monarch' most dangerous enemies. The river Danube marked the border between the developing domains of the Kőszegi and Csák families.{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|pp=459–460}} After the close of the 1298 diet, Andrew III entered into a formal alliance with five influential barons – [[Amadeus Aba]], [[Stephen Ákos]], [[Dominic II Rátót|Dominic Rátót]], [[Demetrius Balassa]] and [[Paul Szécs]] – who stated that they were willing to support him against the "rebellious lords", which term definitely primarily covered Matthew Csák and the Kőszegi brothers. Ivan Kőszegi still supported the claim of the House of Anjou. After his election, the pro-Angevin Archbishop [[Gregory Bicskei]] absolved Ivan and Henry from the excommunication in March 1299. Bicskei resided in Transdanubia under the protection of Ivan; he even moved to Szentkereszt Castle beyond the Drava river between [[Koprivnica]] and [[Križevci, Croatia|Križevci]], owned by Ivan Kőszegi, who remained the only rebellious member of his family by that year (Nicholas died soon and Henry attended the national diet and acted as one of the mediators between Bicskei and his pro-Andrew suffragans).{{sfn|Szűcs|2002|p=473}} Ivan Kőszegi was among the group of those powerful lords, who urged Charles II of Naples to send his grandson, the 12-year-old [[Charles I of Hungary|Charles Robert]], to Hungary in order to become king.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011b|p=294}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | However, by the young pretender's arrival in the summer of 1300, the Kőszegis and Matthew Csák were shortly reconciled with Andrew, preventing Charles' success.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2003|p=220}} Historian Attila Zsoldos argued Andrew III entered into a new feudal contract with the barons in the summer of 1300: Matthew Csák and Ivan Kőszegi (who was the most senior member of the family after Nicholas' death) became "perpetual" Palatines and Andrew accepted their suzerainty over their provinces, while the king's two most powerful partisans, Amadeus Aba and Stephen Ákos were also granted this privilege. In addition to them, two co-palatines of the previous year, [[Roland II Rátót|Roland Rátót]] and [[Apor Péc]] also received the title as a counterweight, according to Zsoldos' theory.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011b|p=296}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===During the Interregnum===
| |
| − | [[File:Oligarchs in the Kingdom of Hungary 14th century.svg|thumb|left|320px|The oligarchic provinces in the early 14th century]]
| |
| − | Andrew III died on 14 April 1301. With his death, the Árpád dynasty became extinct. Ivan Kőszegi was a central figure of the subsequent period of interregnum, which lasted for seven years and various claimants – Charles of Anjou, [[Wenceslaus III of Bohemia|Wenceslaus of Bohemia]], and [[Otto III, Duke of Bavaria|Otto of Bavaria]] – fought for the Hungarian throne. Taking advantage of the emerging chaotic situation, Ivan cooperated with his former rival and enemy, Hermann von Landenberg and seized the [[Pannonhalma Archabbey|Pannonhalma Abbey]] and its surrounding lands. His family unlawfully possessed the abbey until their downfall in 1317.{{sfn|Skorka|2017|p=102}}{{sfn|Engel|1996|p=427}} In the following months, Ivan also captured the royal castle of Óvár.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2010|p=657}}{{sfn|Engel|1996|p=385}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | In the early 14th century, Hungary had disintegrated into about a dozen independent provinces, each ruled by a powerful lord, or oligarch. Among them, Matthew Csák dominated the northwestern parts of Hungary (which now form the western territories of present-day Slovakia), Amadeus Aba controlled the northeastern lands, Ivan and Henry Kőszegi ruled [[Transdanubia]] and the northern parts of [[Slavonia]], James Borsa dominated [[Tiszántúl]], and [[Ladislaus III Kán|Ladislaus Kán]] governed [[Transylvania]].{{sfn|Kristó|1979|p=139}} Ivan Kőszegi was referred to as Palatine since February 1302.{{sfn|Engel|1996|p=1}} In the upcoming years, seven barons held the dignity simultaneously. Majority of the historians, including [[Gyula Kristó]] and [[Jenő Szűcs]], considered, these barons, for instance, Matthew Csák, Amadeus Aba, Ivan Kőszegi and Stephen Ákos were arbitrarily styled themselves palatines, usurping the position, which marked its devaluation. However, in accordance with Attila Zsoldos' theory (as presented above), the claimants to the Hungarian throne inherited Andrew's last decision, and they were forced to accept the status quo. As Zsoldos emphasized the oligarchs recognized each other's titles, in addition to the monarchs, cathedral chapters and other institutions. Accordingly, Ivan Kőszegi was considered a "perpetual" Palatine, alongside other powerful lords.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2011b|p=293}} He performed his judicial role in his territorial province (Sopron, Vas and Zala counties), in addition to [[Veszprém County (former)|Veszprém County]], where acted as an judge in June 1303 in a lawsuit between the chapter of Veszprém and some local nobles over the ownership of [[Csopak]].{{sfn|Szőcs|2014|pp=103–104}} Beside his dignity of Palatine, Ivan was also styled as ''ispán'' of Moson and Sopron counties in 1303.{{sfn|Engel|1996|pp=155, 178}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | Immediately after Andrew's death, Charles of Anjou hurried to [[Esztergom]] where he was crowned king irregularly. Being [[Pope Boniface VIII]]'s candidate for the Hungarian throne, Charles had always been unpopular, because the Hungarian lords feared that they would "lose their freedom by accepting a king appointed by the Church", as the ''[[Chronicon Pictum|Illuminated Chronicle]]'' narrates.{{sfn|Kádár|2015|p=53}} Despite his nominal pro-Angevin standpoint in the 1290s, Ivan Kőszegi was among those lords, who supported [[Wenceslaus II of Bohemia]]. According to the narration of the ''Steirische Reimchronik'', after Wenceslaus II met the Hungarian delegation in [[Hodonín]] in the summer of 1301, the Bohemian king sent his envoy to Kőszegi and invited him to a personal meeting. The chronicle says Kőszegi departed Hungary from his castle of Kapuvár to Bohemia. There, instead of himself, Wenceslaus II offered his eleven-year-old namesake son, who was not only Béla IV's great-great-grandson, but also the bride of the late Andrew III's daughter, [[Elizabeth of Töss|Elizabeth]], for the throne of Hungary.{{sfn|Skorka|2017|p=102}} Ivan Kőszegi got a night-time thinking time. Returning to his accommodation, he found 1000 silver coins, many gold and silver treasures and scarlet broadcloth there. On the following day, Kőszegi accepted the king's offer, also referring to the generosity of the late Ottokar II, Wenceslaus' father, who had create him knight of [[Teutonic Order]] during his exile decades earlier.{{sfn|Skorka|2017|p=103}} However, Kőszegi's main motivation behind his support was to defend his province against the House of Habsburg; Wenceslaus' opponent Charles of Anjou was the nephew of Duke Albert, who intended to enter alliance with his maternal relatives.{{sfn|Skorka|2017|p=103}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[File:Esztergom.vára.JPG|thumb|right|Esztergom Castle, captured by Ivan Kőszegi twice]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | Ivan and Henry were among those Hungarian lords, who moved to [[Brno]] in order to welcome the young Wenceslaus, who arrived to Hungary with his father's army. While Buda fell into Wenceslaus' arms, the castle of Esztergom was conquered by Ivan Kőszegi, expelling its pro-Angevin residents, including his former ally, Archbishop Gregory Bicskei. Subsequently he handed the fort over to Bohemian royal mercenaries in return for a significant sum of money.{{sfn|Kádár|2015|p=56}} Wenceslaus was crowned king with the [[Holy Crown of Hungary|Holy Crown]] by [[John Hont-Pázmány]], [[Archbishop of Kalocsa]] on 27 August 1301. Ivan also attended the ceremony.{{sfn|Skorka|2017|p=103}} After Wenceslaus's coronation, Charles withdrew to Ugrin Csák's domains in the southern regions of the kingdom. Charles and his general [[Stephen II Csák|Stephen Csák]] laid siege to Buda, the capital of Wenceslaus' kingdom, in September 1302, but the arriving Ivan Kőszegi relieved the siege.{{sfn|Kádár|2015|pp=70–71}} Despite Pope Boniface declared Charles the lawful king of Hungary on 31 May 1303, Ivan remained a partisan of Wenceslaus. However many lords left the court of the [[Přemyslid dynasty|Přemyslid]] king and pledged loyalty to his rival in the following months, including Stephen Ákos and the [[Rátót (genus)|Rátót]]s. Historian Tamás Kádár argues Matthew Csák, who also left Wenceslaus in the same period but did not support Charles either, had tensions with Ivan over the affiliation of [[Komárom County]], inheriting their rivalry from their fathers, and their conflicts of interest caused his departure.{{sfn|Kádár|2015|p=83}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | On Kőszegi's advice, as the ''Steirische Reimchronik'' emphasizes, Wenceslaus II of Bohemia came to Hungary at the head of a large army in May 1304 to strengthen his son's position. The Bohemians entered the border at [[Holíč|Holics]] (present-day Holíč, Slovakia), Ivan and his "relatives" joined his accompaniment.{{sfn|Skorka|2017|p=104}} Marching towards the center of the kingdom, Wenceslaus recaptured Esztergom, looting its treasury, and handed it over to Ivan Kőszegi in June. However, his negotiations in Buda with the local lords convinced him that his son's position in Hungary had dramatically weakened, thus decided to take him back to Bohemia. The young Wenceslaus did not renounce Hungary and made Ivan Kőszegi governor of his realm before leaving for Bohemia in August. The Bohemian king even took the Holy Crown with himself to Prague.{{sfn|Kádár|2015|pp=85–87}} After the outbreak of scandal, Ivan Kőszegi faced general uproar and anger against his person; the barons blamed him for having lost the crown jewels. In response, Ivan promised through Bishop [[Benedict Rád]] to recover the Holy Crown from Bohemia within a year, if they guarantee his safety. Thereafter, according to the ''Steirische Reimchronik'', the "crafty palatine" sent a letter to Duke Otto of Bavaria, Béla IV's grandson, and invited him to the Hungarian throne. Accordingly, Ivan wrote in his letter that Otto can prove his ability by acquiring the crown from the Bohemian court. The ''Illuminated Chronicle'' also confirms the Kőszegis initiated the arrival of the Bavarian duke to Hungary.{{sfn|Skorka|2017|p=104}} After signing an alliance with his cousin, Charles and [[Rudolph III of Austria]] jointly invaded Bohemia in the autumn 1304. His army plundered the nearby landholdings in Sopron and Moson counties, owned by Ivan Kőszegi and marched into Moravia.{{sfn|Kádár|2015|p=94}} According to the short-spoken ''Anonymi Leobiensis Chronicon'', Charles launched a royal campaign against Ivan Kőszegi in 1305; receiving assistance from Rudolf III, he captured the rebellious lord' three unidentified forts. The Kőszegis looted and plundered the surrounding region with their raids from the occupied fort of Esztergom. Therefore, residing in [[Székesfehérvár]], Archbishop [[Thomas II, Archbishop of Esztergom|Thomas]] excommunicated Ivan and Henry for their crimes against the burghers of Esztergom in July 1305. He also placed their provinces under [[interdict]].{{sfn|Kádár|2015|pp=102–104}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | After negotiations, Wenceslaus abandoned his claim to the Hungarian throne in favor of Otto and handed the Holy Crown over to him in Brno on 9 October 1305. When Otto arrived to Sopron, he sent his envoys to the local oligarch Ivan Kőszegi, whose first question was whether he brought the crown with him. After a favorable response, Ivan Kőszegi moved to Sopron too and escorted Otto into Buda, who reached the capital around 11 November 1305. Thereafter Ivan Kőszegi retired from the public affairs and stayed away from further events.{{sfn|Skorka|2017|p=104}} Charles seized Esztergom and [[Visegrád]] from the Kőszegis in June 1306, and thereafter also captured the many fortresses in the northern parts of Hungary (now in Slovakia), owned by Demetrius Balassa and his family.{{sfn|Kádár|2017|pp=129–130}} Around the same time, the Austrian troops also plundered Ivan's estates in [[Győr County|Győr]] and Sopron counties.{{sfn|Kádár|2017|p=132}} Ivan did not acknowledge Charles as his king even after Otto's imprisonment and departure from Hungary. He was absent from that assembly in October 1307, where Charles' claim to the throne was confirmed.{{sfn|Kádár|2017|p=150}} According to the ''Steirische Reimchronik'', Ivan Kőszegi died on 5 April 1308. His province and wealth were inherited by his grandson Nicholas.{{sfn|Skorka|2017|p=105}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | == References ==
| |
| − | {{Reflist|20em}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | == Sources ==
| |
| − | {{Refbegin}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Engel |first=Pál |year=1996 |title=Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1301–1457, I ''[Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1301–1457, Volume I]'' |publisher=História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete |isbn=963-8312-44-0|ref=harv|language=hu}}
| |
| − | * {{cite journal |last=Kádár |first=Tamás |year=2015 |title=Harcban a koronáért. I. Károly (Róbert) király uralkodásának első évei 1305 végéig [''Fight for the Crown. The First Regnal Years of Charles I (Robert) until the End of 1305''] |url= |format= |journal=Történeti Tanulmányok. Acta Universitatis Debreceniensis |location= |publisher= |volume=23 |issue= |pages=42–111 |issn=1217-4602 |language=hu |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{cite journal |last=Kádár |first=Tamás |year=2017 |title=Harcban a koronáért. (II.) I. Károly (Róbert) király uralkodásának 1306–1310 közötti szakasza [''Fight for the Crown. The Reign of Charles I (Robert) from 1306 to 1310''] |url= |format= |journal=Történeti Tanulmányok. Acta Universitatis Debreceniensis |location= |publisher= |volume=25 |issue= |pages=126–192 |issn=1217-4602 |language=hu |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Kristó |first=Gyula |year=1979 |title=A feudális széttagolódás Magyarországon ''[Feudal Anarchy in Hungary]'' |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |isbn=963-05-1595-4|ref=harv|language=hu}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Markó |first=László |year=2006 |title=A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig: Életrajzi Lexikon ''[Great Officers of State in Hungary from King Saint Stephen to Our Days: A Biographical Encyclopedia]'' |publisher=Helikon Kiadó |isbn=963-547-085-1 |ref=harv|language=hu}}
| |
| − | * {{cite journal |last=Skorka |first=Renáta |year=2017 |title=A "mohó farkas" utóda. Egy Kőszegi Habsburg-szolgálatban [''The Heir of the "Greedy Wolf". A Kőszegi in the Service of the Habsburg Dukes''] |url= |format= |journal=Világtörténet |location= |publisher= |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=93–124 |issn=0083-6265 |language=hu |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Szőcs |first=Tibor |year=2014 |title=A nádori intézmény korai története, 1000–1342 ''[An Early History of the Palatinal Institution: 1000–1342]'' |publisher=Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Támogatott Kutatások Irodája |isbn=978-963-508-697-9 |language=hu |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Szűcs |first=Jenő |year=2002 |title=Az utolsó Árpádok ''[The Last Árpáds]'' |publisher=Osiris Kiadó |isbn=963-389-271-6 |ref=harv|language=hu}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Vajk |first=Ádám |editor1-last=Nemes |editor1-first=Gábor |editor2-last=Vajk |editor2-first=Ádám |title=In labore fructus. Jubileumi tanulmányok Győregyházmegye történetéből |publisher=Győri Egyházmegyei Levéltár |year=2011 |pages=411–440 |chapter="Mibe került ezen hűségi levél?" Kőszegi Miklós győri püspöksége és az országos politika [''"What did this charter of loyalty cost?" The bishopric of Miklós of Kőszeg and the countrywide politics'']|isbn=978-615-5035-01-2|ref=harv|language=hu}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Zsoldos |first=Attila |editor1-last=Szovák |editor1-first=Kornél |editor2-last=Szentpéteri |editor2-first=József |editor3-last=Szakács |editor3-first=Margit | title=Szent István és III. András ''[Saint Stephen and Andrew III]'' |publisher=Kossuth Kiadó |year=2003 |pages=119–227 |chapter=III. András |isbn=963-09-4461-8|ref=harv|language=hu}}
| |
| − | * {{Cite book |last=Zsoldos |first=Attila |year=2007 |title=Családi ügy: IV. Béla és István ifjabb király viszálya az 1260-as években ''[A family affair: The Conflict between Béla IV and Junior King Stephen in the 1260s]''|publisher=História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete | isbn=978-963-9627-15-4|ref=harv|language=hu}}
| |
| − | * {{cite journal |last=Zsoldos |first=Attila |year=2010 |title=A Henrik-fiak: A Héder nembéli Kőszegiek "családi története" [''The Henry Sons: The "Family History" of the Kőszegis from the Kindred Héder''] |url= |format= |journal=Vasi Szemle |location= |publisher= |volume=64 |issue=6 |pages=651–661 |issn=0505-0332 |language=hu |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Zsoldos |first=Attila |year=2011a |title=Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 ''[Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301]'' |publisher=História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete |isbn=978-963-9627-38-3|ref=harv|language=hu}}
| |
| − | * {{cite book |last=Zsoldos |first=Attila |editor1-last=Cabello |editor1-first=Juan |editor2-last=C. Tóth |editor2-first=Norbert |title=Erősségénél fogva várépítésre való: Tanulmányok a 70 éves Németh Péter tiszteletére ''[It is Very Well Placed for a Castle: Studies for the 70-year-old Péter Németh]'' |publisher=Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg Megyei Önkormányzat Múzeumok Igazgatósága |year=2011b |pages=289–299 |chapter=III. András hat nádora [''The Six Palatines of Andrew III''] |isbn=978-963-7220-75-3 |language=hu |ref=harv}}
| |
| − | {{Refend}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{s-start}}
| |
| − | {{S-hou|[[Kőszegi family|House of Kőszegi]]|name=Ivan ||''c''. 1245 ||5 April 1308 }}
| |
| − | {{s-off}}
| |
| − | {{succession box|title={{nowrap|[[Ban of Slavonia]]}}<br /><small>{{nowrap|alongside [[Nicholas II Gutkeled|Nicholas Gutkeled]]}}</small>|before=[[Denis Péc]]|years=1275|after=[[Thomas II Hont-Pázmány of Szentgyörgy|Thomas Hont-Pázmány]]}}
| |
| − | {{succession box|title={{nowrap|[[Master of the treasury]]}}|before=[[Matthew II Csák|Matthew Csák]]|years=1276|after=[[Ugrin Csák]]}}
| |
| − | {{succession box|title={{nowrap|[[Palatine of Hungary]]}}|before=[[Peter I Csák|Peter Csák]]|years=1281|after=[[Matthew II Csák|Matthew Csák]]}}
| |
| − | {{succession box|title={{nowrap|[[Ban of Slavonia]]}}|before=[[Peter Tétény]]|years=1284–1285|after=[[Stephen II Gutkeled|Stephen Gutkeled]]}}
| |
| − | {{succession box|title={{nowrap|[[Palatine of Hungary]]}}|before=[[Makján Aba]]|years=1287–1288|after=[[Amadeus Aba]]}}
| |
| − | {{succession box|title={{nowrap|[[Ban of Slavonia]]}}|before=[[Radoslav Babonić]]|years=1290|after=[[Henry II Kőszegi|Henry Kőszegi]]}}
| |
| − | {{succession box|title={{nowrap|[[Master of the treasury]]}}|before=[[Lawrence II Aba|Lawrence Aba]]|years=1291|after=[[Mojs I Ákos|Mojs Ákos]]}}
| |
| − | {{succession box|title={{nowrap|[[Palatine of Hungary]]}}<br /><small>alongside others</small>|before=[[Stephen Ákos]]|years=1302–1307|after=several office-holders}}
| |
| − | {{s-end}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{Hungarian oligarchs}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Koszegi, Ivan}}
| |
| − | [[category:1240s births]]
| |
| − | [[Category:1308 deaths]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Bans of Slavonia]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Masters of the treasury (Kingdom of Hungary)]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Palatines of the Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Oligarchs of the Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Kőszegi family|Ivan]]
| |
| − | [[Category:13th-century Hungarian people]] | |
| − | [[Category:14th-century Hungarian people]]
| |
| − | [[Category:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Hungarian exiles]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | {{GLAVNIRASPORED:Gisingovac, Ivan}}
| |
| − | [[Kategorija:Hrvatski banovi]]
| |
| − | [[Kategorija:Hrvatsko plemstvo]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Kategoria:Skarbnicy Królestwa Węgier]] | |
| | [[Kategoria:Urzędnicy Królestwa Węgier]] | | [[Kategoria:Urzędnicy Królestwa Węgier]] |
| − | [[Kategoria:Palatyni Królestwa Węgier]] | + | [[Kategoria:Węgierscy dygnitarze historyczni]] |
| − | | + | [[Kategoria:Węgierscy oligarchowie]] |
| − | [[Kategoria:Szybkie]] | + | [[Kategoria:Węgierscy szlachcice]] |
| | + | [[Kategoria:Węgierscy urzędnicy królewscy]] |
| | + | [[Kategoria:Nieznana data urodzenia]] |
| | + | [[Kategoria:Urodzeni w XIII wieku]] |
| | + | [[Kategoria:Zmarli w 1288]] |
| | + | [[Kategoria:Zmarli w XIII wieku]] |
